쇤베르크(A. Schönberg, 1874-1951)의 《다섯 개의 오케스트라 소품》(Op. 16, 1909) 가운데 제3번 <색깔>(Farben )로 시작되어 1960년대 리게티(G. Ligeti, 1923-2006)의 《아트모스페레》(Atmosphères , 1961)를 통해 음악 구성의 매개변수(Parameter)로 등장한 ‘음색’(Klangfarbe)은 19세기까지 음악 이론의 연구 대상이 아니었다. 역사적으로 음높이 그리고 음가와 분리할 수 없는 부수적인 소재였던 ‘음색’에 대한 많은 연구가 1960년대 등장한 ‘음색작곡’(Klangfarbenkomposition)을 대상으로 하고 있다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 역사적으로 ‘음색’이 결코 부수적인 음악 요소가 아니었음을 이론적으로 명료하게 설명할 수는 없지만, ‘음색’이라는 관점으로 음악을 관찰하여 18-19세기 작곡가들이 이 매개변수를어떻게 다루었는지, 그 비중의 정도 그리고 음색과 다른 음악 매개변수와의 관계성 변화를 우선적으로 살펴보았다. 특히 음과 관계된, 선율, 화성 조성과의 관계 속에서 음색 그리고 리듬과 음색의 관계를 관현악법을 통해 확인하는 작업을 포함한 제1장은 20세기 ‘음색’의 주요 매개변수로의 자리매김의 역사적 과정을 설명한다. 제2장에서는 음의 연속을 통해 얻어진 ‘선율’을 대신하는 ‘음색 선율’ 또는 ‘주제’를 대신하는‘음색 주제’를 넘어 ‘음색’ 그 자체가 형식을 이루는 과정을 20세기 전후 창작된 작품분석으로 확인시켜준다. 또한 작품분석은 ‘음색’이 주요 음악적 매개변수로 자리매김 하는 과정이 ‘악기고유 정체성 해체’에 종착점을 두었다는 결론을 이끌 수 있게 하였다. 그 방법에 있어서는‘음고’와의 관계를 유지하면서 구체화 한 음색작곡과 악기의 특수주법과 연결된 음색작곡이라는 두 가지 방법으로 분류할 수 있었고, 그 분류는 ‘쇤베르크/드뷔시-리게티-배음렬음악 작곡가들’ 그리고 ‘베베른-케이지/펜데레츠키-카겔’에 이른다.

Bhark Gwang-gyu. 2016. “A Study on Singaporean's Discourse Markers: The case of hor, meh, lah”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 115~147. This study aims to show the characteristic and use aspect of Singaporean's discourse markers such as ‘hor, mah, lah'. This study analyzes features in each type based on gender, generation, occupation, religion, race, educational background through an internet questionnaire survey. The conclusion is presented below. First, Singaporean's discourse markers are used at end of the sentences. Second, Singaporean's discourse markers and Chinese discourse marker(‘哈[ha]’) are used not only oral conversation but also in written conversation. Third, the ‘哈[ha]’ which lexicon is used as discourse marker by chinese in china is grammatized. Forth, There are not much differences based on occupation, race, educational background in the use of discourse makers. However women use discourse markers more than men and young generation use discourse markers more than old generation. Also the buddhist were found to use discourse markers more than the christian and the Roman catholic.

