Korean large purse seine fishery catches chub mackerel, sardine, jack mackerel, Spanish mackerel, etc. which are mainly pelagic fish species. The proportion of chub mackerel was 60% over in Korean large purse seine fishery. Sea surface temperature (SST) increased 0.0253℃ per year and total rising rate was 0.759℃ from 1980 to 2009 in the southern sea of Korea, where is mainly fishing grounds of Korean large purse seine. It was that p〈0.01 level was statistically significant. It is northward movement that the center of fishing grounds of chub mackerel by Korean large purse seine fishery moved 4.57km/yr. It was rapidly northward movement about 7.1km/yr, 8.13km/yr to move Spanish mackerel and bluefin tuna fishing grounds. However, the fishing grounds of jack mackerel were moved further south in the 2000s than the 1980s. Catch of tunas and bluefin tuna consistently increased in Korean waters. There was a significantly positive correlation between SST and catch of bluefin tuna in the fishing grounds of Korean waters.

To investigate seasonal variation of fisheries resources composition and their correlationships with environmental factors in the coastal ecosystem of the middle Yellow Sea of Korea, shrimp beam trawl were carried out for the fisheries survey. Fisheries resources of 81 species, 57 families, and 6 taxa totally were collected by shrimp beam trawl in the middle coastal ecosystem of Yellow Sea of Korea. Species were included 6 species in Bivalvia, 6 in Cephalopoda, 22 in Crustacea, 2 in Echinodermata, 5 in Gastropoda, and 40 in Pisces. Diversity indices (Shannon index, H') showed seasonal variation with low value of 2.14 in winter, and high value of 2.67 in spring. Main dominant species were Oratosquilla oratoria, Octopus ocellatus, Acanthogobius lactipes, Cynoglossus joyneri, Rapana venosa venosa, Loligo beka, Chaeturichthys stigmatias, Raja kenojei, Microstomus achne and Paralichthys olivaceus, that were occupied over 58% of total individuals, and 55% of wet weight. Fisheries organism made four coordinative seasonal groups by the principal component analysis (PCA), showing stronger seasonal variation than spatial variation. PC from PCA showed statistically significant cross-correlationships with seawater temperature, NH4-N, TP and chlorophyll a (P 〈 0.05).

1971년부터 2001년까지 해양 및 기상관측 자료를 활용하여 한국 서해에서 기상인자(기온, 바람, 강수량)가 수온과 염분 변화에 미치는 영향을 분석 하였다. 그 결과 수온-기온, 수온-강수량, 염분-풍속은 정상관(+)을, 수온-풍속, 염분-기온, 염분-강수량은 역상관(-)의 관계를 보였다. 기상인자와 해양인자간의 시간지연(time lag)은 표층에서 0~4개월, 저층까지 기상의 영향이 도달하는 데에는 표층보다 0~4개월의 시간지연이 더 있었다. 수온은 같은 해의 기온 변화의 영향을 크게 받는 반면, 염분은 그 직전해의 강수량의 영향을 크게 받았다. 풍속의 강약에 따라 수온, 염분의 변동 폭 또한 함께 변하였다.

Rice production is largely affected by various environmental conditions such as cold, heat and flooding. Here, to identify cold tolerant QTLs at seedling stage in rice, we generated RIL population derived from a cross between Hanareum 2 and Unkwang which are a highly cold sensitive and cold tolerant, respectively. We observed cold phenotype of this population in the growth chamber conditions and natural field conditions. For observation of cold tolerant phenotype of RIL population in the growth chamber, we treated cold stress (5~13℃) for 14 days and recovery for 4 days. When we examined the phenotype of RIL in the field conditions, temperature range in the field conditions was about 6 to 25℃ in 2015~2016. We named QTLs as Seedling Cold Tolerant (SCT) in growth chamber and Cold induced Yellowing Tolerant (CYT) in the field, respectively. Three QTLs for SCT and 5 QTLs for CYT were detected on chromosome 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12. Among these QTLs, qSCT12 on chromosome 12 showed 26.3 LOD score with 25.5% of phenotypic variation. When qSCT11.1 and qSCT12 were combined, cold tolerant was most strongest in our experimental conditions. qCYT10 on chromosome 10 was identified in field experiment on both 2015 and 2016. These results may provide useful information for a marker-assisted breeding program to improve cold tolerance in rice.

