The purpose of this study was to compare dietary self-efficacy for sodium intake reduction and dietary behaviors by eating areas. Subjects (797 males and 767 females) were classified according to perceived dietary habit levels related to sodium intake (lowest: ≤10 (n=434), low: 11~≤13 (n=471), high: 14~≤15 (n=360), highest: 16≤ (n=299)) using an online survey with a sample that was geographically representative of the population. The highest group was significantly younger and had a higher student proportion than the lowest group. Dining contexts regarding home led to a significantly higher sodium intake in the highest group, but it was eating out for the lowest group. The highest group had a significantly lower intention to reduce sodium intake compared to the lowest group. In the home cooked meals, the highest group displayed a significantly lower cooking frequency, less effort with respect to a low sodium diet and cooking habits related to sodium intake as compared to the lowest group. Also, regarding eating out and food service, the highest group exhibited significantly lower efforts and dietary behaviors to reduce sodium intake than the lowest group. The dietary score for sodium reduction behavior in the highest group was significantly lower compared to the lowest group, for home cooked meals, eating out, as well as food service. Thus, dietary guidelines and nutrition education for the reduction of sodium intake by eating areas need to be developed and provided.

본 연구는 방사무늬김(Pyropia yezoensis) 사상체의 생장에 대한 단색광의 영향을 연구하기 위해 blue light(480 ㎚), green light(550 ㎚), yellow light(600 ㎚) and red light(730 ㎚)에서 방사무늬김(P. yezonesis)의 유리 사상체를 배양한 후 colony 직경, chlorphyll a 함량, 각포자낭 형성률을 측정하여 생장특성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, colony 직경과 chlorophyll a 함량이 480(blue light) ㎚에서 각각 2,472.6±27.0 ㎛ and 1.55±0.03 mg g.dw-1로 최대값이 나타났고 각포자낭 형성률 역시 37.87±1.08 %로 blue light에서 최대값으로 확인되었다. 따라서 blue light는 다른 단색광(green, yellow, red light)에 비해 김 사상체의 성장 및 성숙을 촉진하는 데에 효과적으로 작용하며, 본 연구결과 는 향후 김의 실내 양식 기술 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다

This study was conducted to evaluate the risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents consuming snacks frequently from 2007~2009, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The subjects (12~14 years: n=523; 15~18 years: n=614) were presented with food frequency questionnaires, and they were classified according to their gender and frequency of snack consumption. In the age group of 12~14 years, boys and girls (boys OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.52~2.39, girls OR: 12.45, 95% CI: 2.26~68.51) who consumed yogurt frequently had a higher risk of overweight and obesity at the highest quartile frequency compared with the lowest quartile after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, physical activity, frequency of eating out and snack consumption, and energy intake. In the age group of 15~18 years, girls (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.34~2.99) consuming fried foods had a higher risk of overweight and obesity at the highest quartile frequency compared with the lowest quartile after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, physical activity, frequency of eating out and snack consumption, and energy intake. Thus, we conclude that frequent consumption of yogurt and fried foods increases the risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents. These findings suggest that the risk of overweight and obesity is associated with the frequency of snack consumption.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cold plasma combined with UV-C irradiation against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce. E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, corresponding to approximately 5.82, 5.09, 5.65 log CFU/ g, were inoculated on lettuce, respectively. Then, the lettuce was treated with cold plasma, UV-C and combination (cold plasma + UV-C), respectively. The treated lettuce was stored for 9 days at 4oC for microbiological analysis and sensory evaluation. Cold plasma reduced the populations of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes by 0.26, 0.65, and 0.93 log CFU/g, respectively. Each microorganism were reduced by 0.87, 0.88, and 1.14 log CFU/ g after UV-C treatment. And, the combined treatment that was treated by cold plasma after UV-C treatment reduced the populations of inoculated microorganisms by 1.44, 2.70, 1.62 log CFU/g, respectively. The all treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the populations of all inoculated bacteria compared to untreated lettuce. UV-C combined with cold plasma was the most effective for reducing the pathogenic bacteria on lettuce, by showing log-reductions of ≥ 2.0 log CFU/g. All treatment was not significantly different until 6 day storage compared to control group in terms of appearance, texture and overall acceptability. Therefore, the combined treatment will be an effective intervention method to control the bacteria on lettuce.

