A theoretical model has been studied to describe the sound radiation analysis for a railway under the action of harmony line moving forces. When a railway is analyzed, it had been modeled as curved beams with distributed springs and dash-pots that represent the radial, tangential stiffness and damping of rail, respectively. The reaction due to fluid loading on the vibratory response of the curved beam is taken into account. The curved beam is assumed to occupy the plane y=0 and to be axially infinite. The curved beam material and elastic foundation are assumed to be lossless Bernoulli-Euler beam theory including a tension force(T), damping coefficient(C) and stiffness of foundation(Κ2) will be employed. The expression for sound power is integrated numerically and the results examined as a function of Mach number(M), wave-number ratio(γ) and stiffness factor(Ψ).

In the current study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of water soluble β-glucan from oat (Avena sativa) against various digestive enzymes such as α-glucosidase, sucrase, maltase and glucoamylase. Inhibition of these enzymes involved in the absorption of disaccharide can significantly decrease the post-prandial increase of blood glucose level after a mixed carbohydrate diet. The β-glucan had the highest documented rate of small intestinal sucrase inhibitory activity (2.83 mg/mL, IC50) relevant for potentially managing post-prandial hyperglycemia. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of β-glucan on the level of post-prandial blood glucose in animal model. The post-prandial blood glucose levels were tested two hours after sucrose/starch administration, with and without β- glucan (100, and 500 mg/kg-body weight). The maximum blood glucose levels (Cmax) of β-glucan administration group were decreased by about 23% (from 219.06±27.82 to 190.44±13.18, p<0.05) and 10% (from 182.44±13.77 to 165.64±10.59, p<0.01) in starch and sucrose loading test, respectively, when compared to control in pharmacodynamics study. The β -Glucan administration significantly lowered the mean, maximum, and minimum level of post-prandial blood glucose at 30 min after meal. In view of the foregoing, it is felt that our findings suggest that β-glucan from oat serves to reduce post-prandial blood glucose rise secondary to slower absorption of glucose in the small intestine, via carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes inhibition.

본 논문은 재배가 용이하고 민간요법에서 다양하게 이용되고 있는 곰보배추의 에탄올 추출물이 화장품 소재로서 가능성이 있는지를 알아보기 위해 항산화, 미백효능에 대하여 관찰하였다. B16F10 세포에서 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물 25, 50, 100 ㎍/mL 농도에서 독성이 나타나지 않았다. DPPH radical 소거능을 관찰한 결과 모든 농도에서 소거능을 보여주었고, 50 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 65.2%, 100 ㎍/mL에서 77.6%의 강한 항산화 효능을 나타냈다. Raw 264.7 세포 내에서 ROS 생성 저해능을 관찰한 결과 농도 의존적으로 유의하게 나타냈고, 100 ㎍/mL 농도에서는 39.1% 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. NO생성 억제를 관찰하기 위해 Raw 264.7 세포에 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물을 25, 50, 100 ㎍/mL 농도 별로 첨가하여 관찰한 결과 농도 의존적으로 NO생성을 억제하였다. 시험관 내에서 L-DOPA와 L-tyrosine을 이용하여 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물이 tyrosinase activity를 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것을 나타냈다. 세포 내에서 MSH를 가한 B16F10 세포에 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물을 25, 50, 100 ㎍/mL의 melanin 함량을 관찰한 결과 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것을 보여주며 100 ㎍/mL에서 30.7%로 억제하였다. 따라서 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물이 항산화 기능이 있는 미백 기능성 화장품의 소재로서 개발 가능성이 충분히 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Bactrocera zonata (Peach fruit flies) is a polyphagous fruit pest native to South and South-East area and now foundin more than 20 countries. This species is not only a serious pest of peach but also is capable of infesting various speciesof 14 plant families. In Korea, they are potential pests of a number of economically important crops including peach,apricot, apple, and even Citrus spp. In northern India, B. zonata is currently considered to be more important fruit pestthan the notorious oriental fruit flies (B. dorsalis). Due to the high risk of potential introduction to southern part of Korea,we put together a national action plan against the peach fruit fly in order to quickly and completely suppress invadingpopulation of this pest species.

