The purpose of this study was to incorporate Pakistan's climatic conditions into the road design process by performing a cluster analysis using collected climate data. Monthly time-series data for six climate variables—altitude, sea level, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, vapor pressure, and precipitation—were used to cluster 24 locations. Missing values were imputed using the Kalman filter, and hierarchical and k-medoid clustering analyses were performed based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance. By evaluating two to five clusters using six validity indices, the optimal number of clusters was determined to be two. the optimal two-cluster classification results were confirmed to be consistent between the two methods. When the clustering results were visualized on a map of Pakistan alongside the data, the clusters were divided into areas with relatively high and low altitudes. By classifying the regions of Pakistan into two clusters using time-series data of climate variables, this study highlights the distinct characteristics of each cluster. These findings suggest that management strategies tailored to the characteristics of each cluster can be applied to various fields.

Overloaded freight vehicles significantly contribute to road damage and increased maintenance costs, posing critical challenges for road management. This paper proposes an optimal decision-making methodology that incorporates the strategic behavior of road users into Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) enforcement strategies. The objective is to effectively derive optimal WIM installation locations while minimizing pavement maintenance costs and traffic congestion. The proposed framework consists of a bi-level optimization model. In the upper-level problem, decision-makers determine the optimal WIM installation locations within budget constraints. In the lower-level problem, drivers select routes to minimize their individual travel costs. The model integrates road management and travel costs to derive a balanced WIM installation strategy. Numerical experiments demonstrated that the proposed model identified WIM installation locations that effectively balanced the pavement management and travel costs. The results indicated that the proposed enforcement strategy can reduce pavement management costs while minimizing traffic congestion, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the transportation network. This paper provides a strategic foundation for reducing road damage and long-term maintenance costs by encouraging overloaded vehicles to comply with the legal weight limits. The proposed methodology serves as a practical guideline for WIM installation decision-making and policy development, contributing to the effective management of road networks.

This study aimed to manufacture emulsified asphalt for free-heated asphalt mixtures with high solid contents using the high internal phase ratio (HIPR) technique and utilize it as basic research data by evaluating the basic properties. The optimal emulsifier was selected by considering the physical and chemical properties of the emulsifier used in the emulsified asphalt, and the solid content in the emulsified asphalt was increased using the HIPR technique. Emulsified asphalt was produced with solid contents of 90%, 80%, 70%, and 62% (current standard) in emulsified asphalt, and the basic properties of the emulsified asphalt were evaluated for each content. In addition, a free-heated asphalt mixture for the surface layer was produced by applying the emulsified asphalt produced for each content, and the performance was evaluated based on the quality standard items presented in the current guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. When utilizing the HIPR technique, we could manufacture up to 90% of the asphalt solid content in the emulsified asphalt; however, applying it to unheated asphalt mixtures because of the increase in viscosity was impossible. We determined that it could be applied up to a maximum solid content of 80%. In addition, in the free-heated asphalt mixture test, the ratio of the air void increased as the solids content increased, but the strength decreased. An examination of the fracture surface after the strength test revealed that it was brown, which is a characteristic color of emulsified asphalt. This was because the curing time became insufficient as the solid content increased, resulting in insufficient time for strength development. To ensure the performance of the free-heated asphalt mixture, we observed that the viscosity of emulsified asphalt with a high solid content should be reduced; securing the curing time accordingly was an important factor, and it was determined that additional research is necessary.

In this study, the strength properties of recycled plastic materials using polypropylene, polyethylene, and high-density polyethylene were evaluated by measuring their compressive and flexural strengths, which are typically measured in cement-concrete pavements, to assess the feasibility of using recycled plastic materials as construction materials for modular pavements that can easily integrate advanced sensors, such as those for future autonomous driving. Two types of recycled plastic (composite resin and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) and two types of inorganic materials (fly ash and limestone filler) were selected to evaluate the strengths of recycled plastic materials. Specimens for the compressive and flexural strength tests were prepared with four different recycled plastic contents (100%, 80%, 60%, and 40%). The compressive and flexural strengths of the recycled plastic specimens were measured according to the KSL ISO 679 and KSL 5105 methods, and the strength properties were analyzed based on the type and content of the recycled plastic and type of inorganic material used. Distortion and shrinkage problems were observed during specimen preparation using the 100% recycled plastic material. This indicated that inorganic materials must be incorporated to improve the flexural strength and facilitate specimen preparation. The compressive strength of plastic materials was comparable to the 28-day compressive strength of conventional cement-concrete pavements. The compressive strength of the composite resin was approximately twice that of HDPE. The flexural strengths of both the composite and HDPE were in the range of 15–25 MPa, suggesting their suitability as materials for the construction of modular pavement structures. Based on the limited strength test results, we can conclude that the strength properties of recycled plastic materials are similar to those of conventional cement-concrete paving materials. From the strength perspective, we confirmed that recycled plastic materials can be utilized as construction materials for modular pavements. However, further research should be conducted on factors such as molding methods for modular pavement structures based on different types of recycled plastic materials.

