The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources. However, most studies related to external R&D have focused on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. We show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

최근 생활수준 향상과 의료기술의 발달로 노년의 삶이 연장되고 있는 것은 전 세계적인 현상이다. 우리 나라의 경우에도 베이비 부모들의 은퇴와 빠른 인구 고령화 속도의 증가로 인하여 노인들의 수가 증가하 고 있고, 이로 인해 이러한 노인들을 대상으로 여러 가지 산업이 발달하고 각종 서비스가 제공되고 있다. 전국 각지에 위치하고 활발히 운영되고 있는 노인복지관도 이러한 복지산업과 서비스제공 중 하나이다. 의 부분이다. 노인복지관의 효과적인 운영과 관련하여 인적자원관리의 관점에서 수행된 연구가 많지 않 은데, 본 연구에서는 노인복지시설의 교육서비스를 직접 전달하는 강사가 노인들을 진실하게 대하는지 여부가 그 노인들이 인식하는 대인공정성과 조직지원의 정도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 또한, 노인들 이 평가하는 노인복지시설 서비스품질이 이러한 강사의 진실성여부가 미치는 영향과정에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 추가적으로 살펴보았다. 복지관을 이용하는 노인 224명을 대상으로 2회의 설문조사를 실시하고 확보한 자료를 바탕으로 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 강사 비진실성이 증가할수록 노인들의 대인공정성 인 식수준이 낮아지고 나아가 노인들의 조직지원인식의 수준도 결과적으로 낮아졌음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 노인들이 복지관이 제공하는 서비스 품질이 높다고 인식하고 있을수록 강사의 비진실성과 노인들의 조직 지원인식의 간의 관계가 더 강하게 나타났던 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 노인복지관 운영의 효과성을 평가함에 있어 중요한 지표라 할 수 있는 조직지원인식이 어떤 과정과 맥락을 바탕으로 형성되는지 알려 주는지에 대한 심층적인 이해를 높였고 실무적인 시사점을 제공하였다.

본 연구는 희귀 및 특산식물과 멸종위기야생식물 Ⅱ급으로 지정되어 있는 세뿔투구꽃의 자생지 환경을 조사하여 보전 및 복원 시 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 조사결과 세뿔투구꽃의 자생지는 해발고도 260-728m범위와 경사 4-39° 의 계곡부에 주로 생육하는 것으로 조사되었다. 식생 및 관속식물 조사결과 7개 지역의 20개 방형구내에서 조사된 관속식물은 총 147분류군이 출현하였으며, 각 조사구내 초본층 피도와 빈도를 기초로 한 세뿔투구꽃의 중요치를 산출한 결과 평균 24.3%로 나타났다. 종다양도는 1.23로 산출되었으며, 우점도와 균등도는 각각 0.22와 0.77로 확인되었다. 토양분석 결과 토성은 미사질양토(4site)와 사질양토(2site), 양토(1site) 순으로 나타났으며, 유기물함량은 7.83%, 전질 소함량은 0.35%, pH는 5.69으로 측정되었다. 환경요인과 개체군특성에 기초한 상관분석에서는 세뿔투구꽃의 자생지에 서 엽록소와 경사도간의 강한 부의상관이 인정되었고, 개화율과 토양습도는 부의상관이 인정되었다. 자생지의 안정적 인 유지를 위해서는 서식지 보전이 중요하며 서식지 주변에 보호구역을 설정이 필요하다고 판단된다.

This study attempts to draw factors for an analysis of the operation effect of a rechlorination facility and autodrain equipment for residual chlorine equalization by installing and operating a rechlorination facility and autodrain equipment in P City and analyzing the practical evaluation method and operation effect. For this purpose, this study selected three indicators for an analysis of the effectiveness of residual chlorine equalization and conducted a comparative analysis before and after the implementation of the residual chlorine equalization. As a result of estimation, ① the reduction of the residual chlorine concentration range from a water treatment plant to the pipe end was 16.0%; ② the total reduction of chlorination input was 18.0%; and ③ the reduction of the generation of disinfection by-products was 19.5%. In addition, this achieved enough residual chlorine equalization in the supply process and shows that it could successfully achieve the economic feasibility of investment in equipment and the reduction of the generation of disinfection by-products. Like this, it is judged that the three indicators suggested in this study will be used sufficiently as indicators of an analysis of the effectiveness of residual chlorine equalization according to the operations of the rechlorination facility and autodrain equipment.

Quantum dots (QDs) are capable of controlling the typical emission and absorption wavelengths because of the bandgap widening effect of nanometer-sized particles. These phosphor particles have been used in optical devices, photovoltaic devices, advanced display devices, and several biomedical complexes. In this study, we synthesize ZnSe QDs with controlled surface defects by a heating-up method. The optical properties of the synthesized particles are analyzed using UV-visible and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Calculations indicate nearly monodisperse particles with a size of about 5.1 nm at 260℃ (full width at half maximum = 27.7 nm). Furthermore, the study results confirm that successful doping is achieved by adding Eu3+ preparing the growth phase of the ZnSe:Eu QDs when heating-up method. Further, we investigate the correlation between the surface defects and the luminescent properties of the QDs.