곤충 발육기간분포모형은 어느 특정발육단계가 완료되는 시기의 변이를 나타내는 것으로 시간에 따라 발육이 완료되는 개체들의 비율로 나타낸다. 개체군 모형 작성시 발육단계전이모형의 기본 구성요소로 사용되며, 발육기간 누적빈도분포 자료를 Weibull 함수에 적용시켜 사용하고 있다. 곤충 발육기간분포모형을 추정하려면 발육실험의 원자료가 필요하기 때문에 원자료가 없는 경우 대체할 수 있는 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 곤충의 발육기간 빈도분포가 정규분포를 따른다는 가정 하에 해당 곤충의 발육기간 평균 및 표준편차를 이용하여 가상의 발육기간 빈도분포를 조성하고 매개변수를 추정하는 방법을 제시하였다. 정규분포에 준한 발육기간 누적빈도분포로 Weibull 함수의 모형 매개변수를 추정하고, 이것을 실제 발육기간 빈도분포를 이용하여 추정한 모형 매개변수와 비교하였다. 총 8종 (18개 발육단계) 곤충을 대상으로 분석한 결과 곤충 발육기간 빈도분포가 정규분포를 따르지 않음에 따라 원자료 값과 편차가 발생하였다. 일부 매개변수를 보정함으로써 원자료 값에 가깝도록 조절 할 수 있었으며, 이 방법을 통해 어떤 곤충의 발육기간 빈도분포자료 없이도 발육기간 평균과 표준편차만을 이용하여 발육기간분포모형을 추정할 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

The integrative approach for ecological stream health assessments was applied to a stream ecosystem using a multi-level organization from molecular level of biomarkers to community levels of bioindicators along with analysis of physical and chemical stressors. Water quality parameters of BOD, COD, TN, and TP etc were measured and physical habitat health, based on Qualitative habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) model were analyzed. Also, Ecological stream health model, based on index of biological integrity (IBI) by fish assemblage, was developed for regional assessments and then applied to the stream. Six metric attributes of original 11 metrics were modified for a development of the model. Biomarkers of comet assay, blood chemistry, physiological parameters, and bioindicators such as organismal-, population-, community- level parameters were evaluated in this study along with eco-toxicity tests. Some stations impaired (stressed) in terms of stream health were identified by the IBI approach and also major key stressors affecting the health were identified using BOD, TN, TP, physical habitat evaluation, and eco-toxicity tests. The assessment approach of integrative ecological stream health would be used as a key tool for ecological restorations and species conservations in the degraded stream ecosystems and applied for elucidating major causes of ecological disturbances. Ultimately, this approach provides us an effective management strategy of stream ecosystems through establishments of ecological networks in various watersheds. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2013R1A1A4A01012939).

This paper presents the approach of design parameters optimization based on Taguchi method for the uniformity of outlet pressure in a plasma discharge chamber. The key issue of a plasma discharge chamber is to have the uniformity of outlet pressure which can make a high performance of surface treatment. To extend the length of a outlet from 60mm to 250mm with the uniformity, This study optimally designed the middle holes, outlet width and height, and diameter of the second chamber by using SolidWorks and flow simulation tool. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

Recently, there has been an increase in wellbeing marketing, which focuses on increasing consumer life satisfaction or consumers’ sense of subjective wellbeing. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify which aspects contribute to consumer life satisfaction. In order to provide additional insights into consumer life satisfaction, this study aimed to identify the relationships among social psychological variables (consciousness of social face, social interaction anxiety, and career anxiety), shopping confidence, and life satisfaction. Shopping confidence in this study relates to confidence for clothing/ accessories. It was hypothesized that social psychological variables influence life satisfaction not only directly but also indirectly through shopping confidence. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul, using convenience sampling. Two hundred eighty six questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. Factor analysis of consciousness of social face revealed two factors, ‘desire to gain face’ and ‘fear of losing face’. Factor analysis of social interaction anxiety, shopping confidence, and life satisfaction revealed that these variables were uni-dimensional. Test of the hypothesized path showed that all social psychological variables influenced life satisfaction indirectly through shopping confidence, whereas ‘fear of losing face’ of consciousness of social face and career anxiety influenced life satisfaction directly. The results give marketers some understanding of their consumers' life satisfaction in relation to consciousness of social face, social interaction anxiety, career anxiety, and shopping confidence.

