The 16th century was a epoch-making time in the intellectual history of Korea because of the appearance of two greatest scholars, Nammyeong(南冥) Jo Sik(曺植) and T'oegye(退溪) Yi Hwang(李滉) who were leaders for the direction from the time forward in the intellectrual history of Korea. The difference of academic thinkings and political ideas between them clearly exposed at the beginning was one of the origins of the prosperity from 16th to 17th century in our intellectual history as their disciples were founding principal schools. On the other hand, it also brought about such serious matters as the start of confrontations and discordances between two leading schools. As Nammyeonghakpa(南冥學派) went on disorganization as a school after 17th century as well as downfall in the political world, it had been intensively under political oppression other than T'oegyehakpa(退溪學派) even in the political position similar to it within the political world. But, the negative understandings and evaluations of Nammyeonghak(南冥學) or Nammyeonghakpa in the next generation had virtually started from the discordance and conflict with T'oegye in academic thoughts and political ideas. Yi Hwang who considered as his own duty to restore the soˇngnihak(性理學) because of his awareness of the time being as a corruption conflicted undoubtedly with Nammyeong and his school, by bringing up the dispute of deviation from soˇngnihak's orthodoxy in the academic thinkings of Jo Sik made a difference with him. It also meaned the open of harsh criticism or denial against Nammyeonghak and its school. Such criticisms or negative opinions for Nammyeonghak grew in place after the severe criticisms for Chong Yinhong(鄭仁弘) who was a follower of Jo Sik. The typical critic was the Noronpa(老論派) of soyin(西人) from Yulgok(栗谷) Yi I(李珥) to Taekdang(澤堂) Yi Sik(李植). Especially Yi Sik among them tried to build the foundation of political justification by giving a criticism for Nammyeonghakpa including Chong Yinhong. Along with it, he also tried to give a harsh criticism in a full scale against Nammyeonghak through his large number of writings. After the members of Noronpa of Soyin were influenced by or followed his critical opinions, it ended up to the peak of criticism in the line of Nong'am(農巖) Kim Changhyup(金昌協) and his disciples. Kim Changhyup took a strongly critical and negative position other than Song Siyeol(宋時烈), his master, had a flexible position against Nammyeong. In the end, his negative opinions spreaded out and developed into an intensive criticism in the line of Chong'am (正庵) Yi Hyeon'ik(李顯益) who was his loyal disciple. However, in spite of the harsh journey of Nammyeonghak which had been denied even the worth for its being in history, it came to be a comeback because of its revaluation movement by the scholars of Kyeong sang Namdo(慶尙南道) province in 19th century. As it was in the 19th century of the crisis era, a group of scholars in the province started the revaluation movement of Nammyeonghak and its actual values. The movement was growing much more and continued steady to 20th century. Those flows of Nammyeonghak in the intellectual history of Korea became one of the principal reasons of understanding newly of the merit of Nammyeonghak and its reappearance. In brief, still within such continuous circumstances in crisis up to now, we started to revaluate the worth for Nammyeonghak's being as the valid thought even in our times.

In this paper, we describe an image processing algorithm which is able to recognize the road lane. This algorithm performs to recognize the interrelation between AGV and the other vehicle. We experimented on AGV driving test with color CCD camera which is setup on the top of vehicle and acquires the digital signal. This paper is composed of two parts. One is image preprocessing part to measure the condition of the condition of the lane and vehicle. This finds the information of lines using RGB ratio cutting algorithm, the edge detection and Hough transform. The other obtains the situation of other vehicles using the image processing and viewport. At first, 2 dimension image information derived from vision sensor is interpreted to the 3 dimension information by the angle and position of the CCD camera. Through these processes, if vehicle knows the driving conditions which are lane angle, distance error and real position of other vehicles, we should calculate the reference steering angle.

Todays, the efficient management of container has not been realized in container terminal, because of the excessive quantity of container transported and manual system. For the efficient and automated management of container in terminal, the automated container identifier recognition system in terminal is a significant problem. However, the identifier recognition rate is decreased owing to the difficulty of image preprocessing caused the refraction of container surface, the change of weather and the damaged identifier characters. Therefore, this paper proposes more accurate system for container identifier recognition as suggestion of LSPRD(Line-Scan Proper Region Detection) for stronger preprocessing against external noisy element and MBP(Momentum Back-Propagation) neural network to recognize the identifier.

This research is concerned with a comparative cognition of environmental issues in the countryside between socio-cultural groups. Environmental issues have been con연nod to litter, soil, sewage, wild life, noise, landscape, air, housing development, waste land and pesticides. Socio-cultural groups consisted of urban and countryside people who live in Korea and UK. The method of this study depended upon a standard questionnaire with a semantic scale. The cognition of Korean and British people are significantly different in every respect(p =.0001)except air issues. There is a significant similarity between Korean groups in 10 environmental issues(p > .03). Both Korean groups have generally recognized that their countryside environment has faced serious problems to be solved while British groups have not recognized serious problems in their countryside compared to the Korean groups. To both Korean and British groups the most worrying amongst the 10 environmental issues is the litter problem. In particular, there is a significant difference between British groups in soils(p = .0001), wildlife(p = .0009), air(p = .0001) and waste land(p = .0027). The existing policies (or countryside environment in Korea should be completely reconsidered and in Britain policies towards soils, wild life, air and waste land need to be reviewed. From the results it can be seen that cognition to countryside environment undergoes more cultural influences rather than social ones.

