This study is about the meaning of wooden brackets that are distinctive elements of wooden architecture in Korea, Japan, and China. Existing studies about wooden brackets have been limited to the boundary of formalism, so the object of this study is to make a breakthrough in the field of those studies. The Wooden brackets in this study are considered to be decorative elements, and the principles of their design are examined. The specific subject of the study is wooden architecture with Jusimpo-styled brackets that have brackets only on pillars. The definition of Jusimpo is reexamined first, and ChulMok-Ikkong which has not been regarded as a Jusimpo-styled wooden bracket is interpreted as Jusimpo-styled one in this study. Categorized into three types, Jusimpo is examined how it is expressed according to the type of the roof in a building. In view of the results, the wooden bracket system is an effective technique to express the formality, and two designing principles can be seen in Jusimpo; one that wooden brackets observed externally are standardized and regarded as the same ones, and the other that the style of wooden brackets used in the most formal building is Yi-ChulMok. These designing principles mean that the carpenter who was in charge of building the architecture had certain principles when expressing wooden brackets as well as the roofs according to the class of the architecture. In addition, although the styles of wooden brackets that were used in the most formal architecture during the Chosun period were mostly Dapo, Jusimpo in the form of Yi-ChulMok was also adopted in some temples depending on their scale, and that means Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets were never considered to be inferior to Dapo-styled ones. And this point leaves the argument that the reexamination of Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets which have been regarded as the style used in the attached building or small structures since the Choun dynasty should be conducted.

In the traditional view the ultimate goal of mission was to build up the indigenous church which can stand itself carrying out self- govercúng, self-propagating, self-supporting. For this reason the three-self princip1e was considered the most crucial principle in mission strategies. At 1east until 1950s there was almost no one who doubted or opposed the formula. Yet with the appearance of Mìssio Dei concept -- which emphasizes the "world" instead of the "church"-- in the 1950s, lots of criticisms fell on the three-self principle which specially focused on indigenous church. Finally in these days the three-self principle seems to be considered an antique or useless concept not drawing any interest. This article started from the question why this change occurred and whether this kind of negative view toward the principle is proper or not. With the concern fìrst I invesstigate the major contents of the three-self formula to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the principle. Then evaluating all the criticisms on the principles whether or not they are proper，I found out that it is hard to accept some criticisms though some are valid. on the contrary to the negative view on the principle, I recognized that the principle is still very useful with lots of strong points and wisdoms for effective church planting ministry in the mission fìeld. Of course, the three-self principle is not the perfect mission principle as all others are not either. The principle is not the unique answer for solving problems in today’s mission either. In addition there might be some mission fìelds where it is hard to apply this formula exactly. However, I recognized that the three-self principles is very effective in building up healthy churches. Some scholars in the liberal wing tend to see church planting in the misslon fìeld as the act of imperialistic rnission. However, it is impossible to think of mission without church, since having Christian faith without community is impossible. One of the most serious problems in many mission fìelds today is the churches that rely only on missuibaries. There are so many churches that cannot stand well without the help of missionaries though they started 10 - 20 years ago. The worse thing is that there is a high possibility that these churches would dose their doors or be changed to other purposed-building easily as soom as missionaries leave the place. Furthermore, since the church is fragile, so are the seminaries also. The churches cannot provide canclidates for future pastors to the seminaries due to the lack of people, and lifewise the seminaries cannot send good pastors to the church either. As a result of this, as we can easily expect，the vicious cycle is continued, and the people in the mission field getting relying on missionaries more and more. so the missionaries cannot leave the rrusslon field though there are thousands of places where the more urgent needs are existing. In our missionary enterprises, all our resources and times are limited Considering the wide mission fields and the people’s needs there, we cannot but evaluate the effectiveness of our missionary works. Three- self principles provides abundant ideas and guidelines to the missionaries desiring to do effective ministries in the misslon fields. If we refer to the three-self principles and try to apply the id않s drawn from the formula, our missionary works would be much more effective in building up churches that grow up strongly and transform their society faithfully.