To fit the market demands for functional rice such as black and red color rice, ‘Sugary’a high free sugar content line was backcrossed to the black rice ‘Milyang152. The pedigree method was adapted in selection and generation advance. A high polyphenol content line, YR19646-3-2-1-1-2-2 showing red pericarp was selected and designed as ‘Milyang234’ followed by variety name ‘Geonganghongmi’ in 2010. Heading date of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was Aug. 19, medium-late maturing cultivar. ‘Geonganghongmi’ showed resistance to leaf blast and rice stripe virus while susceptible to major diseases and insects. The total polyphenol content of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was high as much as 24.2mg/g compare to that of 4.9mg/g of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 17.2mg/g of a red pericarp rice ‘Jeogjinju’ at 70% ethanol extraction conditions. In local adaptability tests, yield of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was 4.5MT/ha about 86% of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 102% of ‘Jeogjinju’, respectively. ‘Geonganghongmi’ is suitable for southern and middle plain area of Korea.

Jungmo1019 early maturing rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of the Department of Southern Crop, NICS, RDA in 2011. This cultivar was derived from the cross Hwayeongbyeo//Hitomebore/Nampyeongbyeo made in 2005 and the production of doubled haploid rice plant from anther culture in F1 generation. Testing in the replicated yield trial in 2008, a promising line YR25312Acp62 was selected and it was designated as the Milyang246. The early traus plauting local adaptability test of Milyang246 was carried out at three location in 2011 and it was named as Jungmo1019 showing a high head rice ratio and early–maturity eco-type. Number of spikelet/panicle and 1,000 grain weight of brown rice was slightly lower than those of Jopyeongbyeo. This variety is resistant to bacterial blight, rice stripe virus disease but susceptible to major insect and pests. The milled rice yield of Jungmo1019 is 4.52MT per ha at the early transplanting of the local adaptability test. This line should serve as a useful source for improving head rice ratio at early transplanting cultivation in southern plain area.

The amylose contents of rice determine eating quality which is one of the major traits in rice breeding program. To identify the low-amylose gene of the japonica rice cultivar Baegjinju, genetic analysis was conducted using 200 F2 population derived from a cross between the japonica cultivars, Saeilmi and Baegjinju. Individual F2 plants were classified as wild type (translucent grain) and mutant type (dull grain) based on the grain appearance of brown rice. Two hundred F2 plants were segregated into 155 wild type plants and 45 mutant type plants, which fit the 3:1 ratio (x2 = 0.667, df = 1, p = 0.414) and this result indicated the low-amylose gene of Baegjinju is a single recessive gene which controls the amylose contents. Linkage analysis was conducted to localize the low-amylose gene of Baegjinju and fine mapped within an 800-kb interval between 17.5 to 18.8Mb on short arm of chromosome 10. Co-segregated SSR marker, RM25648 was developed and it could be useful for marker-assisted selection and determination of the genetic resource related with amylose contents in rice breeding.

Four bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, pyramid elite japonica rice lines were developed for enhancing the resistance of rice against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Korea. Seven doubled haploid (RDL1-7) and ten F6 lines (RPL1-10) having Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 which were derived from the cross between Ilmi, high grain quality japonica rice cultivar carrying Xa1, and Iksan575, elite line carrying Xa3+xa5+Xa21, were developed using marker-assisted selection for resistance genes and phenotypic selection for bacterial blight resistance and agronomic traits. Among resistance genes combinations in F2 population, four resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, showed the highest resistance and conferred the enhanced resistance than three genes combination, Xa3+xa5+Xa21. Four genes pyramid lines (RDL and RPL) showed broad-spectrum resistant against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates and the yield and quality of the lines did not alter by the inoculation of K3a, the most virulent race in Korea. In addition, these lines had excellent plant type and exhibited more enhanced yield than previously developed resistant cultivars. Four bacterial blight resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, was efficient and promising combination and developed lines with four genes could be useful materials and will be applied to the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance of japonica rice against bacterial blight.

Bakanae (foolish seedling) disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi creates serious problems in the foremost rice growing countries. This study was conducted to identify new resistance genetic sources to Bakanae disease. Bioassay showed that 11 varieties including Gwangmyeongbyeo, Hawn, Wonseadaesoo, Erguailai etc. were resistant to bakanae disease among 254 rice germplasm. Mismatch ratio between phenotype on bakanae disease bioassay and allele type of RM9, a SSR marker closely linked the bakanae disease resistant QTL, qBK1, were 38.3%. These results suggest that RM9 might be used for selecting qBK1, but it cannot be used for wide range of rice germplasm. Resistant germplasm in this study might be have resistant genes different from qBK1. The eleven varieties resistant to selected in this study will be used to identify new resistant alleles or genes to improve bakanae disease resistance in rice.