This study was conducted to develop and validate the Sugar Intake Reduction Test (SIRT) for young children, and included eating behaviors, attitude, and nutritional knowledge about sugars. A draft version of the SIRT was developed after literature review. The final draft of the SIRT was established after two pilot tests of 5 year old children and an expert group’s review, and is comprised of a one on one test between an investigator and a child using picture tools. It contained of 20 questions which included 3 components: eating behaviors (5 items), preference for sugar sweetened food (10 items), and nutritional knowledge about sugars (5 items). The final SIRT was conducted on 181 children 5 (n=100) to 6 (n=81) years old, to examine its item and test adequacies. The passing rate of most items significantly increased with increasing age, and most of the item discrimination also differed significantly between the below and upper score groups. The content validity was given a high score by professionals (mean score 3.9 out of 4). Reliability of all the items in the SIRT was high (Cronbach’s α=0.82). Moreover, the total component and the sub-component scores of the SIRT correlated significantly. Our results indicate that the SIRT is a valid tool to measure sugar intake reduction in young children aged 5~6 years.

흰점박이꽃무지(Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis)는 딱정벌레목 꽃무지과에 속하는 곤충으로 갈색거저리 유충이 처음 식품 원료로 인정받은 데 이어 두 번째로 식품 원료로 인정받아 약용으로 널리 쓰이고 있다. 현재 흰점박이꽃무지 의 국내 사육 농가는 약 430여 개로 파악되고 있으며 대부분의 농가에서 응애 발생 피해로 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이에 흰점박이꽃무지 기생응애의 서식 특성을 파악하고자 흰점박이꽃무지에 기생하는 응애를 채집하여 현미경 을 통해 주기적으로 관찰하였다. 그 결과 응애가 흰점박이꽃무지 관절에 붙어 체액을 흡즙함으로써 필요한 영양분을 섭취하는 것을 확인하였다. 암컷과 수컷의 형태에 차이가 있었으며 이들의 교미 후 암컷의 산란을 통하여 새로운 개체가 발생하였다. 또한 습한 환경에서 움직임이 활발하였고 건조한 상태에서는 알 또는 충이 점차 마르며 생존하지 못하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 흰점박이꽃무지 기생응애의 서식 특성을 구명하여 농가의 응애 피해 저감을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

곤충은 학습 및 애완용, 화분매개용, 천적용, 의약용, 환경정화용 등 다양하게 활용되고 있으며 최근에는 식품 원료로써의 역할이 대두되고 있다. 이처럼 곤충에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 국내 곤충 사육 환경의 기초기반 자료를 확보하기 위하여 국내 주요 산업곤충 사육농가의 분포 및 실태를 조사하였다. 각 조사는 지역별로 실시되었으며 주요 산업곤충인 갈색거저리, 쌍별귀뚜라미, 흰점박이꽃무지, 장수풍뎅이, 동애등에에 대하여 규모, 용도, 사육시설형 태 등을 조사하였다. 전체 산업곤충 농가는 867 농가였으며 그 중 갈색거저리 사육농가는 126, 쌍별귀뚜라미 43, 흰점박이꽃무지 433, 장수풍뎅이 241, 동애등에 24 농가로 조사되었다. 지역별로는 경기지방이 246 농가로 가장 많았으며 경남 147, 경북 113, 충북 91, 전남 75, 전북 73, 충남 66, 강원 35, 서울 10, 인천 4, 광주 2, 세종 2, 울산 2, 대전 1 농가 순으로 집계되었다.