본 연구는 대추나무 생산농가의 합리적인 생산 계획수립을 지원하는 방안으로 2015년 9월부터 10월 사이에 경북 경산시 과원에서 5~30년생 대추나무의 수령별 과실특성, 수체특성 및 생산량을 조사하였 다. 대추나무 수령에 따른 과실 특성에 있어서, 과실 중량, 과실종경, 과실횡경은 5~25년생에서는 유의 성을 나타내지 않았으나, 30년생에서 감소된 수치를 나타냈고, 과형지수는 수령이 증가할수록 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나, 과실당도는 23.28~25.46°Brix 범위로 수령에 따른 유의성이 나타나지 않았 다. 대추나무 수령에 따른 수체특성에 있어서, 수고, 근원경, 수관 폭 및 수관면적은 10년생까지 유의성 을 나타내며 생장하였으나, 10년생부터 30년생까지는 유의성을 나타내지 않았다. 생대추 생산량은 25년 생부터 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 나타내어, 대추나무의 수령이 생대추 생산량에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 대추나무 수령이 생대추 생산량에 영향을 미치는 인자를 비교하였으며, 조사된 수체특성 인자에 대하여 상관계수를 도출하였다. 그 결과 생대추 생산량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 수체특성 인자 는 수관폭으로 나타났다.

Magnesium alloys are of emerging interest in the automotive, aerospace and electronic industries due to their light weight, high specific strength, damping capacity, etc. However, practical applications are limited because magnesium alloys have poor formability at room temperature due to the lack of slip systems and the formation of basal texture, both of which characteristics are attributed to the hcp crystal structure. Fortunately, many magnesium alloys, even commercialized AZ or ZK series alloys, exhibit superplastic behavior and show very large tensile ductility, which means that these materials have potential application to superplastic forming (SPF) of magnesium alloy sheets. The SPF technique offers many advantages such as near net shaping, design flexibility, simple process and low die cost. Superplasticity occurs in materials having very small grain sizes of less than 10 μm and these small grains in magnesium alloys can be achieved by thermomechanical treatment in conventional rolling or extrusion processes. Moreover, some coarse-grained magnesium alloys are reported to have superplasticity when grain refinement occurs through recrystallization during deformation in the initial stage. This report reviews the characteristics of superplastic magnesium alloys with high-strain rate and coarse grains. Finally, some examples of SPF application are suggested.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) extract on the inflammation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and blood lipid improvement in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a high cholesterol diet. The lettuce extract (100% ethanol extract) inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HUVEC treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The lettuce extract suppressed the adhesion of THP-1 to TNF-α-treated HUVEC. The lettuce extract decreased the TNF-α-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In hypercholesterolemic mice, the lettuce extract reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, while the lettuce extract elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, resulting in the decrease of atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor level. These results suggested that lettuce extract can be an useful resource to show an anti-inflammatory effect and improve lipid metabolism

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ionized calcium treatment on total bacterial cross-contamination of chicken carcass surface in the slaughtering process. The growth of Escherichia coli was strongly inhibited in a medium prepared by using a 0.5% ionized calcium solution. The total bacterial cross-contamination of chicken carcass surface and the scalding water was significantly increased as the number of scalding was increased (p<0.05). The total bacterial cross-contamination of chicken carcass surface reached a plateau without a further increase as scalding was performed consecutively for 10 or more times. The total bacterial cross-contamination of the scalding water was significantly increased as the number of scalding was increased (p<0.05). The total bacterial cross-contamination of chicken carcass surface of the chickens raised on a floor type farm was significantly higher than that of the chickens raised in a battery cages (p<0.05). The total bacterial cross-contamination of chicken carcass surface of the chickens raised on a floor type farm was significantly lower in the 0.5% ionized calcium solution treatment group than in the control group (p<0.05).