Drought caused by global climate change is one of serious problems for rice cultivation. However, it was little reported the impact of drought on rice cultivation in Korea. In here, to assess impact of drought on rice varieties in Korean climate condition, growth characteristics and yield components of rice were compared on irrigated and partially irrigated rice paddy field. First, we have chosen 11 rice varieties including ‘Saeilmi’ and ‘Shindongjin’ which are widely cultivated in Korea. For partially irrigated rice paddy treatment, we have withheld irrigation from 25 days after transplanting and water supply was totally dependent on rainfall for rice cultivation. When we examined early plant height and tiller number of these varieties on partially irrigated rice paddy were reduced 1.6% to 18.4% and 10.4% to 33.1%, respectively, and these reduction rate were highly correlated with yield loss in our experimental conditions. Among rice yield components, panicle number was decreased 10.5% to 30.1% according to rice varieties and reduced panicle number was highly correlated with yield loss. Grain number per panicle, grain filling rate and 1,000 seeds weight did not have correlation with yield loss of rice varieties. These result means that growth stage, especially the tillering stage, is seriously affected by drought on rice cultivation in Korea. And we suggest that ‘Saeilmi’, ‘Ilmi’ and ‘Ilpum’ are good for rice cultivation on drought prone rice field in Korea.

저글루테린 및 저아밀로스 품종인 ‘건양2호’는 ‘중국173 호’와 ‘주남벼’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 인공교배 후 집단육 종법을 통하여 육성한 기능성 품종이다. ‘건양2호’의 출수기 는 영호남 및 중부평야지 보통기 보비재배에서 8월 10일로 ‘남평벼’보다 5일 빠른 중생종이다. 간장은 65 cm로 내도복 성이며, 불시출수와 수발아는 안되는 편이고 내냉성은 ‘남평 벼’와 비슷한 편이다. 잎도열병 밭못자리검정에서 중정도 저항성을 보였으며, 줄무늬잎마름병과 흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3) 에는 저항성이다. ‘건양2호’의 아밀로스함량은 11.5%로 메벼 와 찹쌀의 중간형태로 불투명한 저아밀로스 품종이며, 단백질 함량은 6.0%로 ‘남평벼’보다 약간 낮으며 소화성 전분인 글 루테린 비율이 63.1%로 ‘남평벼’의 73.8%보다 낮다. ‘건양2 호’의 쌀 수량성은 4.61 MT/ha로 ‘남평벼’보다 9% 감수되었 고, 적응지역은 영호남 및 중부 평야 1모작지이다(품종 등록 번호: 제5105호).

‘단미’는 국립식량과학원에서 1994년 당질미 유전자원인 ‘Sugary’를 모본으로 하고, 재배 안정성이 높은 ‘섬진벼’를 부본으로 인공교배하여 육성한 품종으로 현미의 유리당 함량 이 높으며 중부 및 영호남 내륙 평야 1모작지에 적응하는 중 만생 기능성 품종이다. ‘단미’의 간장은 86 cm로 ‘남평벼’보 다 12 cm 정도 큰 편이며, 이삭당 착립수가 적고 등숙비율 및 현미천립중은 각각 11.3% 및 16.1 g으로 매우 낮은 편이다. ‘단미’는 좌절중이 적고 3절 간장은 큰 편으로서 도복지수가 높으나 천립중이 가벼워 도복은 발생하지 않았으며 수발아는 약한 편이다. 내병충검정에서 도열병 및 흰잎마름병과 줄무늬 잎마름병, 오갈병 및 검은줄오갈병 등 바이러스 및 벼멸구와 애멸구 등 병해충에 대한 저항성은 없다. ‘단미’의 현미 유리당 함량은 Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, 및 Raffinose 가 각각 1.16, 7.87, 9.69, 0.52, 및 2.13%로 ‘남평벼’의 총 유 리당 함량 3.33%에 비해 6.5배 정도 높은 21.73%의 총 유리 당 함량을 보였다. 수량성은 2006년부터 2008년 3개년간 실 시한 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배 6개소에서 현미 수량은 2.7 MT/ha로서 일반 메벼인 ‘남평벼’ 대비 약 52% 수준을 보였다(품종 등록번호: 01-0001-2010-6).

