본 연구에서는 학생들의 과학적 흥미와 호기심을 유발하기 위해 영산강 유역에서 발굴된 구석기시대 유물 유적을 활용하여 지구과학 학습 자료를 개발하였다. 구석기 유물 유적을 활용한 학습 자료는 예비 활동 자료, 박물관에서의 활동 자료, 유적지 답사를 위한 활동 자료, 구석기 유물을 제작하는 활동 자료로 구성되었다. 개발된 학습 자료에 대해 과학교사와 학생의 반응을 살펴보았다. 설문에 응답한 과학 교사들 10명 중 6명은 유물 유적을 활용한 교수 학습 자료가 탐구력 향상에 효과가 있을 것으로 예상하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 학습 자료는 대부분의 교사들이 정규 수업이 아닌 동아리 활동, 현장학습, 과제부여 등에 적용하는 것이 타당하다고 반응하였다. 구석기 유물 유적을 활용한 학습자료를 적용하는 과정에서, 학생들의 질문 방향이 다양해졌으며 질문하는 횟수도 증가하였다. 유물 유적을 활용한 학습자료는 학생들이 광물과 암석의 성질을 이해하는데 도움이 되었다. 본 학습 자료는 교사들의 학습 주제 선택의 폭을 넓혀줄 것이라 기대된다.

This paper presents contents of certificates, and use for reference materials. This study also introduces general requirements for the competence of reference material producers. Lastly this paper shows general and statistical principles for certification of reference materials.

Ordinary concrete uses aggregate sufficiently soaked with water, and is weighed, mixed with other materials and placed in accord with performances required in the construction field. Recently special concrete with high fluidity and durability is required but it is difficult to use top-quality concrete due to lack of high-quality aggregate, delayed transportation because of traffic jam, etc. In addition, sometimes the use of a remicon is inevitable just for small-sized concrete constructions or it is difficult for a remicon to reach remote construction places such as mountainous areas. To solve these problems, this study attempted to pack concrete materials. In other words, it is to instantize concrete. This study dried aggregate, a material of concrete, and compared the change of absorption phase of the aggregate in water and in paste in order to examine the effect of the dryness of aggregate on its absorption rate and, based on the absorption rate, decided water addition ratio necessary for the reduction of unit quantity caused by the use of dry aggregate in designing concrete mixture, and analyzed the properties of unhardened concrete according to water addition ratio in manufacturing concrete using aggregate in the state of absolute dryness and in the state of surface dryness.

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) has been commonly used with biological control agents for control of several kinds of aphids in agroecosystems. Also, environment friendly agricultural materials have been commonly applied in crop fields because the government held down pesticide application and environment friendly agricultures are gradually increased with consumer"s desires. The multicolored Asian ladybird beetles may be directly or indirectly under the influence of environment friendly agricultural materials in crop fields. The insecticidal environment friendly agricultural materials (IEFAMs) might be safe against each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle. Fungicidal environment friendly agricultural materials (FEFAMs) had a miner effect to each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle with the exception of FEFAM A. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) C and H might be down the hatching rate of eggs, and EFAMSM A and F had a killing effect to 1st instar of lady beetles. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extracts (EFAMPEs) A and D might be suffered effect a deathblow of egg hatching with lady beetles. Otherwise, there was a miner effect to lady beetles with the rest of tested environment friendly agricultural materials.

Many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were used for the insect pest control and the control of plant diseases, furthermore they support the growth of crops in the greenhouses and the kindly environment friendly farming. Phytoseiulus persimilis might be used for control of two-spotted mites with environment friendly agricultural materials at the same time. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to P. persimilis, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by material contents and using methods. When environment friendly agricultural materials were directly sprayed on P. persimilis, IEFAM C, FEFAM A, EFAMSM A, D, EFAMPE A, EFAMCh B, EFAMME A, and EFAMMo C killed over 90%. However, there was no effects to FEFAM C, D, EFAMSM C, EFAML A, EFAMME C, E, H, J, EFAMMo G and I against P. persimilis. P. persimilis adults were not survived in vial for 48 hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials, for examples, EFAMSM I, EFAMME A, EFAMMo A, C, and I. Otherwise, EFAMCh C and EFAMMo B were no effects to P. persimilis. Some environment friendly agricultural materials are of different qualities, and consequently test of their toxity have to necessary.