본 연구에서는 하고초(Prunella vulgaris L.)의 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획 및 아글리콘 분획을 대상으로 항산화 활성과 유효성분 분석 연구를 수행하였다. 1,1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)를 이용한 자유라디칼 소거활성(FSC50)은 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분 획 및 아글리콘 분획에서 각각 15.25 μg/mL, 8.68 μg/mL 및 8.25 μg/mL이었다. Luminol 발광법을 이용한 Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2계에서 생성된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)에 대한 하고초 추출 물의 총항산화능(OSC50)은 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획 및 아글리콘 분획에서 각각 4.68 μg/mL, 1.00 μg/mL 및 1.02 μg/mL이었다. 1O2로 유도된 적혈구 세포손상에 대한 보호효과는 1 ~ 25 μg/mL의 농도에서 농도 의존적으로 증가하였고, 특히 25 μg/mL 농도에서 아글리콘 분획의 τ50 이 337.9 min으로 높은 세포 보호 활성을 나타내었다. 이는 대표적인 항산화 물질로 알려진 (+)-α -tocopherol (τ50 = 38.7 분)보다도 9배나 큰 세포 보호 효과를 나타냄을 알았다. 실험에 사용된 하고 초 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획과 아글리콘 분획에 대하여 TLC와 HPLC를 이용한 성분 분석을 수행 하였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획에서는 caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside)을 확인하였다. 아글리콘 분획에서 는 caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin 및 kaempferol이 존재함을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과들로부 터, 하고초 추출물 및 분획물은 1O2 또는 ROS를 소거함으로써 세포막을 보호할 수 있는 천연 항산화제 로서 화장품 분야에서 응용이 가능함을 시사하였다.

The consumer products in the living environments include a variety of chemicals which could be harmful in the human health. The aim of this study was to assess the inhalation exposure and risk for cleaning workers who had used bleach in the university. A total of 81 cleaning workers took part in this study. Frequency and amount of cleaning bleach during working hours were investigated by questionnaire interviews. Exposure assessment was used by the exposure algorithm and exposure factors. Used cleaning bleaches were analyzed to identify the ingredients, and risk by exposure was assessed by separating as carcinogen and non-carcinogen substances. The results of chemical substances and the questionnaire were used to assess the exposure factors, and the inhalation doses were calculated through inhalation exposure algorithm. According to the questionnaires for the cleaning workers, frequence of cleaning bleach was 11.66 ± 7.21 times per month. And average usage time and amount per cleaning work were 30.78 ± 36.00 minute and 20099.53 ± 12998.60 mg, respectively. Risks for carcinogenic substances of formaldehyde, ethylbenzene, and chloroform were exceeded by 56.79%, 27.16%, and 82.72% as the reference value of 10−6, respectively.

목 적 : 안와(orbit)의 자기공명영상검사(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)시 위상부호화방향(phase encoding direction)으로 발생하는 불수의적(involuntary)운동을 자체 제작된 안대와 사전교육을 통하여 이를 경감시키고 영상의 질을 향상 시키고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 11월 01일부터 2016년 01월 31일까지 자발적 참여자 20명(평균 연령: 28.31 ± 0.12세)을 대상으로 연구를 하였다. 연구에 사용된 장비는 MRI 3.0T(magnetom trio; Simens Medical solutions, Erlangen, Germany)기기와 Head coil (4 channel)을 사용하였다. 영상 변수는(TR: 4300 ms, TE: 93 ms, thickness: 4 mm, NEX : 1, FA : 150°, Slice : 20, TA: 92 sec)이며, 연구방법은 표적응시법(Red Circle응시법), 안대착용법, 사전교육법을 적용하여 각각의 관심영역에서 SNR과 CNR을 비교분석 하였다. 통계적 분석은 Anova test를 사용하였으며 p<0.05일 때 통계적으로 유의하다고 판단 하였다. 결 과 : 정량적 분석의 결과로 신호대 잡음비는 일반검사(normal)시 SNR(vitreous body, retrofatty-tissue, nerve): 60.54, 71.86, 26.07, 표적응시(focus)시 SNR(vitreous body, retrofatty-tissue, nerve): 65.35, 74.45, 26.74, 안대(eye band)사용시 SNR(vitreous body, retrofatty-tissue, nerve) : 95.61, 106.87, 40.66, 사전교육(prior education)시 SNR(vitreous body, retrofatty-tissue, nerve): 91.01,100.27, 42.75를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 대조도비는 일반검사시 CNRV-RFT, CNRV-N: 0.914, 2.908, 표적응시는 CNRV-RFT, CNRV-N: 0.742, 3.461, 안대 적용시 CNRV-RFT, CNRV-N: 1.267, 6.519, 사전교육시 CNRV-RFT, CNRV-N: 1.032, 5.45를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 사전교육과 안대에서 향상된 결과를 나타내었다. 결 론 : 안대착용법과 사전교육법의 적용으로 관심영역의 모든 부위에서 일반검사법에 비해 높은 SNR과 CNR값을 나타내었다. 안대 착용 후 안와 검사 시가 가장 향상된 결과를 나타내었다. 이는 수면상태와 비슷한 환경을 유도하여 불안정한 상태에서 발생하는 움직임 인공물이 저감화 된 것으로 사료된다. 안와의 외상 등으로 안대착용이 불가능한 경우 사전교육법으로 대체가 가능하며, 의식이 없는 환자 등의 경우는 안대착용법을 활용하는 등 환자의 상태에 따라 상호보완적으로 두 방법을 적절히 적용한다면 영상의 개선을 가져올 수 있을 것이라 판단되었다.