Recent studies indicate that mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the spinal dorsal horn. In our previous study, application of malate, a mitochondrial electron transport complex I substrate, induced a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with ROS scavengers. In the present study, we used patch clamp recording in the substantia geletinosa (SG) neurons of spinal slices, to investigate the cellular mechanism of mitochondrial ROS on neuronal excitability. DNQX (an AMPA receptor antagonist) and AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) decreased the malate-induced depolarization. In an external calcium free solution and addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) for blockade of synaptic transmission, the malateinduced depolarization remained unchanged. In the presence of DNQX, AP5 and AP3 (a groupⅠ metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist), glutamate depolarized the membrane potential, which was suppressed by PBN. However, oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor) or PPADS (a P2 receptor inhibitor) did not affect the substrates-induced depolarization. These results suggest that mitochondrial substrate-induced ROS in SG neuron directly acts on the postsynaptic neuron, therefore increasing the ion influx via glutamate receptors.

오늘날 인과응보는 인과론이 아니라 아직도 종교적 가설로 남아있다. 이러한 인과응보가 객관화되기 위해서는 일반 자연법칙과 같이 원인으로서 작용과 결과로서 반작용이 자연계의 법칙으로서 반드시 물리학에서 정의된 법칙에 따라 예측이 가능해야만 한다. 따라서 학계에서는 임상 의사들이 임사체험국제학회(IANDE)를 중심으로 사례를 수집하거나 인위적 임사체험을 만들어서 근거자료를 확보하는 실험적인 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 인과응보 메커니즘이 규명되기 위해서는 먼저 체험자의 조상이나 전생의 카르마가 원인 작용으로 확인되어야 하고, 이 카르마가 시간차를 두고 현재의 자손에게 부메랑으로 나타난 반작용의 결과라는 인과관계가 합리적 타당성과 논리적 근거자료와 함께 검증되어야 한다. 이에 따라 연구팀은 인과응보를 카르마의 부메랑 현상이라는 개념으로 정의하고, 1994년 6월부터 2017년까지 3월까지 23년 동안 한국과 일본을 중심으로 23년간 관련 자료를 수집하고 분석하여 인과응보에 관한 객관화 연구를 수행하였다. 이러한 장기과제의 연구결과에서 인과응보가 자연법칙으로서 에너지 보존법칙과 작용·반작용에 대한 뉴턴의 물리학적 법칙과 정확하게 일치하는 메커니즘을 밝히고 있다.

구조용 강재의 용접부는 강재(Base metal, BM), 용접모재(Weld metal, WM), 열영향부(Heat affected zone, HAZ)로 구성된다. 용접부를 구성하는 이들 세 부분의 구조적 성질은 서로 다를 것이므로, 강재의 용접부의 구조 거동은 BM, WM, HAZ로 구성된 복합체의 거동으로 고려할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 용접부를 구성하는 BM, WM, HAZ 각각의 탄성계수를 나노압입으로 도출하고, 이들의 복합거동(composite action)을 고려한 용접부의 등가탄성계수(equivalent elastic modulus)를 산정하였다.

Insecticidal crystal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kill insects via a complex mode of action resulting in the creation of cytolytic pores in the membrane of midgut epithelial cells. These toxins are expressed in transgenic cotton and maize which have been adopted worldwide to control lepidopteran pests while reducing dependence on chemical insecticides. However, insect resistance to Bt toxins is increasing in certain key pest species. Beginning with Heliothis virescens, genetic studies in Bt-resistant Lepidoptera and Coleoptera have found mutations in ABC transporters. Cry1A, Cry1C, Cry2A, and Cry3B toxins each appear to target a different member of the ABC superfamily. These studies confirm the essential role of ABC proteins in Bt toxin mode of action. It is proposed that ABC proteins assist in the insertion of the toxin into the midgut epithelial membrane, a crucial step for which the mechanism has not been known in detail. Properties of ABC transporters suggest strategies to increase efficacy of Bt toxins and to delay the evolution of Bt toxin resistance in target insect pests.

“Action-oriented Approach (AA)” as a new teaching method has taken an important role in teaching and learning of French Education during past 10 years. However, even though the new teaching method is very welcome for educators, now it is the time that we have to consider whether the key principle and fundamental notion of this approach is suitable for our language education environments and is theoretically appropriate for education. For that, it is necessary that we have to carefully examine this “Action-oriented Approach” from two points of views. First of all, from the angle of foreign language education, we need to verify whether this new approach could be appropriately applied in teaching and learning of Korean foreign language education or not. Secondly, from a societal perspective, we need to examine how this method, considering language education as everyday life itself, can handle some critical perspectives in the point of “status in quo” of “AA”. It has been criticized that language education as everyday life itself can make learners in everyday life to unconsciously acquire maintaining the ‘status quo’ during actions such as “educational inequality”. It is expected that this kind of examination will suggest us an improved way of “AA” for more effective and appropriate practice of French Education, and will give us an opportunity to think about the better way of teaching and learning model by “AA” in Korea.