Porous carbon materials were prepared with a thermal treatment of coal tar pitch at 550 in the Ar gas. Growth, merger, and distribution of pore were characterized with scanning electron microscopy as variation ascending temperature gradient and chamber pressure. After graphitizing at the 2600 (1 hr.), walls and connecting parts between pores were investigated with X-ray diffraction patterns. Wall thickness and pore size decreases as increasing ascending temperature gradient, and pore size becomes homogeneous. Graphite quality and thermal conductivity become higher due to the enhanced orientation of walls and connecting parts between pores.

Treatment of water hyacinth with sulphuric acid produces carbonaceous materials that have been used to remove Cu(II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Untreated water hyacinth was also used for the subject of comparison. The textural properties of the carbonaceous materials were determined from nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The optimum pH for the sorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions on the investigated sorbents was determined. Dynamic adsorption measurements have been taken at 298 K whereas equilibrium measurements were carried out at 298, 313 and 323 K. The adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K on the untreated sample was too low and the surface areas of the treated samples 2, 3 and 4 were found between 70-208 m2/g. The total pore volumes of these samples which were determined for the carbonaceous materials investigated were found to be 0.076-0.140 ml/g. The kinetic adsorption data of Cu (II) and Cd(II) were applicable to both pseudo - first and pseudo-second order but fit more the latter order. The equilibrium adsorption data were found to fit Freundlich and Langmiur equations. The values of DG, DH and DS are all negative indicating the feasibility and the spontaneous nature of the sorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions by the sorbents investigated.

Thin films of carbon-nano materials (CNMs) of different morphology have been successfully deposited on ceramic substrate by CVD at temperatures 800℃, 850℃ and 900℃ using plant based oils in the presence of transition metal catalysts (Ni, Co and Ni/Co alloys). Based on the return and insertion loss, microwave absorption properties of thin film of nanocarbon material are measured using passive micro-Strip line components. The result indicates that amongst CNMs synthesized from oil of natural precursors (mustered oil - Brassica napus, Karanja oil - Pongamia glabra, Cotton oil - Gossipium hirsuta and Neem oil - Azadirachta indica) carbon nano fibers obtained from neem's seed oil showed better microwave absorption (~20dB) in the range of 8.0 GHz to 17.90 GHz.

In architecture, constitutions of space are subjected to the structural material and interior finishing material. Interior environment can exert a great effect on people by means of space constitution. In this study the constitution of space was set to consider five materials: control, wood, steel, wire mesh, and concrete structural material. In this study, experiments with mice, were carried out on condition of each living environment with different living environment using control, wood, steel, wire mesh and concrete structural material. The experiments with mice were made by five-month-old mice(BALB/C) with about 15 grams weight. In order to evaluate the adaptability of the target mice, such variables as body weight, food consumption, and water consumption were monitored against living environment for normal BALB/C mice during the same period. The weight, total foods, and total water consumption were measured under the living environments for 55 days with 2~3 days intervals. To test five different living environments, i.e., control, wood, steel, wire mesh and concrete, 5 mice were allocated for each group. According to the results of this study, the case of wood living environment resulted in a gain in weight with statistical significance. The other side of steel, wire mesh and concrete showed a slight decrease for weight. The weight variation of the experimental mice was assumed under five different living environments that resulted from the stabilized environmental conditions such as the wood living environment.