This study aimed to improve the accuracy of road pavement design by comparing and analyzing various statistical and machine-learning techniques for predicting asphalt layer thickness, focusing on regional roads in Pakistan. The explanatory variables selected for this study included the annual average daily traffic (AADT), subbase thickness, and subgrade California bearing ratio (CBR) values from six cities in Pakistan. The statistical prediction models used were multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest, and XGBoost. The performance of each model was evaluated using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). The analysis results indicated that the AADT was the most influential variable affecting the asphalt layer thickness. Among the models, the MLR demonstrated the best predictive performance. While XGBoost had a relatively strong performance among the machine-learning techniques, the traditional statistical model, MLR, still outperformed it in certain regions. This study emphasized the need for customized pavement designs that reflect the traffic and environmental conditions specific to regional roads in Pakistan. This finding suggests that future research should incorporate additional variables and data for a more in-depth analysis.

This paper explores a convergent approach that combines advanced informatics and computational science to develop road-paving materials. It also analyzes research trends that apply artificial-intelligence technologies to propose research directions for developing new materials and optimizing them for road pavements. This paper reviews various research trends in material design and development, including studies on materials and substances, quantitative structure–activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) research, molecular data, and descriptors, and their applications in the fields of biomedicine, composite materials, and road-construction materials. Data representation is crucial for applying deep learning to construction-material data. Moreover, selecting significant variables for training is important, and the importance of these variables can be evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficients or ensemble techniques. In selecting training data and applying appropriate prediction models, the author intends to conduct future research on property prediction and apply string-based representations and generative adversarial networks (GANs). The convergence of artificial intelligence and computational science has enabled transformative changes in the field of material development, contributing significantly to enhancing the performance of road-paving materials. The future impacts of discovering new materials and optimizing research outcomes are highly anticipated.

우리 사회는 사회의 발전 및 유지를 위해 사회복지가 필요하다. 하지만. 사회복지가 필요 한 곳에는 아직 미흡한 제도로 인하여 어쩔 수 없이 나타나는 사각지대를 자원봉사자는 이 를 메워 주며 발전하는데 도움을 주고 있다. 자원봉사를 주도하는 자원봉사자들은 자원봉사 활동으로 개인적 성장을 도모하면서 사회 적으로도 개인의 성장에 도움을 주게 된다. 자원봉사자들은 자원봉사 활동에 소속감을 가질 경우 자원봉사에 대한 만족도가 높다. 이는 자원봉사활동을 통해 자원봉사자들이 인간의 기 본 욕구 중 상위 욕구가 충족이 되어 진다면, 자원봉사활동은 더욱 풍성해 질 수 있다는 것 을 의미한다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 자원봉사자들이 자원봉사활동을 통해 더욱 더 강한 소속감 을 느끼게 하거나, 봉사활동을 통해 소속감을 증진 시킬 수 있는 공동체 프로그램은 자원봉 사활동에 대한 자원봉사자들의 적극적 태도 및 자원봉사활동의 목표 달성에 대한 동기발생 및 의지가 함양될 수 있을 것이다. 그래서 자원봉사의 소속감을 증진시킬 수 있는 공동체 프로그램을 구성하였다. 프로그램은 기존 검증되고 활용되고 있는 공동체의식햠양프로그램 과 푸드아트심리상담프로그램 그리고 십오통활프로그램을 활용하여 프로그램을 총 10회기 로 구성하였다. 실제적 프로그램 진행이 이루어지게 되어 자원봉사의 활성화에 기여할 수 있기를 기원해 본다.

In this paper, we deal with the design of a model predictive control (MPC) for precise speed servo control of DC motor systems. The proposed controller is designed in the form of optimal control that calculates and outputs the optimized control input under constraints for each sampling. In particular, MPC designs the control inputs in advance for each sampling and predicts the outputs using them. Thus, it shows excellent control performance even in the case of disturbance or model uncertainty. The effectiveness of the proposed controller was demonstrated through computer simulations using MATLAB/Simulink and DC motor experimental system using real time controller. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed controller was confirmed by comparing its control performance with PID controller, which was tested under the same experimental condition as the MPC.