The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources and capacities. However, most of extant studies related to external R&D have focused on analyzing the influence of external R&D on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Innovation performances of external R&D group and internal R&D group are compared. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. The results show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D group. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

목 적 : 본 연구는 수술 전 양성 및 악성 간 병변 환자에 대하여 자유호흡기법(free breathing technique)을 사용하여 b-value (50, 500, 800, 1000)를 변환시켜 조영제 주입 전·후 현성확산계수가 어떤 수치적인 변화를 나타내는지 연구하고 악성 종양의 평가 자료로 유용한지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 본 연구는 후향적 연구로써 임상윤리위원회(institutional review board, IRB)의 승인(PNUHIRB-17)을 얻어 진행하였으며 연구 기간은 2015년 11월 01일부터 2016년 01월 30일까지 부산 소재 일개 P대학교 병원을 내원하여 수술전 간 MRI 검사를 의뢰 받은 환자 38명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구에 사용된 프로토콜(protocol)은 본원에서 시행되고 있는 간 검사에 최적화된 검사기법(TR:5100 ms, TE: 79 ms, SPAIR, NEX: 6, b-value type: 50, 500, 800, 1000)으로 조영제 주입 전 축삭면 확산강조영상을 자유호흡기법으로 영상을 획득하고 PRIMOVIST 10 ml (Gd-EOB-DTPA) 주입후 20분 지연기(hepatobilliary phase)에 동일하게 반복 시행하였다. 사용된 확산강조영상은 SE single-shot EPI (echo planar imaging)을 이용하여 b-value값을 50, 500, 800, 1000 s/mm2으로 세분화하여 검사를 하였다. 정량적 평가시 Image J와 work station을 사용하여 평가 하였으며 세분화 되어있는 b-value 값에 따라 ADC map을 나타내고, 이에 대하여 병변에 관심영역을 설정하여 현성확산계수를 구하였다. 통계적 분석은 대응표본 t-Test를 사용하였으며, p < 0.05 일때 통계적으로 유의하게 평가되었다. 결 과 : 간세포암의 경우 조영제 주입 전과 후의 현성확산계수의 수치는 pre ADC (500, 800, 1000: 1.238, 1.040, 1.007 × 10-3 s/mm2), post ADC (500, 800, 1000: 1.225, 1.094, 1.002 × 10-3 s/mm2)를 나타내었다(p>0.05). 간전이암의 경우 pre ADC (500, 800, 1000: 1.450, 1.472, 1.332 × 10-3 s/mm2), post ADC (500, 800, 1000: 1.438, 1.441, 1.354 × 10-3 s/mm2)를 나타냈고(p > 0.05), 혈관종의 경우 pre ADC (500, 800, 1000: 1.591, 1.365, 1.217 × 10-3 s/mm2)와 post ADC (500, 800, 1000: 1.906, 1.614, 1.396 × 10-3 s/mm2)는 변화 있는 결과를 나타내었다(p>0.05). 결 론 : 결론적으로 양성 종양의 경우 조영제 주입 전과 후의 결과의 연관성이 크지 않았고, 규칙성이 없었다. 하지만 간세포암의 악성병변(LR-5)의 경우 조영제 주입 후가 양성 병변에 비해 통계적으로 의미 있게 낮은 현성계수의 값을 보였으며, 정성적 분석에 향상을 가져왔다. 본 연구에서 제시한 바와 같이 복부 확산강조영상의 경우 질병과 검사 순서에 따라 현성확산계수의 결과 값과 확산강조영상의 명확도가 다르게 측정 될 수 있으므로 조영 전과 후의 확산강조영상을 병행한다면 좋을 것이라고 사료되며, 조영후의 현성확산계수와 이용 가능한 검사 시퀀스를 병행한다면 양성 및 악성 질환 감별의 진단에 효율성을 가져올 것이라고 판단되었다

