An alternative fabrication method for carburizing steel using spark plasma sintering (SPS) is investigated. The sintered carburized sample, which exhibits surface modification effects such as carburizing, sintered Fe, and sintered Fe–0.8 wt.%C alloys, is fabricated using SPS. X-ray diffraction and micro Vickers tests are employed to confirm the phase and properties. Finite element analysis is performed to evaluate the change in hardness and analyze the carbon content and residual stress of the carburized sample. The change in the hardness of the carburized sample has the same tendency to predict hardness. The difference in hardness between the carburized sample and the predicted value is also discussed. The carburized sample exhibits a compressive residual stress at the surface. These results indicate that the carburized sample experiences a surface modification effect without carburization. Field emission scanning electron microscopy is employed to verify the change in phase. A novel fabrication method for altering the carburization is successfully proposed. We expect this fabrication method to solve the problems associated with carburization.

Sprouts have various health benefits. Specifically, wheat sprouts are rich in bioactive compounds, such as vitamins and polyphenols. Elicitation induces and enhances secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) treatments on the growth profile, free amino acid content, and antioxidant activity of germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum). Wheat seeds were germinated at 20℃ for 10 days and treated with 0, 2, 4, 7.5, and 10 mM of NaCl 10 days before harvesting. Treating the soil bed with NaCl increased the nutritional component amounts, such as free amino acids and γ- aminobutyric acid. The chlorophyll a and b concentrations were the highest in the hydroponic system treated with 7.5 mM NaCl. In addition, the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of sprouts treated with 2 and 7.5 mM NaCl were 1.94 and 1.34 times higher than that of the control sprouts (0 mM NaCl, water only), respectively. These results suggest that 2 to 4 mM NaCl treatments improve the nutritional and food quality of wheat sprouts more than water only.

멤브레인은 분리 기술 및 다양한 사용처에 따라서 유기물, 액체, 용질, 증기, 기체, 이온 또는 전자 등 다양한 물질 을 선택적으로 분리할 수 있다. 멤브레인은 크게 대칭막과 비대칭막으로 나누며, 기공의 유무에 따라 다공성과 비다공성으로 분류된다. 또한 멤브레인의 계면은 분자적으로 균일하거나, 또는 화학적으로 또는 물리적으로 불균일할 수 있다. 제조기술로 는 용융 압출 제조법, 연신법, 템플레이트 침출법, 트랙-에치법, 용액 캐스팅법, 상전이법 및 용액 코팅법 등이 있다. 제조된 멤브레인은 정밀여과, 한외여과, 나노여과, 역삼투, 기체분리 및 에너지 분야와 같은 다양한 응용 분야에 적용될 수 있다. 본 총설에서는 멤브레인의 분류 및 종류에 따른 제조 방법에 대한 튜토리얼을 제공한다.

The rapid development of biotechnology has increased the importance of microorganisms or their genetic information. Thus, the Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization was established, and countries are working to secure industrially and academically useful bioresources to deal with the agreement. In the case of Korea, because 67% of bioresources are imported from abroad, we are required to secure domestic bioresources as well. The number of isolated foodborne illness-causing microorganisms is predicted to invrease based on the incresing number of outbreaks of foodborne illness each year. Consequently, appropriate long-term preservation methods are necessary to secure the isolated microorganisms for the purpose of research and resourcification. Therefore, the long-term preservation methods for bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa were investigated in this study, from domestic and international bioresource banks, and the functions of the cryoprotectants were reviewed and discussed. This review should be informative in the preservation of microorganisms and contribute to the development of biotechnology.

Although airborne wear particles (AWPs) generated from wheel-rail contacts are the major source of particulate matter (PM) in subway systems, studies on reducing the generation of such particles in order to enhance air quality are extremely rare. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of applying water-lubricant (applying tap water) on improving air quality by reducing the mass concentration (MC) of AWPs from wheel-rail contacts at a train velocity of 73 km/h using a twin-disk rig. An optical particle sizer was used to measure the MC of particles with the diameter range of 0.3 μm~10 μm. The results showed that the generation trends regarding PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were different for dry and water-lubricated conditions: all three PMs showed an increasing-decreasing trend with slip rate under dry conditions; however, they were almost constant with slip rate under water-lubricated conditions. The particle size distributions were also different for dry and water-lubricated conditions: the peak occurred in multi-modal with the largest peak at approximately 6 μm in diameter under dry conditions; whereas, the peak occurred in bi-modal with the largest peak at approximately 0.9 μm in diameter under water-lubricated conditions. In addition, MCs were mostly smaller under water-lubricated conditions than dry conditions except at approximately 0.9 μm in diameter. Applying water significantly decreased PM1~2.5 and PM2.5~10 by more than 95%. This caused a decrease in PM2.5 and PM10 by 48.1% and 78.5%, respectively. On the other hand, applying water increased PM0.3~1 (i.e., PM1) by 52.8%, possibly owing to the effect of water vapor and mineral crystals from tap water. Overall, these findings indicate that water-lubrication can improve air quality in subway systems by reducing the MC of APWs generated from wheel-rail contacts. This study may provide a reference for future studies seeking to improve air quality in subway systems by reducing AWPs generated from wheel-rail contacts by applying lubricants.