도토리에 구멍을 뚫고 가지를 자르는 도토리거위벌레(Cyllorhynchites ursulus, n=130)의 큰턱(mandible)의 외부형태 와 가지를 자르는 기작을 생체모방에 이용하기 위하여 분석을 하였다. 또한 큰턱의 외부형태와 자르는 기작비교를 위하여 비슷한 습성을 가진 밤바구미(Curculio sikkimensis, n=30), 왕거위벌레(Paracycnotrachelus longiceps, n=15)의 큰턱 외부형태를 분석하였다. 외부형태 분석을 위하여 각 종의 큰턱을 주사형전자현미경(SEM)으로 촬영, 도토리거위 벌레의 자르기 행동과 뚫기 행동은 영상 촬영으로 분석하였다. 도토리거위벌레는 큰턱을 좌우로 움직이며 3개의 톱니형태의 이(teeth)가 있으며, 밤바구미의 큰턱은 상하로 움직이며 2개의 톱니형태의 이가, 왕거위벌레는 좌우로 맞물리면서 씹는 움직임이며 톱니형태의 3개의 톱니형태의 이를 가지고 있다. 도토리거위벌레는 큰턱의 내·외전건 (adductor · abductor tendon)을 움직여 구멍을 뚫고 가지를 자르는 것으로 분석이 되었으며 외전건이 내전건보다 굵어 더 큰 힘이 바깥쪽으로 작용하는 것으로 분석되었다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of size and depth of cavities on the pavement failure using the full-scale accelerated pavement testing. METHODS: A full-scale testbed was constructed by installing the artificial cavities at a depth of 0.3 m and 0.7 m from the pavement surface for accelerated pavement testing. The cavities were made of ice with a dimension of 0.5 m*0.5 m*0.3 m, and the thickness of asphalt and base layer were 0.2 m and 0.3 m, respectively. The ground penetrating radar and endoscope testing were conducted to determine the shape and location of cavities. The falling weight deflectometer testing was also performed on the cavity and intact sections to estimate the difference of structural capacity between the two sections. A wheel loading of 80 kN was applied on the pavement section with a speed of 10 km/h in accelerated pavement testing. The permanent deformation was measured periodically at a given number of repetitions. The correlation between the depth and size of cavities and pavement failure was investigated using the accelerated pavement testing results. RESULTS : It is found from FWD testing that the center deflection of cavity section is 10% greater than that of the intact section, indicating the 25% reduction of modulus in subbase layer due to the occurrence of the cavity. The measured permanent deformation of the intact section is approximately 10 mm at 90,000 load repetitions. However, for a cavity section of 0.7 m depth, a permanent deformation of 30 mm was measured at 90,000 load repetitions, which is three times greater than that of the intact section. At cavity section of 0.3 m, the permanent deformation reached up to approximately 90 mm and an elliptical hole occurred at pavement surface after testing. CONCLUSIONS : This study is aimed at determining the pavement failure mechanism due to the occurrence of cavities under the pavement using accelerated pavement testing. In the future, the accelerated pavement testing will be conducted at a pavement section with different depths and sizes of cavities. Test results will be utilized to establish the criteria of risk in road collapse based on the various conditions.

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of cooling water treatment with ionized calcium on calcium content, extending the shelf-life and quality of fresh chicken meat in poultry slaughtering process. The subjects were divided into four groups: control (0% without ionized calcium) and treatment groups (0.5, 0.7, 0.9% ionized calcium). The results indicated that the cooling water treatment with ionized calcium exhibited the bacterial counts of 105 CFU/cm2 in surface of chicken meat, and maintained the quality of fresh chicken meat with extending the shelf-life above seven days when compared with that of control group. The results found that the cooling water treatment with ionized calcium could produce the calcium enrichment of chicken meat as nine times higher in calcium content of chicken meat when compared with that of control group. pH, water holding capacity, TBARS (MDA mg/kg) in chicken meat via the cooling water treatment with ionized calcium showed 6.4, above 50, below 0.10, respectively, with preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Lightness (L*) as a chicken meat color, shear force indicated above 60, below 1.70 kg/0.5 inch2, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frequency of coffee consumption, metabolic biomarkers, and nutrition intake in adult participants in the combined 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects (2,095 males and 3,297 females) were classified according to sex and frequency of coffee consumption (≤1 time/month, ≥2 times/month and ≤6 times/week, 1 time/day, 2 times/day, 3 times/day) using food frequency questionnaires. Nutrition intake was analyzed using 24 h recall data. The 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher age, and frequency of smokers and drinkers compared to the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group in both male and female participants. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level, but females had a higher waist circumference compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower nutrient density of fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. Females in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher nutrient density of fat and niacin, but lower nutrient density of carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. In males, the frequency of coffee consumption was not associated with the levels of metabolic biomarkers. In females, the frequency of coffee consumption was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake. Coffee consumption was associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure in females. These findings suggest the importance of an awareness of the association between coffee consumption and metabolic risk.

This study examined the effectiveness of integrated language instruction using dictogloss on vocabulary knowledge and retention. Forty EFL students from two classes of an elementary school participated in the study. The integrated language class and segregated language class were examined by looking into the effect of each instructional type on the vocabulary knowledge development and retention. A total of 10 target words were selected from a storybook related to their textbook. Four types of vocabulary knowledge were measured: passive recognition, passive recall, active recognition, and active recall. The pretest and posttest were performed to measure the vocabulary growth. The retention rate of each instruction was examined by conducting a delayed posttest on the same words after two weeks. The results of this study indicate that integrated language instruction using dictogloss works better in vocabulary retention. They also suggest that further classroom research is required to prove that dictogloss is an effective way for vocabulary learning.

