The purposes of this study are : (a) to investigate the attitude to various coffee and tea of women, (b) to analyze the characteristics of each classified group according to eating frequency, and (c) to abstract the factors which can influence the consumption of coffee and tea. Questionnaires were hand delivered to 1,200 women residing in Seoul. A total of 1012 was usable: resulting in 84% response rate. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS Package program for the one way-analysis of variance(ANOVA), Duncan's multiple comparison test, factor analysis and analysis of covariance (ANOCOVA). (a) Instant coffee was most consumed(22.1 times a month), green tea in tea bag(8.7), Donggulre tea(8.3), Coffee (72) in order of frequency. Among Korean traditional tea Donggulre tea(8.3) and Yuja tea (2.0) were most prefered but still a minute quantity of Korean traditional tea was enjoyed. (b) Coffee and Black tea was regarded unhealthful but habitual, delicious and familiar beverage. Green tea was regarded good for health but not so habitual, practical and familiar. The consumer awareness can be grouped into 3 clases : Healthy factor, Habitual Practical factor, Familiar factor. (c) The sociodemographic characteristics of women influenced the beverage consumption. Women in their 30s and 40s consumed much of instant coffee and coffee. 10s and 20s consumed much of canned coffee. Working women drank much of instant coffee and green tea in tea bag. Women in highest income group(≥ 4,000,000 won/month) consumed much of coffee. (d) The factors which influenced the eating frquency of those beverages were various. The eating frequency of instant coffee was influenced by the age, familiar factor and habitual practical factor. And coffee were influenced by income level, habitual practical factor. The frequency of green tea in tea bag was influenced by habitual practical factor and familiar factor, green tea was influenced by healthy factor and habitual practical factor, Donggulre tea was influenced by habitual practical factor.

The purpose of this research is to compare the university foodservices with exterior restaurants, to investigate the fact regarding the use and the preference, to evaluate the expectation and the satisfaction of eaters, and to establish the foundation to improve the quality of the university foodservices. 2 women's universities were chosen and 300 copies of survey were distributed to the students. The data were statistically analyzed by SAS. The frequency was compared with the percentage by using Chi-square, and Spearman Correlation was calculated to see the correlation between the expectation and the satisfaction. The results of this research are as below: 1) As students move to upper grades, have enough monthly allowance, have irregular dietary habit and have snacks often and spend much time on eating, and as the BMI index is low, the survey shows that students use exterior restaurants more frequently than the university foodservices. 2) Analysis of main factor in utilizing university foodservices and exterior restaurants Is 'the taste', 'the price', 'the variety of menu'. 3) The survey also shows that the satisfaction is greater than the expectation for exterior restaurants while the satisfaction is not greater than expectation with the university foodservices. 4) The matters like 'more delicious-food' and 'more various menu' were pointed out to be improved.

대규모 면오염원으로 간주되는 난지도지역을 중심으로 2000년 봄 기간중 대기-지표간 수은의 교환율을 측정하고, 측정자료를 기초로 수은의 교환현상을 분석하였다. 측정결과에 의하면 난지도지역은 대규모 면오염원으로 대량의 수은을 배출할 뿐아니라 동시에 대규모의 침적을 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 일주기별로 농도, 농도구배, 플럭스의 절대치를 분석한 결과 대규모 배출과 침적은 오후시간대에 왕성하게 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이들의 발생빈도에 대한 분석결과는 배출이 새벽 또는 저녁에 빈번하게 발생하는데 비해, 침적은 주로 오후시간대에 집중된다는 것을 확인하였다. 풍향대별로 발생빈도와 교환율을 비교한 바에 따르면, 대규모 침적을 유도하는 외부배출원이 동쪽지역에 위치해 있다는 것을 추정할 수 있었다. 특정 풍향에서 침적이 집중된 점을 감안하여, 침적이 집중된 방향의 자료군과 배출이 지배적으로 발견된 전체자료를 이용하여 조건별 환경인자의 변화동향을 배출/침적비로 환산하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 대부분의 오염인자들의 농도는 외부여건에 따라 규칙적인 변화양상을 보여주었다. 상관분석의 결과는 이들의 거동이 교환현상의 수직적인 방향-침적 또는 배출-의영향을 민감하게 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 요인분석의 결과는 배출시에 기온과 같은 요인에 의해 유도되는 부분이 그리고 침적시에는 기온, 오존, 비메탄계 탄화수소와 같이 외부인자의 영향을 반영하는 요인들이 복합적으로 중요하게 작용할 수 있다는 점을 시사하였다. 난지도지역을 중심으로 한 수은의 자료를 추정한 결과 연간규모로 약 6kg의 수은이 배출되는 것으로 나타났다.

