Rhyparus azumai azumai Nakane, 1956을 기반으로 Rhyparini족을 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종의 형태학적 재기재, 수컷 생식기를 포함한 진단학적 형질 사진, 그리고 한국산 똥풍뎅이아과의 족 분류 검색표를 제공한다.

The microstructural evolution of Grade 91 tempered martensite ferritic steels heat treated at 760~1000 oC for two hours was investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM); a microhardness tester was also employed, with a focus on the grain and precipitate evolution process as well as on the main hardening element. It was found that an evolution of tempered martensite to ferrite(760~850 oC), and to fresh martensite(900~1000 oC), occurred with the increase of temperature. Simultaneously, the parabolic evolution characteristics of the low angle grain boundary(LAGB) increased with the increase of the heating temperature(highest fraction of LAGB at 925 oC), indicating grain recovery upon intercritical heating. The main precipitate, M23C6, was found to be coarsened slightly at 760~850 oC; it then dissolved at 850~1000 oC. Besides this, M3C cementite was formed at 900~1000 oC. Finally, the experimental results show that the hardness of the steel depended largely on the matrix structure, rather than on the precipitates, with the fresh martensite showing the highest hardness value.

농업환경의 급속한 변화에 의한 농업생명공학과 GM작물의증가는 인간의 건강과 자연환경에 대한 깊은 관심을 초래하였고, 이에 대한 환경위험 여부를 확인하기 위해 GM작물의 안전성 평가가 필수 요소가 되었다. 이에 본 연구는 가뭄저항성(Agb0103)벼와 일미벼의 잉어(Carp, Cyprinus carpio)와 미꾸리(Loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)에 대한 급성독성시험을 평가한 결과 48시간과 96시간의 LC50은 1,000 mg/L이상으로 분석되었다. 48시간과 96시간의 무영향농도는 1,000 mg/L이었다. 잉어와 미꾸리의 급성독성 시험기간 중 가뭄저항성(Agb0103)벼와 일미벼 간의 체중, 전장, 수온, DO 및 pH에대한 유의적인 차이는 없었다.

해안단구와 육상에 남아있는 고해수준에 관한 기록들은 한반도 지반운동의 형태와 속성을 구분해 낼 가장 직접 적인 증거로 사용될 수 있음에도 불구하고 아직 고위 해안단구들의 형성시기에 관한 절대연대 측정이 현실적으로 어렵 다는 점과 과거 해수면 변동과 지반운동 간의 상대적 변화에 관한 부족한 정보로 인해 명확한 해석과 과학적 논의는 불완전한 상태이다. 본 연구는 한반도 고위 해안단구 연구에서 10Be을 대상으로 한 우주선 기원핵종 절대연대 측정법의 실험결과를 보고하고 있다. 실험 결과, 동해안의 강릉시 정동진 일대와 서해안 지역 서천군 비인면 일대에서 채취한 해 발고도 80 m 내외의 고위 해안단구 상의 기반암과 거력 퇴적물의 9 Be/ 10 Be 집적량비와 노출 연대는 상대적으로 매우 낮고 젊은 연대를 보이고 있다. 이러한 결과는 실험과정에서의 오류 가능성을 포함하여 고위 해안단구의 복잡한 노출 역사를 반영하는 것으로 판단된다. 특히 한반도의 기후환경과 해안단구가 육화된 뒤 겪을 것으로 추정되는 복잡한 노출 환경을 고려할 경우 앞으로 10Be 연대측정기술의 성공적인 적용을 위해서는 적합한 연구지역의 발굴과 시료채취가 가 장 중요한 요인이 될 것으로 판단된다.

This study compared and analyzed the consumption and amount of red pepper used in Baechu Kimchi (cabbage Kimchi) especially the amounts used in Kimchi recipes with respect to the passage of time from the 1930s to the 2010s. In this analysis, 78 recipes for cabbage Kimchi were taken from books, daily newspapers and magazines from 1930 to 2014 and collected for comparison. The result of the study showed that the consumption and inclusion of dried red pepper powder in cabbage Kimchi increased. The average consumption of red pepper in the 1930s was 5.75 g, and the number went up to 8.83 g in the 1940s, to 13.8 g in the 1950s, and to 20.25 g in the 1960s. The amount dramatically increased from 1970 to 1980 (53.37 g) and kept rising until 2010 (71.26 g). The average consumption of red pepper in cabbage Kimchi in the 2010s is about 12 times that of the 1930s.