Self-assembled monolayers(SAM) of microspheres such as silica and polystyrene(PS) beads have found widespread application in photonic crystals, sensors, and lithographic masks or templates. From a practical viewpoint, setting up a highthroughput process to form a SAM over large areas in a controllable manner is a key challenging issue. Various methods have been suggested including drop casting, spin coating, Langmuir Blodgett, and convective self-assembly(CSA) techniques. Among these, the CSA method has recently attracted attention due to its potential scalability to an automated high-throughput process. By controlling various parameters, this process can be precisely tuned to achieve well-ordered arrays of microspheres. In this study, using a restricted meniscus CSA method, we systematically investigate the effect of the processing parameters on the formation of large area self-assembled monolayers of PS beads. A way to provide hydrophilicity, a prerequisite for a CSA, to the surface of a hydrophobic photoresist layer, is presented in order to apply the SAM of the PS beads as a mask for photonic nanojet lithography.

Incremental sheet metal forming is a manufacturing process to produce thin parts using sheet metals by a series of small incremental deformation. The process rarely needs dedicated dies and molds, thus, preparation time for the process is relatively short as to be compared to conventional metal forming. Spring back in sheet metal working is very common, which causes critical errors in dimensions. Incremental sheet metal forming is not fully investigated yet. Hence, incremental sheet metal forming frequently produces inaccurate parts. This paper proposes a method to minimize dimensional errors to improve shape accuracy of products manufactured by incremental forming. This study conducts experiments using an exclusive incremental forming machine and the material for these experiments are sheets of aluminum AL1015. This research defines a process parameter and selects a few factors for the experiments. The parameters employed in this paper are tool feed rate, tool diameter, step depth, material thickness, forming method, dies applied, and tool path method. In addition, their levels for each factor are determined. The plan of the experiments is designed using orthogonal array L8 (27) which requires minimum number of experiments. Based on the measurements, dimensional errors are collected both on the tool contacted surfaces and on the non-contacted surfaces. The distances between the formed surfaces and the CAD models are scanned and recorded using a commercial software product. These collected data are statistically analyzed and ANOVAs (analysis of variances) are drawn up. From the ANOVAs, this paper concludes that the process parameters of tool diameter, forming depth, and forming method are the significant factors to reduce the errors on the tool contacted surface. On the other hand, the experimental factors of forming method and dies applied are the significant factors on the non-contacted surface. However, the negative forming method always produces better accuracy than the positive forming method.

The carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology from industrial flue-gas is an important environmental issue these days. Membrane process can be competitive technology for its relatively small footprint and eco-friendly system. Many membrane modules with high selectivity and excellent flux have been developed so far. However, the high purity and recovery for CO2 capture can be achieved by optimization of operating conditions such as membrane area, feed/permeate pressure ratio and humidity of flue gas as well as membrane permeance or selectivity. In this study, we discuss the effect of operating parameters for high CO2 purity and recovery at permeate side. Using polymeric hollow fiber membrane, the single membrane process was tested to figure out the effect of feed flow rate, pressure ratio, membrane area and moisture content.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the influences of need for cognition (NFC) and fashion leadership on regret after purchasing fashion goods in female consumers and examine the relationships between regret and its dependent variables (i.e., dissatisfaction, regret resolution, and rebuying intentions). Data collection was conducted through a survey for females in their 20s~40s, and 642 questionnaires were used for final data analyses in which frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression were applied using SPSS 14.0. The results were as follows. The higher NFC was or the lower fashion leadership was, the higher the degree of regret, as NFC and fashion leadership both had a significant influence on regret. In terms of the dependent variables, the higher the degree of regret, the higher the degree of dissatisfaction and ultimately the lower the rebuying intentions. In addition, the influence of regret on regret resolution and the influence of regret resolution on rebuying intentions were significant. This study verified that consumers’ characteristics and feelings of regret had a significant influence on their buying behavior of fashion goods. The results suggest that consumers’ feelings of regret (which influence consumer satisfaction and rebuying intentions) should be considered in terms of competitive marketing strategies at fashion companies.