본 연구는 특산식물 노랑붓꽃 자생지의 식물상 및 식생조사를 통하여 노랑붓꽃자생지의 보전 및 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 수행하였다. 노랑붓꽃 자생지 내에서 출현한 관속식물은 63과 97속 121종 3아종 11변종 3품종으로 총 138분류군으로 확인되었다. 특산식물은 노랑붓꽃을 포함한 청괴불나무와 병꽃나무 등 3분류군이 확인되었다. IUCN 평가기준에 따른 희귀식물은 멸종위기(CR)종 노랑붓꽃(Iris koreana)과 약관심(LC)종 말나리(Lilium distichum)가 조사되었다. 식물구계학적 특정식물종은 Ⅴ등급 1분류군, Ⅳ등급 2분류군, Ⅲ등급 2분류군, Ⅱ등급 3분류군 및 Ⅰ등급 11분류군 등 19분류군이 발견되었다. 생활형조성은 교목(21.0%), 저목식물(21.0%), 지중식물(18.8%), 아교목(16.7%) 등이 높게 나타났다. 식생구조를 중요치와 종다양지수로 분석한 결과, 관목식물 중에서는 윤노리나무(Pourthiaeavillosa)의 중요치가 14.5%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 초본식물 중에서는 애기나리가 10.2%로 가장 높은값을 나타내었다. 노랑붓꽃 자생지의 평균 종다양성지수는 1.4로 비교적 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 직경급빈도분포를 분석한 결과, 대부분의 자생지에서 직경 10cm 이상의 성숙목 계급에서는 소나무(Pinusdensiflora), 곰솔(Pinus thunbergii), 갈참나무(Quercus aliena) 및 굴피나무(Platycarya strobilacea)의 출현빈도가 높게 나타났고, 직경 10cm 이하의 어린 식물계급에서는 굴피나무, 때죽나무(Styraxjaponicus), 갈참나무의 출현빈도가 높게 나타났다. 전반적으로 조사지역의 식생은 양호하나 최근 들어 인위적인 간섭 및 자연재해로 인하여 훼손이 증가되고 있어 장기적인 모니터링을 통한 식생변화와 동태 파악이 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to explore the experiences of simulation education to undergraduate nursing students who have defected from North Korea. Methods: Individual in-depth interviews with nine students were conducted using semi-structured interview and open question. Data were collected December 2014 to April 2015 and analyzed using Colaizzi phenomenological method. Results: Three essential themes were extracts that were as follows 1) Confronting another barrier 2) Reflecting on nursing competency through simulation education 3) Beginning of adaptation to the nursing education Conclusion: The results can contribute to an understanding of the simulation education experience of undergraduate nursing students who have defected from North Korea. In addition, these results will provide foundational data in establishing simulation education strategies to improve nursing competency, helping them adapt to nursing education in Korea.