이 연구는 GPS를 이용한 서울-제천지역에 대한 대류층 천정 지연 분석에 관한 것이다. 다양한 기상조건하에서 정확도를 보장하는 GPS 측위를 위하여 대류층 천정 지연과 GPS 정밀도와의 연관성을 분석하였다. Bernese 4.0소프트웨어로 산출한 대류층 천정 지연값의 증가시 GPS 측위 오차도 증가하였다. 대류층에 의한 오차는 평균 20 cm 였으며, 보정 모델 사용시 모두 5cm 범위내로 줄일 수 있었으며, 보정 모델 간에는 차이가 거의 없었다. GPS 측위오차와 대류층 천정 지연의 상관관계를 밝힘으로써 전선의 이동상황을 모니터링할 수 있으며 이는 GPS 기준망의 확장으로 가능할 것이다.

We determined the precise three dimensional WGS84 Coordinates and the sea level height of Seoul Radio Astronomy Observatory (SRAO). In this study, we performed the simultaneous GPS observations at SRAO and Seoul GPS Reference Station(SGRS) of Korea Astronomy Observatory(KAO) for 3.5 hours from 17KST on October 27, 1999. We employed two different antennas, i.e., chokering antenna at SGRS of KAO and L1/L2 compact with groundplane antenna at SRAO. But we employed same type of receivers, i.e., Trimble 4000SSI at both observing places. The observed data were processed by GPSURVEY 2.30 software of Trimble with L1/L2 ION Free technique and broadcasting ephemeris of GPS Satellites because of very short baseline between SGRS of KAO and SRAO. We determined WGS84 latitude, longitude, height and the sea level height of SRAO with 37∘27′15.′6846N±0.′0004,126∘57′19.′0727E±0.′0002,204.89m±0.02m,181.38m±0.17m 37∘27′15.′6846N±0.′0004,126∘57′19.′0727E±0.′0002,204.89m±0.02m,181.38m±0.17m , respectively.

낙산복원사업 대상지의 생태계 회복을 위한 계획수립의 기초자료로 사용하기 위하여 부지 내 식생조사를 통해 자연환경을 평가하였다 현존식생도 녹지자연도 및 Hemeroby 등급을 통해 자연성을 평가한 결과 많은 면적이 산림으로서의 기능을 상실한 인공화된 지역이었다. 식생이 존재하는 지역 중 산림의 형태를 유지한 지역은 아까시나무군락을 유지하고 있었고 기타 지역은 휴경지, 논.밭 잡초군락이며 동시에 ruderal 식물군락으로 판명되었다. 성과주변에 식재한 수목은 총 67종 1,243개체였으며 그중 자생종이 27종(40.3%) 544개체(43.8%)였고 도입종과 귀화종 재배종이 각각 17%, 8.8%, 15.4%로 나타났다. 생활형 분석에서는 1,2년생 초본식물이 47%를 차지하였고 귀화율은 24.1%로 나타나 매우 불안정하고 교란된 환경인 것으로 판단되었다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation of children's milk intake at home and school in order to identify the better way to help children's milk intake. For this, 895 elementary students participated in this study through the questionnaire developed by researchers. Conclusions drawn from the results of this study are as follows : 1. Various kinds of milk should be provided for children both at home and school so that they can choose an appropriate milk for themselves. 2. Teachers at school should help children's milk intake not through forcing them but through appropriate educational approach. 3. Milk distribution system and ways of refrigeration of milk in school should be improved. 4. Nutrition education should be implemented for children so that they themselves choose milk as favorite beverage.

주변 토지이용과 수질이 서로 다른 도시하천인 양재천(서울)과 산지하천인 사기막천(경기도)에서 부착조류 동태 파악을 위해 1996년 3월부터 1998년 10월까지 월별 및 격월별로 조사를 실시하였다. 양재천의 영양염류 농도는 총질소가 8.9 mg/l 총인이 0.42 mg/l로 사기막천 (총질소 농도: 1.9 mg/l, 총인농도: 0.13 mg/l)보다 3~4배 가량 높았다. 부착조류 생체량 역시 양재천에서 평균 62±67 mg/l로 평균 17±11 mg/l인 사기막천 보다 매우 높게 나타났다. 두 지점 모두 봄에 높은 생체량을 보였고 여름동안은 생체량이 낮은 것으로 조사되었으며 여름동안의 집중호우에 의한 탁류 유입 및 하상구조의 교란의 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 양재천의 경우 전체 출현종 중 호오탁성종이 50.0%, 광적응성종이 48.8%를 차지하였고 호청수성종은 1.2%로 현저히 낮은 출현율을 나타내었다. 사기막천에서는 전체 출현종 중 호청수성종이 54.6%, 광적응성종이 44.6%, 호오탁성종은 0.8%의 출현율을 나타내어 양재천과는 대조적이었다. 조사기간 중 종조성 역시 양재천에서는 호오탁성종으로 분류되는 Navicula subminuscula과 Nitzschia palea가 사기막천에서는 호청수성종으로 분류되는 Achnanthes convergens와 광적응성종으로 분류되는 Cymbella minuta가 우점종으로 조사되어 큰 차이를 나타내었다.