요 약 본 연구에서는 보청천 중권역의 어류군집 특성을 분석하 고 수질과의 상관관계를 연구하였다. 2008년부터 2013년 까지 4개 지점에서 총 50종이 채집되었으며, 우점종은 피라 미(Zacco platypus)와 참갈겨니(Zacco Koreanus)로 각각 26%, 23%의 출현율을 보였다. 내성도 길드별로는 내성종 이 30%, 민감종이 30%로 비교적 고른 분포를 보였으며 트 로픽 길드별로는 충식종이 51%, 잡식종이 42%로 충식종이 다소 우세하게 나타났다. 생물보전지수(IBI)는 평균 28.6으 로 Ⅲ(Fair~Poor) 등급이었고, 이·화학적 수질 분석 결과 최상류인 S1의 수질이 가장 좋았으며 S3까지 급격히 악화 되다가 S4에서 다소 회복되는 경향을 보여 상류에서 하류 로 갈수록 대체로 악화되는 것으로 나타났다. 수질요소와 어류 군집간의 상관관계 분석에서 TN은 어류군집과 통계 적으로 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았으나 TP는 높아질수록 충식종 비율이 감소하고 잡식종 비율이 증가하는 등 섭식 길드와 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. N:P ratio는 섭식길드와 의 관계에서 TP와 유사한 결과를 보였으며 내성도 길드와 의 분석에서도 증가할수록 민감종 비율이 증가하고 내성종 비율이 감소하여 어류 조성에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났 다.

가온 온실에서 재배하는 망고의 생육에 적합한 광도와 CO2 농도를 결정하기 위하여 위치 별 엽의 광합성속도를 정량적으로 측정할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 어윈 망고(Mangifera indica L. cv. Irwin)의 위치 별 엽 광합성속도를 측정하여 광도와 CO2 농도의 2변수 엽 광합성 모델을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 상단부, 중단부, 하단부 엽의 위치에 따른 엽 광합성속도 측정은 LI- 6400 광합성 분석 장치를 사용하였다. 광도 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800μmol·m-2·s-1, CO2 농도 100, 400, 800, 1200, 1600μmol·mol-1의 조합 조건에 해당하는 엽 광합성속도를 위치 별로 측정하였다. 광도와 CO2 농도에 대하여 Negative exponential 함수로 표현된 엽 광합성 속도 모델을 곱하여 2변수 엽 광합성 모델을 구축하였다. 상단부 엽의 경우 엽 광합성속도는 광도 400μmol·m-2·s-1, 중단부와 하단부 엽은 200μmol·m-2·s-1에서 포화되는 것으 로 나타났다. CO2 농도 1600mol·mol-1에서도 엽 광합성속도가 증가하여 포화되지 않는 특성을 보였다. 2변수 엽 광합성 모델의 검증 결과, 중단부에 비하여 상단부와 하단부 엽에 대해서 높은 신뢰도를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 추후, 위치 별 2변수 엽 광합성 모델을 활용하여 어윈 망고의 온실 재배 시 광합성을 극대화 할 수 있는 광도와 CO2 농도 조건을 결정할 수 있을 것이다.

The torque shear high strength bolt is clamped normally at the break of pin-tail specified. However, the clamping forces on slip critical connections do not often meet the required tension, as it considerably fluctuates due to torque coefficient dependent on lubricant affected temperature. In this study, the clamping tests of torque shear bolts were conducted independently at indoor conditions and at construction site conditions. During last six years, temperature of candidated site conditions was recorded from -11℃ to 34℃. The indoor temperature condition was ranged from -1 0℃ to 50℃ at each 10℃ interval. As for site conditions, the clamping force was reached in the range from 159 to 210 kN and the torque value was from 405 to 556 Nㆍm. The range of torque coefficient at indoor conditions was analyzed from 0.126 to 0.158 while tensions were indicated from 179 to 192 kN. The torque coefficient at site conditions was ranged from 0.118 to 0.152. Based on this test, the variable trends of torque coefficient, tension subjected temperature can be taken by statistic regressive analysis. The variable of torque coefficient under the indoor conditions is 0.13%/℃ while it reaches 2.73%/℃ at actual site conditions. When the indoor trends and site conditions is combined, the modified variable of torque coefficient can be expected as 0.2% /℃. and the modified variable of tension can be determined as 0.18%/℃.