Seeds of colored rice generally have high anthocyanin and flavonoid content but some cultivars have low seed germination rate. This defect poses unstable seedling establishment in nursery bed. The seed gravity variations of 10 colored rice varieties and its effect on germination, seed soaking duration and their optimum seeding rates for seedling raising in machine transplanting were investigated in the experiment. Based on seed gravity distribution of the 7 black- and 3 red-colored rice varieties at three levels of seed gravity (1.0<, 1.0~1.06, 1.06>), the black colored seeds such as Josaengheugchal and Sinmyungheugchal had high amount of specific gravity of below 1.0 ranging from 86~ 96%, while they had only 3~13% of seeds in specific gravity above 1.06. Sintoheugmi, Heugjinju, Heugnam, Heugkwang had various mass of seeds, showing 29~44% for specific gravity of below 1.0, 24~39% for 1.0~1.06 and 25~45% for above 1.06. On the other hand, the red colored rice such as Hongjinju, Jeogjinju and Geonkanghongmi had high percentage of specific gravity of above 1.06 with 84~86% while they had only 9~12% of specific gravity below 1.0 similar to Ilmibyeo of noncolored rice. The black colored seed generally showed low germination percentage, slow germination speed and long mean germination time, and low water absorption rate as compared with seed of the red colored rice which was similar to those of Ilmibyeo used as a control cultivar. The black colored seeds took 2~4 days longer seed soaking duration than the red colored rice before germination. This was related to high seed amount of specific gravity below 1.0 in black colored rices. The high amount of seed gravity above 1.06 in the colored rice seeds was positively correlated with percentage of germination, germination speed and mean germination time, ripened grain ratio and water absorption. Seed gravity distribution effect were less pronounced between back- and red- colored seeds in seedling emergence. The black colored rice has slightly lower normal seedling emergence rate than the red colored rice and Ilmibyeo in the seedbed soil due to high percentage of ungerminated seed. Normal seedling emergence rate of the black colored rice in the seedbed was 75.2~82.2% for 10-day old seedling and 85.3~ 90.9% for 30-day old seedling which was lower by 4.5~ 8.0% and 0~3.3%, respectively, than the red colored rice. Based on the normal seedling number per tray of Ilmibyeo for seeding rate of 10-day and 30-day old seedlings, the recommended seeding rate of black colored rice is 200~ 220g seeds for the 10-day old seedling and 110~130g for the 30-day old seedling in transplanting rice while the seeding rate of the red colored rice was 220g seeds for the 10-day old seedling and 130g for the 30-day old seedling.

아열대 및 온대지역에서 주로 발생하는 애멸구는 5월∼8월 사이 편서풍을 타고 우리나라에 비례하며 벼 바이러스병인 줄무늬잎마름병을 매개한다. 줄무늬잎마름병은 벼의 수량감소와 미질을 떨어뜨리는 주요 병해 중 하나이다. 애멸구와 같은 멸구류는 대부분 살충제에 의해 방제를 하고 있으나 이러한 약제의 계속된 사용은 환경오염과 약제저항성 개체의 발생을 유발시킬 수 있는 큰 단점이 있다. 이와 같이 벼에 심각한 피해를 입히는 병해충에 대한 저항성 품종 육성은 병해충을 방제하는 가장 경제적이고 효과적인 방법으로 알려져 있다. 줄무늬잎마름병의 저항성 관련 유전자는 ‘Modan’에서 유래한 Stv-bi, 일본 밭벼 또는 열대 자포니카 품종에서 유래한 Stv-a, Stv-b가 알려져 있으며, 국내에서는 주로 Stv-bi가 도입된 저항성 품종들이 육성되고 있다. 단일 유전자를 이용한 저항성 품종육성은 새로운 바이러스의 등장에 취약하므로 저항성 유전자원의 다양화와 새로운 유전자의 탐색이 필요하다. 본 실험 에서는 Stv-a 와 Stv-b가 보고된 USA 품종인 Zenith의 형질을 일품에 도입하여 180계통의 F2 집단을 육성하여 생물검정과 함께 QTL분석에 이용하였다. 줄무늬 잎마름병에 대한 Zenith에 대한 QTL을 탐색한 결과, 11번 염색체에서 LOD 11.9, 설명가능한 표현형 변이 27%인 QTL이 확인되었다. 줄무늬 잎마름병 연관 QTL 및 이와 관련된 marker는 향후 줄무늬잎마름병에 대한 새로운 저항성 유전자인 Stv-b를 보유하는 품종육성을 위한 MAS 체계 확립에 이용할 것이다.

‘새신’은 밥맛이 양호하면서 복합내병성 특히, 흰잎마름병 K3a에 강한 벼를 육성하고자 2007/2008년 동계에 중만생종이고 쌀알이 맑은 고품질 새누리를 모본으로, 흰잎마름병 K3a에 강하고 수량성이 높은 품종인 신백을 부본으로 교배하였다. 2008년 하계에 양성한 F1개체로 약배양을 실시하여 96개의 재분화 개체를 얻었으며, 이 중에서 줄무늬잎마름병과 K3a에 저항성이며, 농업적특성이 우수한 YR27906Acp84를 선발하여 2년간의 생산력검정시험 실시 후 밀양273호의 계통명이 부여하였다. 3년간의 지역적응시험 결과 복합내병성, 내도복성 및 수량성 등의 우수성이 인정되어 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘새신’으로 명명되었다.