본 연구에서는 풍하중을 받는 건물에 설치된 다중거동 복합 감쇠장치(MHD)의 성능을 평가하고, MHD 예비설계 절차를 제안하였다. MHD에 의해 증가된 등가감쇠비와 그에 따른 건축구조기준에 근거한 응답저감계수를 예상한 후, 풍하중 스펙트럼에 의해 생성된 풍하중을 사용하여 20층 철골구조물에 대한 시간이력 해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과를 통해 얻어진 층변위 및 층간변위 평균 응답 감소율은 각각 0.585 및 0.525로, 이는 제안한 예비설계과정에서 추정된 응답감소계수 0.6과 거의 동일한 수치임을 확인하였다. 이로부터 제안된 방법을 사용하여 MHD의 제어효과를 효과적으로 평가할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

All games support the meaningful play, and each mechanism producing meaning is various. In mobile role-playing game, automation of in-game action standardizes movements of avatars and diversify combat challenges. Thereby players reinforce their avatars and make various repertoires so as to cope with different contents. Players predict the result of their own actions based on short-term, juicy feedbacks. In conclusion, mobile role-playing game has 'strategy' as its action mode while the unit time required for meaningful play is highly reduced. This analysis is significant in the sense that it was the first step toward integrated change of game play experiences.

The genetic algorithm (GA), one of the artificial intelligence (AI), is developed based on Darwin's theory of evolution, i.e., the mating of randomly selected objects. If more optimal solution is generated, then it is better to repeat the process of setting the optimum value. In this paper, the method of background music using the genetic algorithm is exploited when the computer game is executed each time. As a result, it has created several music that can be used in the actual game, and it could be confirmed that the other music that is created is different music when performed each time.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of action research in the field of English education in Korea from 2001 to 2015 across 36 masters/doctoral theses and 21 articles from journals. The researcher specifically focuses on the following criteria: purpose, theme, methodology, differences between such characteristics across action research published in journals to that published in dissertations. According to the results, the number of action research dissertations has increased in recent years and the study suggests the number of action research continue its upward trend; action research in Korea has been more prevalent at the primary school level rather than at the secondary and university levels; and the proportion of mixed method in English education was much higher than that of the mixed research in education with a 43% mixed method proportion accompanied by 55% of qualitative research. The study concludes that action research in English education in Korea will become a more meaningful and feasible tool for practitioners’ inquiries, as it provides graduate students with applied experience in their current demanding school environment and writing assignments such as their thesis and research papers. The author suggests that the aforementioned factors enlarge the existential meaning of current graduate schools in Korea.

The human β-amyloid (Aβ) cleaving enzyme (BACE-1) is a target for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatments. This study was conducted to determine if acacetin extracted from the whole Agastache rugosa plants had anti-BACE-1 and behavioral activities in Drosophila AD models and to determine acacetin’s mechanism of action. Acacetin (100, 300, and 500 μM) rescued amyloid precursor protein (APP)/BACE1-expressing flies and kept them from developing both eye morphology (dark deposits, ommatidial collapse and fusion, and the absence of ommatidial bristles) and behavioral (motor abnormalities) defects. The RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that the protective effect of acacetin on Aβ production is mediated by transcriptional regulation of BACE-1 and APP, resulting in decreased APP protein expression and BACE-1 activity, and reduced Aβ production by interfering with BACE-1 activity and APP synthesis, resulting in a decrease in the levels of the APP carboxy terminal fragments and the APP intracellular domain, and finally, resulting in a decrease in the number of amyloid plaques.