종자의 priming은 유식물의 초기 정착에 중요한 기술 중의 하나이다. 따라서 본 시험에서는 목초의 주요 초종인 톨 페스큐, 오처드그라스, 알팔파 및 화이트 클로버의 발아율 향상과 균일도 증가를 위하여 priming 약제의 종류와 농도를 달리하여 발아율을 조사하였다. 본 시험은 분할구 배치법으로 주구는 및 PEG 약제를, 세구는 50mM(또는 10%), 100mM(또는 20%) 및 200mM(또는 30%)의 약제농도를 두었다. Priming 목초의 발

초등학교에서 ‘漢字’교과를 가르칠 수 있는 법적 토대가 마련된 이후 지금까지 36종의 초등학교 한자 교과서가 각 시․도교육청의 認定을 받아 사용되고 있다. 初等學校漢字․漢文敎育이 名實相符한 교육이 되기 위해서는 良質의 한자교과서를 개발하여야 하며, 이를 위해 漢字字源을 교과서에 정확하게 밝히고 이것을 토대로 한자를 학습하도록 안내하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이러한 관점에서 본고는 먼저 현재 초등학교 교과서로 사용하고 있는 교재를 대상으로 하여 字源學習이 어떻게 記述되어 있는지를 살펴보고 그 문제점을 파악하고자 하였다. ‘東․ 西․ 左․ 右․ 兄․ 弟․ 民․ 主․ 文․ 化’ 등 10개 漢字의 字源제시와 설명을 살펴본 결과 교과서에 따라 字源說明이 千差萬別이며 상당부분 學理的근거가 빈약하고 恣意的, 便宜的記述이 이루어져있음을 확인하였다. 다음으로 字源을 통한 한자 교수․학습 방법의 槪念과 方法, 實際, 用例등을 고찰하였다. 한자의 字源을 알기 위해서는 한자의 文字學的연구 성과를 기반으로 해야 한다. 주지하듯이 漢字는 한자를 구성하는 3대 요소인 形․音․義를 따로 떼어 생각할 수 없다. 字源敎授․學習은 한자의 形․音․義가 형성된 과정을 탐구하여 학습자가 체계적․조직적으로 한자를 이해할 수 있도록 가르치고 학습하는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 본고는 제7차 교육과정에서 추구하는 정신의 하나인 학생들의 自己主導的學 習能力의 伸張에 중점을 두고, 자원 학습의 방법을 탐색해 보았다. 따라서 교사중심의 직접 교수 방법에 의한 학습보다는 학생 중심의 자기주도적 학습과 과제분담 학습(Jigsaw) 모형을 활용한 협동학습이 되도록 교수․학습 지도안을 계획하였다. 과제분담학습(Jigsaw)모형의 소집단 학습은 학생들이 相互依存하는 가운데 同等하게 참여하고, 同時多發的인 相互作用을 할 수 있는 학습 방법으로 자원을 통한 한자 학습에도 유효하다. 그리고 본고에서 제시한 자원 학습의 용례는 초등학교 수준에서 교사가 재구성하여 지도할 수 있을 것이다. 필자는 初等學校단계의 한자 교육은 한자를 흥미롭게 익혀 언어생활에 유용하게 활용하도록 하는 데 목표를 두고 있으므로 지나치게 문자학적 자료에 의존하는 것은 불필요하다고 본다. 다만 문자학적 지식은 교과서에 노출하지 않더라도 교사용지도서를 통해 교사가 지도할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 또한 교과서는 문자학적 지식을 고려하되 學習者의 理解를 돕는 水準에서 융통성 있게 구성하여야 할 것이다.

Mg-4.3Zn-0.7Y (at%) alloy powders were prepared using an industrial scale gas atomizer, followed by warm extrusion. The powders were almost spherical in shape. The microstructure of atomized powders and those extruded bars was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (EDS) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). The grain size of the powders was coarsen as the initial powder size increased. After the extrusion, the grain size became fine due to the severe plastic deformation during the extrusion with the ratio of 10:1. Both the ultimate strength and elongation were enhanced with the decrease of initial particle size.