The ductile-brittle transition behavior of two austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N-C alloys with different grain sizes was investigated in this study. The alloys exhibited a ductile-brittle transition behavior because of an unusual brittle fracture at low temperatures unlike conventional austenitic alloys. The alloy specimens with a smaller grain size had a higher yield and tensile strengths than those with a larger grain size due to grain refinement strengthening. However, a decrease in the grain size deteriorated the low-temperature toughness by increasing the ductile-brittle transition temperature because nitrogen or carbon could enhance the effectiveness of the grain boundaries to overcome the thermal energy. It could be explained by the temperature dependence of the yield stress based on low-temperature tensile tests. In order to improve both the strength and toughness of austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn-N-C alloys with different chemical compositions and grain sizes, more systematic studies are required to understand the effect of the grain size on the mechanical properties in relation to the temperature sensitivity of yield and fracture stresses.

Butterflies are commonly used for environmental monitoring to assess biodiversity changes in the world. Occurrence of butterflies were monitored by a line transect method in Gwangneung forest for 10 years from 2005 to 2014. Totally, 8,484 individuals of 96 species of butterflies were identified. Among them, two species Libythea celtis (2807 individuals) and Pieris melete (1517 individuals) were the most abundant species, followed by Argynnis paphia (381 individuals) and Neptis philyroides (277 individuals). Meanwhile, Pieris melete and Libythea celtis showed high occurrence frequency with 84.6% (99 times among the 117 monitoring times) and 76.9% (90 times) respectively, followed by Argynnis paphia (42.7%) and Pieris canidia (40.2%). Species richness and abundance were varied at different years, and they were slightly decreasing in recent years. Most species showed annual variation in their abundance. Species abundance distribution model showed a log-normal distribution.

The γ/γ´ two-phases, commonly known as a eutectic structure, are observed in the γ interdendritic region of a Nibase superalloy. However, the growth behavior of the γ/γ´ two-phases, whether it is of eutectic or peritectic nature, has not been decidedly established. Directional solidifications were, thus, performed with the planar interface at a low growth rate of 0.5 μm/s in order to promote macro segregation. Directional solidification started with the γ planar interface and the γ´ phase nucleated on the γ planar interface at the solidification fraction of 0.75. The γ/γ´ two-phases showed the γ´ rod structure as major phase and the γ minor phase between γ´ rods, and the volume fraction of the γ phase changed continuously with an increasing solidification fraction. The two-phase γ/γ´ is seen as the coupled peritectic.

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential role of Lactobacillus Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of Italian ryegrass (IRG) silages. The physiochemical properties of IRG silage such as crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not affected by KCC-10 and KCC-19. The pH of IRG silage in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased compared to the control (p<0.05), while the lactic acid content in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the KCC-10 treatment increased compared to the control (p<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in KCC-19 increased, but there was no significant difference in all treatments. Therefore, we recommend L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 as potential additive candidates in IRG silage with lots of advantages.

We present our recent observations of SDSS J102102.25+174439.9, a new eclipsing white dwarf - main sequence WDMS binary with an orbital period of 0.14 days. This system belongs to the post common- envelope binary group as shown by the spectrum from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We obtained our data using the ULTRASPEC instrument installed on the 2.4-m telescope at the Thai National Observatory (TNO). Our multi-band observations reveal an unusual and persistent drop in brightness after the primary eclipse. These dips, which appear to show variations in amplitude, also have a complex shape that changes within days. Dips in WDMS systems have been observed on only one other occasion, in the light curve of QS Vir prior to the eclipse of the white dwarf. The dips in SDSS J1021+1744 are unique because they are present at dierent wavelengths and they occur approximately at similar phases. Hosting a DA white dwarf and an M4 companion star, this system is known to be the only WDMS to show these kind of dips in its light curve. It is possible that these dips are caused by ejected materials from an active companion star, such as in QS Vir. The light curve in the g0 lter exhibits deep and narrow features, implying that the material which passes in front of the white dwarf in SDSS J1021 must be dense and small in size. Furthermore, we try to constrain the stellar and orbital parameters of SDSS J1021+1744 using the Binary Maker 3 software. We use g' and r' data for our light curve analysis to have a better approximation for the red dwarf star.