적극적 고용개선조치는 과거의 차별에 대한 보상과 왜곡된 불평등을 개선하기 위해 소수그룹에 우선 적으로 기회를 제공하기 위한 목적으로 미국에서 시작되었다. 우리나라는 남녀고용평등법 6차 개정 시, 성차별 해소와 여성우대를 위한 적극적 고용개선조치의 법적 근거를 마련하였다. 그 결과 2006년부터 500 인 이상 기업과 공공기관을 대상으로 적극적 고용개선조치가 시행되고 있다. 제도가 도입된 지 10년을 맞는 현 시점에서 볼 때, 적극적 고용개선조치의 파급력은 초기에 비해 미약해진 것으로 보이며, 제도의 효과성도 의문시되고 있다.이에 본 연구에서는 적극적 고용개선조치를 시행하고 있는 기업 1,945개소를 대상으로 적극적 고용개 선조치의 여성고용 효과를 분석하였다. 또한 여성고용이 기업성과에 미치는 경제적 효과는 이미 여러 선 행연구에서 고찰되었으므로, 이는 제외하고 여성고용이 기업성과로 연결되는 과정에서 기업의 인적자원 관리와 조직문화 전반에 걸쳐 나타나는 제도적 변화를 고찰하였다. 2006년과 2014년 두 시점을 기준으로 여성고용 우수 및 중간, 미달 기업의 제도를 비교함으로써 여성친화적 제도 및 가족친화적 제도가 여성고 용에 어떻게 작용하였는지를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 적극적 고용개선조치가 여성고용률 제고와 여성고 용의 질적 개선에 기여하기 위해 제도적으로 어떤 변화가 필요한지를 살펴보기 위해 기업의 인사담당자 와 전문가집단을 대상으로 3차례에 걸쳐 델파이조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과를 바탕으로 적극적 고용개 선조치의 제도 개선방안을 제안하였다.

This paper reviewed the effect of job burnout on safety outcomes, and the moderating effect of safety climate in Korean Air Force. The prevalence of burnout in air force pilots has not been determined and reviewed. It is also unknown whether pilots’ burnout may affect their safety outcomes(safety action & compliance). The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout and it’s effect on safety outcomes. For cross-sectional survey, 910 questionnaires were sent to pilots in air force, and 722 questionnaires among them were returned effectively. The questionnaire was divided into 4 parts examining pilots’ demographic factors, job burnout, safety outcomes, and safety climates. To test and review proposed hypotheses, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used. The results of statistical analysis appeared as follow; 1) EE(emotional exhaustion) and RPA(reduced personal accomplishment) effected negatively on safety action. 2) EE and RPA effected negatively on safety compliance. 3) EE effected more positively on safety action in higher SS(superior support) group than in lower SS group. 4) RPA effected more positively on safety compliance in higher SS(superior support) group than in lower SS group. 5) RPA effected more positively on safety action in higher CW(coworker support) group than in lower CW group.

Recently, the Ministry of Employment and Labor Management is a trend to strengthen all men death rate than the accident rate. Points reduction in the accident rate change orders related to credit rating score to +2 points in his plans as part of +1 point. In addition, according to the fancy linger RISK treatment in the event of a disaster site and fiction treatment to achieve accident-free during processing the scene interspersed with equity issues have been raised. In general disaster for the problem in the first two cases occurs when abnormal process according to the disaster site manager positions dismissal policy, each division headquarters itself, interspersed disasters performance compared to processing in accordance with the refrain, processing expenses in accordance with the composition of untreated industrial accident, costs and burdens partners FTC , there is a possibility that the issues raised, such as the Ministry of Employment and Labor. In response to domestic social practices focused on the construction site practices and prevention measures should be evaluated with respect to what.

The ecdysis behavioral sequence in insects is a classic fixed action pattern (FAP) initiated by hormonal signaling. Ecdysis triggering hormones (ETHs) release the FAP through direct actions on the CNS. Here we present evidence implicating two groups of central ETH receptor (ETHR) neurons in scheduling the first two steps of the FAP: kinin (aka drosokinin, leucokinin) neurons regulate pre-ecdysis behavior and CAMB neurons (CCAP, AstCC, MIP, and Bursicon) initiate the switch to ecdysis behavior. Ablation of kinin neurons or altering levels of ETH receptor (ETHR) expression in these neurons modifies timing and intensity of pre-ecdysis behavior. Cell ablation or ETHR knockdown in CAMB neurons delays the switch to ecdysis, whereas overexpression of ETHR or expression of pertussis toxin in these neurons accelerates timing of the switch. Calcium dynamics in kinin neurons are temporally aligned with pre-ecdysis behavior, whereas activity of CAMB neurons coincides with the switch from pre-ecdysis to ecdysis. Activation of CCAP or CAMB neurons through temperature-sensitive TRPM8 gating is both necessary and sufficient to trigger ecdysis behavior. Our findings demonstrate that kinin and CAMB neurons are direct targets of ETH and play critical roles in scheduling successive behavioral steps in the ecdysis FAP. Furthermore, temporal organization of the FAP is likely a function of ETH receptor density in target neurons.