The purpose of this study was to explorei the nature of the relationship between several factors representing shipping service quality enumerated in the service marketing literature and the adaptability to the marketing strategy of container shipping firm. An empirical study was carried out to examine not only the determinants of shipping service quality but also ists implications to the service marketing strategy. The data investigating the deteminants of shipping service quality were collected from Korean Multimodal Company , Shipping Freight Forwarders. Exploratory Factor analysis was carried out to analyze the data.

Nine districts in Seoul were chosen randomly and a questionnaire containing 23 questions was distributed to survey the perception of noise pollution by the citizens. The results were primarily analyzed to understand the perception of Seoul citizen as a whole, and then analyzed according to 4 demographic variables -district area, age, gender and occupation -to see if there were any possible relation between nonnoise variables and noise annoyance. Actual noise level data measured by the city government were used to compare quantified noise level with the surveyed people`s perception. It was found that people consider road traffic noise to be the main source of noise pollution in Seoul and that most people have experienced annoyance in everyday life. Also it was verified that the responsibility for noise control should be on both city government and the individuals, but it was generally considered that very little effort is actually put into solving noise pollution from both groups. From the survey, it could be analyzed that demographic variables do affect people in the awareness of noise pollution, and that one`s sensitivity and annoyance due to noise increase as one ages. From the study, it was concluded that noise pollution is not considered currently as a hazardous problem to most Seoul citizens, however specific noise reduction policies, especially regarding road traffic noise, should be put into practice in the near future.

This paper is aimed at investigating environmental indicators and needs based on residents' perception at Seosan city, Chungnam province. The results can be summarized as follows ; 1) On the average, the environmental level perceived by residents at Seosan city lies somewhat above the middle one, three points. 2) The perceived environmental level in rural areas is hither than that in urban and suburban ones, 3) There is a difference in residents'environmental needs between rural and urban areas. 4) It is proposed that a long-term and systematic environmental planning for Seosan city should be established to improve the environmental level.

There is no doubt that pitch intervals are crucial for cognition and memory. For instance, Deutsch (1969) claims that it is easier for us to remember the absolute pitch of the each and every component tones, and, in fact, most people traspose tunes so easily that it is extremely difficult for them not to do so. In most melody studies, therefore, the focus has been on pitch organization. However, pitch intervals are not the only material in a melody and even a simplest pattern of a melody is not merely a collection of intervals. That is, although pitch intervals are very important in a melody, there are other factors as well which must be involved in forming a melody, such as rhythm, note-grouping and harmonic background. The basic assumption underlying the present paper is that music is more than a "collection" of independent elements, but is a "fusion" of those, and, therefore, the separation of one parameter from others (e.g. the extraction of pitch material) is only theoretically, not perceptually, possible. In a melody, for instance, it is impossible for listeners to hear only pitch intervals at one time and hear only rhythms at the next time. People perceive a melody as "a continuous single entity" and that is the very notion of "melodic contour." Then, what is the smallest unit in a melodic contour? From the viewpoint that a melody is not a static object, but a dynamic process through time, there cannot be any independent symbol which can be seperable from its context. In a Mozart melody, for instance, a leap can be a big event and provoke "tension" to the listners. The same progression within a different context, say,in Webem's pointilistic works, the same-interval leap would not provoke any tension. One does not listen note by note or interval by interval. The minimal perceptual unit of the first movement of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony would be the initial four-note motif rather than the individual pitches or interval in the motif. In most melodies, there are such patterns of progression that replicate sequentially. In the present paper, the sequential replication of pitch movement (up and down) is called a "pitch pattern," and that of time organization (long and short), "time pattern," These two respective patternings are essential in a melody, but one does not perceive them as separate. Sometimes there can be conflicts between the pitch and time periodicities that makes the melody "ambiguous" in terms of the clear distiction of phrases. These two patternings, as the wrap and woof, weave the melodic fabric, and what we perceive is the weaved fabric (a product per se), not the weaving procedure or the rules of weaving. The current trend of the scholarship focused on melodies (in both music theory and cognitive psychology literature) can be summarized, in a word, as "pitch-centrism." "Melody" is often considered as "pitch succession," melodic interval is commonly regarded as "pitch interval." and melodic contour is generally confused with "pitch contour." The inter-dependency beween pitch and time domains demands the study on the interactive process between the two different variables, without which the perception of a melody is impossible, and only possible is either the perception of pitch or that of time.

Chung, Moo-Joo. 1996. Perceptual Strategies for the Spatial Expressions Related to `Front/Back` and `Left/Right` Orientation. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories, 8: 71-89. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the fact that spatial expressions linked with front/back and left/right have both deictic and non-deictic roles according as the specified reference point possesses any intrinsic orientational properties of direction. The results are as follow: First, native speakers of Korean tend to use a deictic strategy (regardless of any kind of dynamic feature) when the referent point does not possess any intrinsic front/back axis. It was observed, however, that a deictic strategy can still be used even when the specified reference point possesses orientational properties, if the uttenance context involves a kind of speaker-centering. Second, the shift between deictic and absolute strategies also occurs with spatial expressions involving `left` and `right`. Speakers of Korean tend to use a deictic strategy for the left/right orientation when the referent has the features of [-intrinsic front/back] and [-intrinsic left/right], whereas an absolute strategy is used for the reference point with intrinsic front/back and left/ right. The shift between these two strategies is confined to a deictic one when the referent object and the speaker are aligned in the same direction.