내란죄의 보호법익은 국가의 존립과 헌법질서, 국가의 내적 안전 등이다. 보호의 정도는 추상적 위험범이며, 국헌문란 목적이 필요한 진정목적범이다. 본죄의 주체는 제한이 없으나 상당히 조직화된 다수인이다. 내란죄와 관련된 범죄인정과 처벌은 미수와 내란준비행위(예비·음모·선동·선전)의 불법성과 가벌성이다. 음모란 2인 이상의 자가 통모·합의하는 것이다. 음모는 아직 물적 준비행위에도 이르지 못한 단계이다. 예비는 유형적 준비행위 즉 물적 준비행위임의 단계로 보는 것이 다수설이며, 음모는 예비행위에 선행하는 범죄단계라 하는 것이 대법원의 입장(86도437 판결)이다. 내란음모죄와 내란선동죄에서 음모와 선동의 시간적 순서와 관련해서 먼저 음모단계 이후 음모를 행한 주체가 선동으로 나아갈 수 있으나 음모를 행하지 않은 경우 선동으로 나아갈 수는 없다고 본다. 따라서 내란선동죄의 범행의 주체는 이미 최소한 범행의 음모단계가 확정된 자라 할 수 있다. 내란선동죄를 인정하고 내란음모죄를 부정한 본 판례는 문제가 있다고 생각한다. 우리 형법에 다른 대부분의 범죄와 달리 내란 예비·음모·선동 등의 처벌규정을 두고 있는 이유는 국가의 존립과 관련된 중대한 범죄인만큼 실행 착수 전의 내란 준비 행위를 예비·음모·선동·선전 단계부터 적극적으로 처벌할 필요와 국가의 존립과 안전을 침해·위태롭게 하는 행위로부터 국가와 국민을 보호하려는 적극적 입법취지를 나타낸 것이라 해석된다. 다른 범죄의 예비·음모·선동·선전의 행위 보다 처벌의 범위를 좁게 해석해서 처벌을 어렵게 하려는 것이 아니라, 형법의 일반론적 해석과 동일한 해석기준에 따라 내란죄의 준비단계행위에 대한 불법성과 가벌성을 세분하여 인정함으로써 적극적으로 처벌의 당위성을 밝힌 규정으로 볼 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze average kimchi intake, general characteristics, frequency of daily meal intake, intakes of vegetables and fruits, and nutrient intakes in four serving size groups based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2012. The results showed an average amount of kimchi intake in subjects of 115.6 g, ranging from 0 g to 605.94 g. For daily meal intake except snacking according to kimchi serving size, all daily meal intakes increased significantly with increasing kimchi serving size (p<0.0001), and tendency of kimchi intake increased with more eating-out. As kimchi serving size increased, total intakes of vegetables and salted vegetables increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, unsalted vegetables intake did not show significant difference. Intake of fruits also increased with increasing kimchi serving size. As the serving size of kimchi increased, intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sodium, and potassium increased significantly (p<0.0001). For intake of sodium, intakes of all groups exceeded 2,000 mg, which is the recommended level for Koreans. Moreover, the fourth serving size group consumed three times (6,546.35 mg) more sodium than the recommended level.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to prioritize sidewalk construction on rural national highways. METHODS : In order to determine an appropriate prioritization for sidewalk construction, we developed a specific methodology. The proposed methodology includes three main steps: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods, 2) Subjective evaluation of relevant road agencies for the candidate sidewalks along rural national highways, and 3) Field study conduction. Each step has four phases. The primary feature of this methodology is the addition of expert consultation and survey data, as well as a field study. In addition, the method could guarantee flexibility in selection for evaluation criteria. As a result, the proposed methodology could be used as a general procedure for application to other roadway classifications when considering sidewalk construction. RESULTS: In order to demonstrate the reasonableness of the proposed methodology, a case study was performed for exactly 100 candidate sites for sidewalk construction on rural national highways. All required evaluation scores were properly produced for each candidate site. By doing so, decision-makers can determine the priority for sidewalk construction at these sites by reviewing quantitatively and qualitatively considered data. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the case study can be applied to a long-term fundamental plan for sidewalk construction on rural national highways. Furthermore, this methodology could be employed to prioritize a small-scale SOC project(e. g. bicycle or pedestrian roads).