본 연구는 보육교사가 업무를 수행함에 있어 직무스트레스와 직무만족도에 미치는 영향과 양자의 관계에 있어서 조직몰입의 매개효과를 검증함으로써 보육교사의 직무스트레스를 경감시키고 직무만족도를 증가시킬 수 있는 실천적 함의를 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2013년 8월 1일부터 9월 23일까지 J지역에 소재한 사회복지법인 어린이집에 근무하고 있는 보육교사를 대상으로 설문한 자료 총 279부를 분석에 사용하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 SPSS 18.0을 이용해서 다중회귀분석으로 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 보육교사의 직무스트레스는 조직몰입을 통해서 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 보육교사의 직무스트레스를 감소시키고 직무만족도를 증가시킬 수 있는 조직몰입과 관련된 실천적 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보육서비스 질 향상을 위해서 보육의 주체인 보육교사에 대한 스트레스를 감소와 직무만족을 높일 수 있는 다양한 지원이 필요하다. 둘째, 보육교사들이 조직의 목표와 개인의 목표를 동일시하고 자신의 직무에 몰입할 수 있도록 조직몰입과 관련된 프로그램이 제공되어야 한다. 셋째, 보육교사 자질을 높일 수 있는 다양한 교육시스템이 개발되어져야 할 것이다.

프리스트레스 콘크리트 정착부의 설계를 위해 AASHTO 및 PTI에서 관련 설계식을 제안하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 설계식은 구조물의 긴장력이 단순 지압판을 통해 구조 전반으로 전달된다는 가정으로 유도된 것으로 실제 구조물에 적용되는 상용 정착구의 형태와는 차이가 있다. 이 논문에서는 하중전달 시험에 의한 실험적 방법과 3차원 고체요소를 사용한 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램을 이용한 해석적 방법을 통해 정착구의 형상 변수에 따른 정착부의 거동특성 변화에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 하중전달시험 결과에서 얻어진 하중변위 곡선 및 극한하중 값을 해석을 통해 얻은 결과와 비교하여 유한요소모델의 적합성을 확인하였다. 또한 정착구의 리브의 설치위치, 리브의 개수, 리브의 설치길이를 주요 변수로 설정하여 형상변수에 따른 매개변수 연구를 수행하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the behavior characteristics of new hollow reinforced concrete (RC) bridge pier sections with triangular reinforcement details and to provide the details and reference data. Among the numerous parameters, this study concentrates on the shape of the section, the reinforcement details and the spacing of the transverse reinforcement. Additional eight column section specimens were tested under quasi-static monotonic loading. In this study, the computer program, named RCAHEST (Reinforced Concrete Analysis in Higher Evaluation System Technology), was used. A innovative confining effect model was adopted for new hollow bridge pier sections. This study documents the testing of new hollow RC bridge pier sections with triangular reinforcement details and presents conclusions based on the experimental and analytical findings.

The market for counterfeit luxury fashion goods is proliferating across the globe. In an effort to provide some insight into this phenomenon, this study aimed to identify the antecedents of attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods. As antecedents, counterfeit proneness and attitudes toward counterfeiting were considered. It was hypothesized that counterfeit proneness not only influences attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods directly but also indirectly through attitudes toward counterfeiting. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul, using convenience sampling. Three hundred five questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. SPSS was used for exploratory factor analysis, and AMOS was used for confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The results showed that all the fit statistics for the variable measures were quite acceptable. In addition, the overall fits of the hypothesized model suggest that the model fits the data well. Factor analysis revealed that counterfeit proneness and attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods were uni-dimensional and that attitudes toward counterfeiting were two dimensional, which are ‘normatively less susceptible’ and ‘value conscious’. Test of the hypothesized path showed that counterfeit proneness influences attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods indirectly through the two factors of attitudes toward counterfeiting. The results suggest some implications for anti-counterfeit businesses.