경기도 시흥시 정왕동 시화공업단지 내 주식회사 진도종합건설 시화소각장 주변을 생태적으로 건전하게 유지하기 위한 수단으로 생태적 설계에 바탕을 두고 복원사업을 실시하였고, 서울시 노원구의 수락산에 인공 조림된 아까시나무 임분을 복원생태학의 원리에 바탕을 두고 관리하여 그 효과를 평가하였다. 생태학적으로 창조된 숲은 조경 방법을 적용하여 조성된 숲과 비교하여 주변의 자연림과 더 유사한 종 조성을 나타내었고, 종 다양성도 높아 생태적 복원의 효과가 확인되었다

In this paper, we proposed the optimal process conditions on the electro-gilding process. The responses are plating thickness and Sn proportion. The factors are temperature, current density, and addition. We minimized the total number of experiments based on the principle of dividing into small part. We grouped the factors using the plating process information which we already knew. We did Hull Cell test to find relationship between plating solution and electric effects, and applied ANOVA and RSM to estimate the optimal process conditions.

SPR biosensors which belong to a family of thin film refractometry-based sensors measure refractive index changes produced by biomolecular interactions occurring at the surface of the sensors. The main advantage of SPR biosensors is to detect molecular interactions directly without the use of labels. This feature makes them possible to observe biomolecular interactions in real-time or near real-time. The non-specific binding between ligand and target analyte may, however, produce a false refractive index change resulting in false sensor response. The applications of SPR biosensors have involved biomolecular interaction kinetics analysis, affinity measurement, screening and concentration assay, and so on.

하전된 마이크로채널의 전기이중층에서 계면동전기 흐름에 의해 발생되는 흐름전위는 일반적 Helmholtz-Smoluchowski 관계식으로부터 중공사 멤브레인 기공의 제타전위를 결정하는데 적용된다. 흐름전위는 실제 운전상황이나 물리화학적 조건에서의 표면특성 및 기공과 입자간 상호작용에 대한 유용한 실시간 정보를 제공함이 알려져 있다. 무리화학적 인자들이 주공사에 의한 여과에 미치는 영향을 투과플럭스와 흐름전위의 동시적 모니터링으로 고찰하였다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 중공사의 위치에 따른 흐름전위를 측정함으로써 중공사 길이 방향과 멤부레인 오염 진행에 따라 달라지는 케이크층 효과를 규명하는 실험방법을 다루었다. 실험결과, 입자농도가 증가할수록 투과플럭스는 감소하나 흐름전위는 증가하였다. 입자농도가 증가하면서 케이크층 성장은 활발하지만 쌓인 하전 입자들의 표면전하 효과로 흐름전위는 증가한 것이다. 용액의 이온화 세기를 KCI 0.1 mM에서 10mM로 증가하면 투과플럭스와 흐름전위가 함께 감소하였다. 이는, 이온화 세기의 증가로 라텍스입자 주위의 Debye 길이 감소로 치밀한 케이크층이 형성되고, 전기이중층의 얇아진 확산층에 의한 이온흐름의 약화로 흐름전위는 감소한 것을 판단된다.

There were so many common thoughts in Yeats’s poetry and Lao tzu’s philosophy on the Feminine Principl.” Both Yeats and Lao tzu lived in turbulent times. They thought the cause of anarchy in their world resulted from the True God’s absence as the Feminine Principle. Thus they were eager to support it as the Primary principle in the world. Yeats was a gnostic visionary. He believed in God’s androgynous Trinity; Man, woman and child. A Child is a daughter or a son. Yeats refused to accept the masculine Trinity. Yeats searched for the hidden Goddess who is called Sophia or Binah as the dark Mother in the Cabalah. Binah is identified with Saturn(male). So Sophia is androgynous. Yeats called Sophia by many names. Those included Rose, Countess Cathleen, Nimah, Helen and Jane as the symbol of immortal Beauty. All of his poetry owes much to a symbolism derived from the Rosicrucianism, Cabalism, Christian Gnosticism and Orientalism. Orientalism included the Taoism of Lao tzu. I read that Yeats was deeply impressed by the Chinese book, The Secret of the Golden Flower, which is explained Taoism. Because Taoism is s common with Yeats’s main poetic theme, which is the Feminine Principle and the hidden God. Although Lao tzu lived about 2,500 years ago, he had almost the same idea as Yeats. His main theme is Tao, the way which symbolizes the Feminine Principle, like Sophia in Christian Gnosticism and Cabalism. We can say Tao is intangible and permanent, governing the impermanent became it symbolizes the Mother of all beings. Tao especially symbolizes darkness. Thus I can say that “dark Sophia” in Yeats’s poetry is identical to Tao. Lao-tzu described that Tao stands for the feminine archetypal imagery such as water, darkness, valley, cave, abyss. Especially Lao tzu’s heavenly Virtue, Tao is called “Hyeon-bin” which means a black female. Thus Tao is identified with the dark Mother, Sophia in Yeats’s poetry. Also Lao tuz eulogized the virtue of Tao as water. For example, Lao tzu explained that “water’s virtue is the highest goodness.” This symbol of water symbolizes the Feminine Principle like Sophia’s characteristics in Yeats’s poetry. Thus, they all refused to accept the andro-centric society.