In the case of Korean coastal fishing vessels primarily, it satisfies the fishing capacity and shifts in pace with trends. At the moment, speedy vessels with large load capacity and competitive hull forms are preferred since catch has decreased. However, in the design of Korean coastal fishing vessels, performance verification designers and related commercial programs are not utilized in various fields such as large vessels. Moreover, alleviated standards are applied, making securing and verifying the performance of fishermen’s preferred hull a must. To meet such demands, this research suggests a design system that the modules can be brought together as a fishing vessel model by AI; this would be a turnaround of coastal fishing vessel designing.

This study sought various ways to prevent the occurrence of waste fishing gear and promote the recovery. It is expected that the problem of waste fishing gear can be effectively solved through measures such as strengthening education and publicity, technical measures, establishment of recovery infrastructure, and provision of incentives. In particular, introduction of the waste fishing gear recovery promotion point system gives fishermen practical motivation. It can be an important means of inducing leisure and sustainable fishing activities. In addition, by inducing the participation of private companies, it is expected to promote the recovery and recycling of waste fishing ports and contribute to the protection of the marine environment and fisheries resources. The government or local government should actively review the measures suggested in this study and prepare related laws and policies. In addition, it is necessary to establish a system to induce the participation of various stakeholders and support sustainable fishing activities through public-private cooperation. Through this, we will be able to achieve carbon neutrality goals in the fishing sector in response to climate change. This study suggests an early stage plan, and in future research, it is necessary to evaluate and find and improve practical effects through pilot projects. Moreover, it is necessary to study the management of closed fishing gear and carbon neutrality practice measures at the global level by seeking international cooperation measures. Consequently, more effective and sustainable marine environment and fishery resource protection measures can be prepared.

This study investigates the risk reduction effect and identifies the optimal capacity of Multi-barrier Accident Coping Strategy (MACST) facilities for nuclear power plants (NPPs) under seismic hazard. The efficacy of MACST facilities in OPR1000 and APR1400 NPP systems is evaluated by utilizing the Improved Direct Quantification of Fault Tree with Monte Carlo Simulation (I-DQFM) method. The analysis encompasses a parametric study of the seismic capacity of two MACST facilities: the 1.0 MW large-capacity mobile generator and the mobile low-pressure pump. The results demonstrate that the optimal seismic capacity of MACST facilities for both NPP systems is 1.5g, which markedly reduces the probability of core damage. In particular, the core damage risk is reduced by approximately 23% for the OPR1000 system, with the core damage fragility reduced by approximately 72% at 1.0g seismic intensity. For the APR1400 system, the implementation of MACST is observed to reduce the core damage risk by approximately 17% and the core damage fragility by approximately 44% under the same conditions. These results emphasize the significance of integrating MACST facilities to enhance the resilience and safety of NPPs against seismic hazard scenarios, highlighting the necessity for continuous adaptation of safety strategies to address evolving natural threats.

선행 연구에서는 한국 KOSPI 상장 기업을 대상으로 한 실증 분석을 통해 균형적 ESG 전략이 기업 성과에 양 의 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 KOSPI 기업을 대상으로 한 실증 분석에서는 재무적 인과 관계에서 만 유의성이 확인되었으며, ESG 균형 전략이 부분적으로만 작용한다는 한계를 보였다. 이에 본 연구는 글로벌 500 대 기업을 대상으로 연구 범위를 확장하여 균형적 ESG 전략을 재분석하였다. 분석 결과, 재무 성과와 기업 가치 측면에서 균형적 ESG 전략이 상호작용 항으로서 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 기업이 ESG 경영을 추진할 때 균형적 전략의 중요성을 다시 강조하며, ESG와 기업 성과를 증진하기 위한 방안 으로 균형적 ESG의 필요성을 실증적으로 확인하였다.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the perceptions and experience of corporate managers on social value creation and explore how different types of cross-company collaboration can create new social value. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 practitioners working on social value, and the data was analyzed using text analysis and topic modeling techniques. Results: A total of 11 topics emerged from the analysis, which revealed that to create social value, organizations need to build strong relationships with local communities, enhance job competencies, develop effective collaboration strategies, set clear goals, and continuously monitor performance. Conclusion: This study suggests that inter-organizational collaboration and a systematic approach to creating social value is effective and can lead to sustainable development and social responsibility. Future research should complement the findings of this study with various case studies and empirical analysis, and derive specific and practical strategies.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore user experience with UV-C disinfection devices in clinical settings to obtain critical information for the development of domestic devices to meet the increasing demand for efficient environmental disinfection in healthcare settings, particularly in terms of effective multidrug-resistant organism control. Methods: A qualitative approach was employed involving 21 participants (infection control nurses, staff nurses, and device managers). Data were collected through five sessions of focus group interviews, and conventional content analysis was undertaken. Results: Four categories and 13 subcategories were identified: (i) Introduction and usage status of UV-C disinfection devices, with ‘Surge in demand for rapid response to infectious diseases’ and ‘Diversified application and management of UV-C disinfection devices based on needs’ subcategories; (ii) Advantages of using UV-C disinfection devices, with ‘Significantly reduced disinfection time,’ ‘Easy and simple operation,’ and ‘Providing a sense of reassurance from a visible confirmation of disinfection’ subcategories; (iii) Limitations of current UV-C disinfection devices, including ‘Ambiguous disinfection range and presence of disinfection blind spots,’ ‘Lack of standards for disinfection efficacy verification and management,’ ‘Safety concerns regarding ultraviolet radiation exposure,’ and ‘Issues related to maintenance of UV-C disinfection devices’ subcategories; and (iv) Expectations for domestic UV-C disinfection devices, including ‘Minimization of disinfection blind spots,’ ‘Variety in device sizes,’ ‘Auxiliary devices for enhancing usage efficiency,’ and ‘Clear protocols for device usage and maintenance. Subcategories.’ Conclusion: UV-C disinfection devices offer valuable benefits for infection control; however, improvements are needed to enhance their efficacy and usability. Practical recommendations include developing standardized safety protocols, enhancing UV-C coverage, and improving device mobility and maintenance to meet diverse healthcare needs. Such advancements in UV-C technology can significantly support effective infection control and operational efficiency in healthcare settings.