Eco-friendly materials, such as alternative vegan materials using various fungal resources, are being actively researched to reduce environmental pollution and facilitate a healthy lifestyle. The fungal mycelium-based mushroom mycelium mat is one such emerging material. In this study, the commonly used mushroom mycelium culture method was modified to reduce the time required to produce the mycelium mat, lower the possibility of contamination, and improve the properties and quality of the mat. Shortening the period required for the previously used primary bag culture and secondary mat production culture. A culture method in which the bag culture was omitted was attempted using a mycelium mutated by gamma irradiation to the mycelium of Trametes orientalis. In addition, various nutrients were added to the fungal solution to observe the change in physical properties of the fungal mat. High-quality mycelium mats were produced in the experimental group containing 1.5% CaCO3 in sawdust medium, and the period was also reduced by more than 10 days compared to the existing production method. In the future, for mass producing mycelium mats, additional selection of medium components and optimization of culture conditions are essential.

돌기해삼 Apostichopus japonicus는 주요 양식 대상 무척추동물로서 우리나라 연안 해역에 서 식하고 있다. 본 연구는 방류 방법에 따른 단기간의 생리학적 스트레스 정도를 평가하기 위하 여 heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) 유전자의 발현 변화를 실시간 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응법 으로 조사하였다. 어린 돌기해삼을 비닐봉지에 산소 포장하여 30분간 수송하거나 방류 해역의 간조기에 1시간 공기 중에 노출된 실험군의 HSP90 유전자 발현은 대조군의 HSP90 유전자 발현에 비하여 통계학적으로 유의미하게 증가하였다(수송 후 실험군 p=0.001; 간조기 실험군 p=0.032). 어린 돌기해삼을 방류 후 6시간까지 분석한 결과, 선상에서 씨뿌림 방식으로 방류된 6시간째의 개체 및 호스를 통과하여 수중으로 방류된 2~6시간째의 HSP90 유전자 발현율은 대 조군에 비하여 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였다(씨뿌림 실험군 p=0.069; 호스 방류군 p=0.093). 한 편, 잠수부에 의해 수중에서 방류된 어린 돌기해삼은 방류 후 시간이 경과할수록 HSP90 유전 자 발현율은 증가하는 패턴이 관찰되었다(p=0.061). 이상의 결과는 방류된 어린 돌기해삼의 단기간 스트레스 반응 연구와 효과적인 방류 방법의 개발에 HSP90 유전자 발현이 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify research trends by applying the scoping studies method to articles published from the establishment of the Korean Society for Nursing Simulation in 2011 to June 2021, and to suggest the direction for future research. Method: A total of 73 articles were reviewed by applying the six steps and recommendations for scoping studies as suggested by Arksey and O'Malley. Results: Focusing on the subjects, research topics were classified comprehensively into the experience of nursing students, nurses, professors, and office workers. As a result of analyzing the research process characteristics, practical teaching and learning using simulation technology resources were conducted during most of the research, and a systematic curriculum for learning promotion was devised and applied. Furthermore, nursing performance ability was evaluated, learning situation was identified, and simulation education situation and necessity of clinical field were identified. The keywords “applied technology,” “teaching-learning method,” “environment,” “cognition,” “attitude,” “affect,” “patient status,” “nursing,” and “nursing performance” were identified as eight categories. Conclusion: The post-coronavirus era has provided an opportunity to expand the scope of Korean nursing simulation research, which is going to further contribute to nursing development.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 다양한 우세안 검사 방법 중 3가지인 +2.00 D 검사, 원형구멍카드 검사, 접안렌즈 접근 검사에 따른 우세안을 알아보며, 우세안과 다른 요인인 우세손, 양안의 교정굴절력에 따른 일치성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 전신질환, 안질환, 굴절교정 수술 경험이 없는 평균연령 23.79±5.03세 성인 58명(남 36명, 여 22명) 을 대상으로 하였다. 완전 교정 상태를 만든 후 +2.00 D 렌즈 검사, 원형 구멍 카드법(hole in the card test), 접안렌즈 접근 검사를 시행하여 측정하였다. 결과 : 감각 우세안 우안 38명 좌안 20명, 시야 우세안 우안 45명 좌안 13명, 접안렌즈 우세안 우안 46명 좌 안 12명으로 우안의 비율이 높았다. 우세손은 오른손 56명 왼손 2명, 우세손과 우세안의 일치는 감각 우세안 38명, 시야 우세안 45명, 접안렌즈 우세안 44명으로 우세안과 우세손의 일치는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p>0.050). 교정굴절력에 따른 우세안에서는 등가구면 굴절력에서 낮은 눈이 우세안인 경우 감각 우세안 18명 시 야 우세안 14명 접안렌즈 우세안 16명, 구면 굴절력에서 낮은 눈이 우세안인 경우 감각 우세안 24명 시야 우세안 19명 접안렌즈 우세안 19명, 원주 굴절력에서 낮은 눈이 우세안인 경우 감각 우세안 17명, 시야 우세안 21명 접 안렌즈 우세안 20명으로 교정굴절력이 낮은 눈과 우세안의 일치는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.050). 결론 : 감각 우세안의 방향과 시야 우세안 방향의 일치는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 우세안은 측정법에 따라 다르게 판정될 수 있으므로 우세안 검사는 감각 우세안 검사와 시야 우세안 검사 두 가지 모두 해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, not only traditional statistical techniques but also machine learning algorithms have been used to make more accurate bankruptcy predictions. But the insolvency rate of companies dealing with financial institutions is very low, resulting in a data imbalance problem. In particular, since data imbalance negatively affects the performance of artificial intelligence models, it is necessary to first perform the data imbalance process. In additional, as artificial intelligence algorithms are advanced for precise decision-making, regulatory pressure related to securing transparency of Artificial Intelligence models is gradually increasing, such as mandating the installation of explanation functions for Artificial Intelligence models. Therefore, this study aims to present guidelines for eXplainable Artificial Intelligence-based corporate bankruptcy prediction methodology applying SMOTE techniques and LIME algorithms to solve a data imbalance problem and model transparency problem in predicting corporate bankruptcy. The implications of this study are as follows. First, it was confirmed that SMOTE can effectively solve the data imbalance issue, a problem that can be easily overlooked in predicting corporate bankruptcy. Second, through the LIME algorithm, the basis for predicting bankruptcy of the machine learning model was visualized, and derive improvement priorities of financial variables that increase the possibility of bankruptcy of companies. Third, the scope of application of the algorithm in future research was expanded by confirming the possibility of using SMOTE and LIME through case application.