This study is on the organizational principles of Chinese traditional houses. It has been assumed that a common cultural background did influence dwelling construction in most areas of China, some specific concepts are used to build a connection between the culture and architecture. There are four aspects of cultural influence being explored: traditional concept of space by the philosophical influence, religious influence, the Feng Shut method, and traditional system of family organization. The influence of the Chinese culture on dwelling architecture is predominant. Housing types from different areas of China, despite their different physical appearance, have similar spatial concepts. This cultural influence was due to the historic development of the Chinese empire. The organizational principles of Chinese dwelling architecture determined by its own cultural background have five major invariable norms. They are as follows: 1. Internal and enclosed spatial organization. 2. Grouping of buildings around axes. 3. Spatial organization and extension by courtyard. 4. Spatial expansion by adding units. 5. Hierarchical organization of space.

The pain is common among individuals with physical disabilities. It can interfere with therapy since patients with pain can become uncooperative and reluctant to move. This paper reviews the natural physiological mechanisms that can reduce pain perception, and considers physiological mechanisms which contribute to clinical pain by describing how the pain system changes its sensitivity depending upon the body's needs. The peripheral and central mechanisms contributing to sensitised nociceptive system are described with reference to the symptoms of clinical pain such as hyperalgesia, allodynia sopntaneous 'on-going'-projected and referred pain. It is suggested that in some chronic pain the nociceptive system maintains a state of sensitivity despite the absence of on-going tissue damage and under such circumstances the nociceptive system itself may have become dysfunctional. Such situations are often initiated by damage to nervous tissue which results in changes in the activity and organization of neuronal circuits within the central nervous system. The ability of the nociceptive system to operate in a suppressed state is also discussed with reference to pain modulation. The physical therapist can help facilitate the activation of these mechanisms through a combination of noninvasive modalities, functional activities, and the therapeutic use of self.

Neurodevelopmental treatment(NDT) is a widely used technique by physical and occupational therapists in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Childeren with cerebral palsy are frequently referred for physical and occupational therapy, yet the effectiveness of treatment has not been well-documented. More than 40 years ago, the Bobath introduced a treatment concept for individuals with central nervous system impairment. A theoretical framework for the approach was based on the common belief in the 1940s that the nervous system functions in a hierarchy. Clinical aspects of the NDT approach have grown and changed during the past 40 years. This article details the original NDT concepts and looks at the concept with regard to newer theoretical frameworks of nervous system.

This study aimes to understand the principles in Theo Van Doesburg's architectural concept. Generally, Theo Van Doesburg has been thought that he betrayed De Stijl by acting contrary to the Neo-Plasticism which was constituted in early De Stijl by Mondrian and himself and by suggesting opposite one, Elementarism. Therefore this study tried to understand the principles that make his architectural concept, confirming the background of Elementarism. After studing relation, which Theo Van Doesburg has used, between space and color, it is concluded that he has unchanged principles of architectural concept from early De Stijl to last, opposite to general appreciation. So, Theo Van Doesburg acted to maintain equilibrium that exists for balancing the two elemental forces which contrast each other in relation between space and color. The equilibrium which he looked for aims to constitute harmonized dynamic space by dynamic rythem of equilibrium instead of Neo-Plastic effect. And using color, which used to be producing dynamic effect, he intended to maintain static effect for making dynamic rythem of equllibrium by the principles he made.