선원법에서는 선원의 권리구제를 위한 행정적 구제절차 방안으로 선원근로 감독관제도와 선원노동위원회 제도를 두고 있다. 선원이 임금체불, 재해보상, 부당해고등 근로조건에 관하여 선박소유자와 분쟁이 발생한 경우 각 지방해양 수산청의 선원근로감독관에게 진정 또는 고소를 제기하거나, 선원노동위원회 에 심사·중재를 신청하여 권리구제를 받을 수 있다. 따라서 선원노동위원회는 선원근로감독관제도와 더불어 선원 권리구제 절차의 핵심적인 축으로 그 기능 과 역할이 제대로 이루어져야 한다. 그러나 육상의 노동위원회가 지속적으로 그 기능과 역할이 확대되고 있는 반면, 선원노동위원회를 통한 권리구제 건수는 육상의 노동위원회에 비해 상대 적으로 매우 적으며, 수년째 운영 실적이 없는 지방선원노동위원회도 다수 확 인되고 있어 그 기능과 역할이 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 현재와 같이 선 원노동위원회가 그 기능과 역할을 제대로 수행하지 못할 경우 선원의 권리구제 방안으로서 선원노동위원회 제도가 사문화될 우려가 존재한다. 선원노동위원 회는 선원이 법원을 통한 사법적 구제절차를 진행하는 것에 비하여 상대적으로 비용이 저렴할 뿐만 아니라 신속하게 선원노사분쟁을 해결할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이 논문에서는 선원의 권리구제방안으로서 선원노동위원회의 관련 문제점을 살펴보고 기능 개선을 위한 제도적·입법적 방안을 제시함으로써 그 기능과 역 할의 유지 및 확대에 기여하고자 한다.

목회자의 번아웃은 오늘날 교회와 지역사회에 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 목회자는 교회와 성도를 섬기는 중요한 리더이지만, 지속적인 스트레스와 높은 업무 강도로 인해 번아웃을 겪고 있다. 이러한 번아웃 은 개인적 삶과 사역에 심각한 영향을 미치며, 결국 교회와 지역사회에 부정적인 결과를 초래한다. 본 연구는 내러티브 탐구 방법을 통해 번아웃 경험, 대처 방법, 그리고 회복탄력성을 탐구하고자 하였다. 번아웃을 경험한 목회자의 원인은 과도한 업무량과 개인적 소진 등으로 나타났다. 번아웃을 경험한 목회자들은 영성 훈련과 사회적 지지를 통해 번아웃을 극복했다고 밝혔다. 특히 기도와 영적 멘토링이 중요한 역할을 하였으며, 충분한 휴식과 가족, 동료들의 지지도 큰 힘이 되었다. 또한, 자아 인식과 자기돌봄의 중요성과 자신의 감정과 한계를 인식하 는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 목회자의 업무 강도 조절과 전문적인 돌봄 체계 구축이 요구된다. 본 연구는 목회자의 번아웃 예방과 회복을 위한 실천적 방안을 제시하며, 이로써 목회 사역의 지속가능성을 높이 기를 기대한다.