PURPOSES : In this study, model-agnostic methods are applied for interpreting machine learning models, such as the feature global effect, the importance of a feature, the joint effects of features, and explaining individual predictions. METHODS : Model-agnostic global interpretation techniques, such as partial dependence plot (PDP), accumulated local effect (ALE), feature interaction (H-statistics), and permutation feature importance, were applied to describe the average behavior of a machine learning model. Moreover, local model-agnostic interpretation methods, individual conditional expectation curves (ICE), local surrogate models (LIME), and Shapley values were used to explain individual predictions. RESULTS : As global interpretations, PDP and ALE-Plot demonstrated the relationship between a feature and the prediction of a machine learning model, where the feature interaction estimated whether one feature depended on the other feature, and the permutation feature importance measured the importance of a feature. For local interpretations, ICE exhibited how changing a feature changes the interested instance’s prediction, LIME explained the relationship between a feature and the instance’s prediction by replacing the machine model with a locally interpretable model, and Shapley values presented how to fairly contribute to the instance’s prediction among the features. CONCLUSIONS : Model-agnostic methods contribute to understanding the general relationship between features and a prediction or debut a model from the global and/or local perspective, securing the reliability of the learning model.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to present a practical application method for measuring the setting time of concrete in the field, considering different concrete blending and curing environments. METHODS : In the experimental environment of the concrete setting experiment, a mold was made in the laboratory, and the curing temperature was performed at laboratory room temperature (20-25 ℃), heater (30 ℃), and dryer (40 ℃). In the field, the experimental method was performed in summer and autumn, setting experiments on penetration resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and semi-calorimeter. RESULTS : The result of the concrete setting time experiment was that the early setting time was achieved in the combination of filash and slag when the concrete was mixed, and the setting time in the curing environment was the same as the early setting time in the field. The setting time measurement method shows the correlation of the high crystal coefficient at UPV with 0.99 based on PR and the good ratio of 92 % to 107 % on average. In addition, the semi-calorimeter shows a good crystal coefficient of 0.96 to 0.99 and a good setting time of 88 % to 101 % on average. CONCLUSIONS : The analysis of the setting time of the concrete shows that the curing temperature is more affected than the mixture, and it is considered that the UPV test, which evaluates the reliability of the degree of purification, is easy to sampie among the three methods.