국립식량과학원 영덕출장소에서 2002년 하계에 동해안 및 영남지역에서 출수기가 적당하면서 밥맛이 뛰어나고 재배 안정성이 높은 벼 품종을 육성할 목적으로 밥맛이 좋고 외관이 깨끗한 ‘영덕34호’를 모본으로하고 다수성이면서 밥맛이 우수하고 초형이 좋은 ‘새계화’를 부본으로 인공교배 후 계통육종법으로 전개하면서 예비선발시험, 2009년 생산력검정예비시험, 2010년 생산력검정본시험 결과 중만생이면서 다수성이고 쌀 외관이 우수하면서 재배 안정성인 YR24264-25-3-2을 선발하여 ‘영덕55호’로 명명하였다. 2011～2013년까지 3년간 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 중만생종이면서 쌀 품위가 좋고 밥맛이 양호하며 내병성이 양호한 것으로 평가되어 2013년 12월 농작물직무육성신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘신보’로 명명하였다. 출수기는 보통기 평균 8월 12일로 중만생종 품종이며, 직립초형이고 탈립은 잘되지 않고 이삭추출은 양호 하고 까락이 거의 없으며, 수당립수는 ‘화성벼’ 보다 많으며 현미천립중도 21.9g으로 ‘화성벼’ 보다 더 가볍다. 도정특성은 ‘화성벼’와 비슷하고 쌀알 모양이 둥근 단원형이며 맑고 투명하며 밥맛은 “화성벼”와 보다 우수하다. 불시출수는 안되는 편이고, 위조현상에 강하고 성숙기 엽노화가 느린 편이며 내냉성은 ‘화성벼’와 보다 약한 중약이며, 잎도열병 에 중강의 저항성을 보였고, 오갈병과 흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3)에는 강하나 줄무늬잎마름병 및 검은줄오갈병에 약하고 벼멸구 등 충해에는 감수성이다. 쌀 수량성은 지역적응시험 보통기재배 9개소에서 5.67MT/ha로 ‘화성벼’ 보다 4% 증수되었으며, 이모작 및 만식적응성도 높아, 적응지역을 중부평야지, 남부중산간지, 동해안냉조풍지 및 영남평야지로 하여 보급하게 되었다.

A rice variety ‘Dabo‘ is a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) with good eating quality, lodging tolerance, and resistance to rice stripe virus (RSV) and blight bacterial disease(BB). It is developed by the rice breeding team of Yeongdeog Substation, National Institute Crop Science, RDA in 2012. This variety derived from a cross between ‘Yeongdeog31’ with good plant type and ‘Milyang165’ with good eating quality conducted in 2001/2002 winter season. A promising line, YR23160-31-2-1-5-B-3, selected by pedigree breeding method was designated as the name of ‘Yeongdeog53’ in 2009. After the local adaptability test was carried out at seven locations from 2010 to 2012, ‘Yeongdeog53’ was released as the name of ‘Dabo’ in 2012. ‘Dabo’ is short culm length as 69 cm and medium-growth duration. This variety is resistant to races, K1, K2, and K3 of bacterial blight and stripe virus and moderately resistant to leaf blast disease. ‘Dabo’ has translucent and clear milled rice kernel without white core and belly rice, and good eating quality as a result of panel test. The yield potential of ‘Dabo’ in milled rice is about 5.90 MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level of local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to south plain, east-south costal area, and south mid-mountainous area.

Recently, concerns have been voiced about the high eating quality rice in the market. To cope the high quality demands in rice market, a rice cultivar ‘Jinsumi’ which is showing high grain quality and multi-resistant to diseases was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang, Korea. ‘Jinsumi’ was derived from a three-way cross of ‘Milyang165’and F1 plant of YR16195-B-B-B-21-1/Milyang169. The pedigree of ‘Jinsumi’ was YR21999-B-B-B-17-3-1 and designated as ‘Milyang 218’ in 2005. Heading date of ‘Jinsumi’ was August 15 as mid-late maturing ecotype. ‘Jinsumi’ showed multi resistant to rice stripe virus (RSV), bacterial blight races of K1, K2, K3 and moderately resistant to leaf blast disease. The grain appearance of ‘Jinsumi’ was translucent and showed 96.6% of head rice ratio. The milled rice yield of ‘Jinsumi’ was 5.74 MT/ha at ordinary transplanting of local adaptability test. ‘Jinsumi’ would be adaptable to the plain area of Yeongnam province in Korea.