Chinese cabbage is produced and consumed as a main material for kimchi and as a staple vegetable in Korea throughout the year. However, due to environmental changes unbalance between supply and demand is repeated annually, requiring development of long-term storage technologies. Chinese cabbages, were harvested, put in plastic boxes, and precooled at 2oC for 24 hours using forced air precooler. After precooling, Chinese cabbages were MAP-treated with 0.02 mm HDPE film and functional film and stored at low temperature (1±0.5oC). The weight-loss rates after 9-weeks of storage were 8.47% in the control group, 4.07% in the HDPE film-treated group, and 3.07% in the functional film-treated group, respectively, suppressing weight loss. Trimming loss rate after 6-weeks of storage was 6.86% in the functional film MAP-treated group and lower than 7.50% in the control group. In the sensory test with 7 points as the limit of commodity, the control group lost it after 6-weeks of storage while the MAP-treated groups retained over 7 points. The functional film MAP-treated group showed over 6 points for processing as kimchi until 9-weeks of storage, proving that Pallet-type MAP storage is effective for extending storage life of spring Chinese cabbage.

This study was carried out to obtain useful information on the cost-effective and labor-saving methods in the on-farm pigmented rice cultivation trials that were performed in Gangjn, Jindo and Gimje provinces. Two different pigmented rice cultivars were tested at each site from 2014 to 2015. From the common rice transplant technologies, Wet Hill Direct Seeding Technology (WHDST) was applied and was compared to Transplanting Machine (TM) Technology, which was mainly used for rice transplanting. The results of the study showed that during the trial period, the average C3G contents of pigmented rice ‘Heugkwang’ in Gangjin was 145.5 mg/100g using the WHDST. This was 23.5 mg/100g higher than using TM in Gangjin area. On the other hand, the C3G contents of functional pigmented rice variety ‘Seonhyangheukmi’ was 163 mg/100g under the WHDST while 189.3 mg/100g under the TM. Therefore, it was observed that the C3G contents of functional pigmented rice changed depending on the variety and according to the annual environmental variation. In Jindo area, two years average C3G contents of functional pigmented rice variety ‘Josaengheugchal’ was resulted to 268.1 mg/100g using TM. This C3G contents was 97.8 mg/100g more than the amount obtained using WHDST. For functional pigmented rice variety ‘Shinnongheugchal’, the C3G contents was 247.3 mg/100g in the WHDS, while 249.1 mg/100g in the TM. This indicated that C3G contents tended to be similar based on cultivation method. The C3G contents of the rice variety ‘Heugkwang’ in Gimje area were 34.7 mg/100 g and 20.2 mg/100g using WHDST and TM, respectively. Meanwhile, the C3G contents of functional pigmented rice variety ‘Heugsujeong’ was 85.6 mg/100g in the WHDST and 43.62 mg/100g in the TM. In conclusion, the study showed that the C3G contents of the pigmented rice are affected by the yearly environmental variation, the regions, and the cultivated variety.

‘Palbangmi’ is a super high-yield rice cultivar bred by interspecies cross between Tongil type and Africa rice. But, ‘Palbangmi’ has a problem in grain maturation which results in rice yield decreases. Because ‘Palbangmi’ is Tongil and Africa rice interspecies-crossed cultivar, it would be predicted to require higher temperature for grain maturation than japonica rice. Therefore, ‘Palbangmi’ would be required to determine Late Marginal Heading Date (LMHD) for normal maturation. In this study, experiment of transplanting date was carried out to determine LMHD of ‘Palbangmi’ in Suwon and Iksan for 3 years. When daily mean temperature was below 23oC, grain filling ratio (%) increased about 8% for each 1oC. On the other hands, grain filling ratio (%) didn't increase when the daily mean temperature was above 23oC. Therefore, it is determined that 23oC is adequate for minimum threshold temperature for grain maturation. The LMHD of ‘Palbangmi’ was determined from calculated heading dates for each year which could satisfy threshold temperature for 40 days after heading during last 15 years. As a results, LMHD was earlier than August 1 in 16 regions where it is inadequate for ‘Palbangmi’. Continually, LMHD was August 1 ~ August 5 in 13 regions, August 6 ~ August 10 in 14 regions and August 11 ~ August 15 in 21 regions. Finally, LMHD was later than August 15 in 14 regions. Considering that heading date of ‘Palbangmi’ is August 13 as mid maturing ecotype, it is suggested that earlier transplanting required for normal maturing in almost areas except south plain area and some areas of central plain area.