The proposed hybrid damper installs at a coupling beam and consists of a high-damping rubber (HDR) and steel pin. The proposed hybrid damper adopted a pin-lock system acts as a viscoelastic damper under wind load (small displacement) while it behaves as a hysteretic damper under earthquake load (large displacement). In this paper, the pin-lock mechanism and structural performance of the proposed hybrid damper is evaluated through experiment. Experiments were carried out with the variables which displacement, loading frequency and steel pin quantities were used. Test results showed that the pin-lock mechanism and the performance of the hybrid damper under a large displacement were verified. Also equivalent damping ratios of HDR were increasing at a small displacement as displacement amplitudes were increasing. However HDR did not depend on frequency,

This study considers the modern expression of oriental esthetics by analyzing the fashion design with the Chinese ink technique based on the concept of Chi-Yun- Sheng-Tung, which was regarded as the best rule of art creation in oriental history. This study was performed by conducting a literature review of related books and advanced studies, and then, collection analysis was done with photos derived from fashion websites (seoulfashionweek.org, chinafashionweek.org, vogue.com, firstview. com) from 2010 S/S to 2016 S/S. A total of 317 fashion photos of designs created using the Chinese ink technique by Korean designers at Seoul Fashion Week and Chinese designers at China Fashion Week were analyzed. The contemporary fashions created with the Chinese ink technique were characterized by, first, the bold brush strokes and natural spreading effects of Chinese ink, second, the emphasis of empty space by taking essential elements, and third, the coexistence of deep Chinese ink colors with modern primary colors. The formativeness of the contemporary fashions created with Chinese ink technique based on Chi-Yun-Sheng-Tung were as follows: first, temperance, pursuing spiritual and minimal expression, second, empty space, making design elements interact and pursue harmony, third, changeable rhythm, symbolizing the growth and variation revealing the power of life, and fourth, vitality, represented in the rhythmical movement of the brush. This study was based on the oriental esthetics inherent in Chi-Yun-Sheng-Tung, and it attempted to analyze contemporary fashion design. The aim was to show the possibility of modern applications to traditional values, and it can be a meaningful case in design planning based on culture.

The sustainability of Iris koreana, a rare and endemic plant designated by the Korea Forest Service, is threatened due to artificial factors such as habitats loss and climate change etc. and internal factors such as changes in biological properties of the habitats etc. but conservation biology research has not been performed in South Korea. The objective of this study is to establish the species conservation strategies by analyzing the characteristics of their habitats, including: 1) Population characteristics, and 2) habitat analysis of the vegetation and abiotic environments. From April to May, 2015, population characteristics [density (stems m-2), flowering rate (%) and leaf area size (cm2)] in I. koreana habitats such as Buan1~6 (BA1~6), Jangseong1~2 (JS1~2) and vegetation characteristics (phytosociological research and ordination analysis), and abiotic environments [soil temperature (℃), soil humidity (%), transmitted light (mol·m-2·d-1) and canopy openness (%)] were measured. I. koreana was mainly distributed at elevation 50 to 150 m and 2 to 11° slope. Slope direction was shown as 90 to 193°. The average degree of canopy openness was 11.9%. It showed the highest at BA2 (17.5) and the lowest at JS1 (7.7). The average degree of transmitted light was 6.3 mol·m-2·d-1. It showed the highest at BA2 (10.1) and the lowest at JS1 (3.6). Population density showed average 25.8 (stems m-2). It showed the highest at JS2 (19.7) and the lowest at JS1 (9.3). flowering stems showed average 16.9 (stems). It showed the highest at BA3 (35) and the lowest at BA5 (4). Leaf area size was average 94.1 cm2.

우리나라에서 동물등록제 의무화가 실시된 이래 유기동물 발생에 대한 감소가 뚜렷하게 나타나고 있지 않으며 동물등록제에 대한 정보가 충분하지 않고 동물등록제에 대한 부정적인 인식을 가지고 있다는 문제점을 인지되어 현황 및 인식조사를 실시하게 되었다. 설문조사는 온라인으로 진행되었으며 약 400여 명의 성인남녀를 대상으로 하여 설문조사의 정확성을 높였다. 또한 동물등록제의 현황을 조사하기 위해 관련 단체 ‘한국동물구조협회’와 인터뷰를 하였으며 외국과 비교하여 우리나라의 문제점을 개선하기 위한 방안을 모색하고 동물 등록제를 장려하기 위해 홍보 캠페인을 진행하였다. 연구결과, 반려동물등록제에 대해 과반수이상이 알고 있다고 응답하였지만, 등록제 시행은 절반도 이루어지지 않았다. 그 이유는 반려동물등록제에 대해 알지 못할뿐더러 내장형 식별장치(마이크로 칩)에 대한 부정적인 인식이 큰 부분을 차지하는 것으로 드러났다. 따라서 반려동물등록제에 대한 보다 적극적인 홍보와 인식개선이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.