본 연구는 도로포장 재료의 상대습도를 편리하고 신뢰성 있게 측정할 수 있는 방법을 파악하여 도로포장 재료의 수분변화 특성을 분석할 수 있는 가능성을 연구하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 먼저 대기의 습도를 여러 가지의 센서를 이용하여 측정한 후 비교 분석하여 센서의 정확성 및 측정치의 보정 방법에 대한 연구를 수행하였으며 신뢰성이 확인된 센서를 이용하여 시멘트 몰탈 시편의 초기 경화 과정 및 실외 상태에서의 습도를 측정하여 분석하였다. 또한 습도측정용 센서를 이용하여 도로포장 재료의 투수성을 분석할 수 있는 몇 가지 방법에 대한 기초 실험도 수행하여 습도 측정을 통해 재료의 투수 특성 분석 가능성도 시험하였다. 연구 결과 Hygrochron을 이용하여 도로포장 재료의 습도를 측정하는 것이 여러 측면에서 유리한 것으로 판단되었으며 이러한 센서를 장착하는 방법 및 측정값을 보정하는 방법을 파악하였다. 몰탈 시편은 시편의 습도가 대기 습도의 증가 또는 감소하는 추세에 따라 변화하기 보다는 대기 습도에 접근하는 방향으로 변화한다는 것을 알았으며, 시편의 표면과 내부에서의 습도변화에는 확연한 지연이 생기는 것도 발견하였다. 또한 습도 측정용 센서는 도로포장 재료의 투수성을 측정하기에도 매우 적합하며 습도 측정값을 이용하여 재료의 투수 속도를 예측할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

CHIME 연대측정을 위한 전자현미분석(EPMA)에서는 통상적으로 핵 연료 물질 등 구하기 어렵고 관리에 민감한 표준 물질을 사용하므로 이를 구하지 못하는 실험실에서는 적용에 어려움이 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 표준 물질을 대신할 수 있는 새로운 실험실 표준법을 제시한다. CHIME 연대 측정이 원활하게 이루어지고 일련의 표준 물질이 잘 구비된 실험실에서 X선 세기가 균질함이 확인된 모나자이트와 같은 광물편을 대상으로 보정 상수를 정확히 구하고, Th, U 등의 특성 X선 세기를 측정해두면, 다른 실험실에서는 단지 광물편의 특성 X선 세기를 측정하는 것만으로 바로 사용할 수 있는 표준 물질로 활용할 수 있다. 이 기법은 전자 현미 분석에서 화학성분과 X선 간섭 보정 계수의 결정에 필요한 표준 물질로 모두 활용이 가능하며, 광물 표준 물질의 복잡한 화학 성분에 대해 독립적이다.

Nanostructured materials exhibit attractive mechanical properties that are often superior to the performance of their coarse-grained counterparts. However, one major drawback is their low ductility, which limits their potential applications. In this paper, different strategies to obtain both high strength and enhanced ductility in nanostructured materials are reported for Ti-base and Zr-base alloys. The first approach consists of designing an in-situ composite microstructure containing ductile bcc or hop dendrites that are homogeneously dispersed in a nanostructured matrix. The second approach is related to refining the eutectic structure of a Ti-Fe-Sn alloy. For all these materials, the microstructure, mechanical properties, deformation and fracture mechanisms will be discussed.

We reported a P/M soft magnetic material with core loss value of , which is lower than that of 0.35mm-thick laminated material, by using high purity gas-atomized iron powder. Lack of mechanical strength and high cost of powder production are significant issues for industrial use. In order to achieve both low core loss and high strength by using inexpencive powder, the improvement of powder shape and surface morphology and binder strength was conducted. As the result, the material based on water-atomized powder with 80 MPa of TRS and 108 W/kg of core loss (W10/1k) was achieved.

Adsorption isotherms of hydrogen by step-by-step method are widely used. However, the relations between the equations of state and the accumulated errors produced by step-by-step method and the mechanical errors of pressure or temperature controller were not analyzed. Considering the influence of various errors on the equations of state, we could find out the factors and compare the performance of the equations of state.

The p-type Te functional gradient material (FGM) was fabricated by hot-pressing the mechanically alloyed and the 0.5 at% powders. Also, the n-type FGM was processed by hot-pressing the mechanically alloyed and the 0.3 wt% Bi-doped PbTe powders. With larger than , the p-type FGM exhibited larger thermoelectric output power than those of the and the 0.5 at% alloys. For the n-type FGM, the thermoelectric output power superior to those of the and the 0.3 wt% Bi-doped PbTe was predicted at larger than .