We have improved the control and driving system of 16' reflector at Kwanak Observatory at Seoul National University, by completing encoder unit, and by developing programs for correction of errors resulting from hardware defects. The hardware defects of this telescope system are the large backlash and the nonuniform tracking and pointing. The telescope pointing accuracy for RA is improved to a few arc minutes, and that for DEC is several tens of arc minutes. The guiding error is improved to 0.7 arcsec/minute, allowing up to 3 minutes exposure for CCD imaging under typical seeing conditions at the Observatory.

We have carried out measurements of 1.2-1.6GHz radio interferences around Seoul Radio Astronomy Observatory located in the campus of Seoul National University. We received interference signals using a pyramidal horn antenna and measured its power using a spectrum analyzer with 1MHz resolution after ~60dB amplification. In order to check the spatial characteristics, we made observations at every 30∘ 30∘ in azimuth at elevation of 30∘and60∘ 30∘and60∘ . Also, in order to check the temporal characteristics, we repeated the all-sky observations five times at every six hours. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) There are strong (≥−20dBm) (≥−20dBm) interferences between 1.2 and 1.4GHz. Particularly strong interferences are observed at 1.271 and 1.281GHz, which have maximum powers of -0.34dBm and -0.56dBm, respectively. (2) The characteristics of the interferences do not depend strongly on directions, although the interferences are in general weak at high elevation and in east-west direction. (3) The interferences appear for a very short (≤0.01s) (≤0.01s) period of time, so that the average power is much smaller than the maximum power. Strong interferences with large (≤−49.0dBm) (≤−49.0dBm) average power have been observed at 1.271, 1.281, 1.339, and 1.576GHz. At these frequencies, the interferences appear repeatedly with a period of ≤0.1s ≤0.1s By analyzing the observed power, we find that, for the strongest 1.271GHz interference, the average intensity is −171dBW/m2/Hz −171dBW/m2/Hz and that the maximum intensity is −122dBW/m2/Hz −122dBW/m2/Hz . If this interference is delivered to the detector without any shielding, then its power would be much greater than the rms noise of a typical line spectrum. Therefore, it is important to shield all the parts of receiver carefully from radio interferences. Also, without appropriate shielding, the sensitivity of a receiver could be limited by the interference.

For the purpose of disclosing estimated annual incidence rate and causative factors of traumatic spinal cord injury and obtaining basic data for the establishment of effective measures to prevent this injury, the medical record of 204 cases of Seoul residents with spinal cord injury which admitted in 46 general hospitals and National rehabilitation center located in Seoul, including Sam Yook Rehabilitation Center and Jung Ang Hospital in Kyungi do and occurred in 1995 were analyzed. The results were as follows: 1) The estimated annual incidence rate of traumatic spinal cord injury in 1995 of Seoul residents was 20.5 per million population. This incidence rate was the highest in the 40th years (34.1), followed by in the 50th years (26.5) and in the 20th years (25.6) in descending order. 2) The incidence rate ratio between male and female was 3.5:1. 3) The leading cause of injury was the highest in traffic accidents (42.2%), followed by falls from elevation (29.4%) and falls on the same level (9.8%). 4) Traffic accident mainly occured from 20th years to 40th years and falls from elevation in 50th years. 5) The level of spinal cord injury was the highest in cervical cord (63.2%), followed by the thoracic cord (21.1%) and lumbosacral cord (15.7%). Traffic accidents mainly caused in cervical cord injury whereas thoracic cord injury and lumbosacral cord injury were caused from falls from elevation. Above theconsiderations in mind, it suggested that in order to prevent traumatic spinal cord injuries, safety education of falls from elevation should be focused on the 20th years and 50th years male, moreover safety education of traffic accidents will be needed in the 30th years and 40th years male.

This study was performed with 482 subjects(278 boys and 204 girls in Seoul and Kyunggido area) to find out the attitude and eating behaviors about Kimchi on Korean young generation. General characteristics about subject and attitude and eating behavior were surveyed by self-developed questionnaires. 85.9% of the subjects were nuclear family type and 49.9% of respondent's mother had full-time job and 96.1% of subjects were middle or upper economic status. The preference for Kimchi, 60.4% of respondents answered that they liked Kimchi. According to grade, the rate of preference about Kimchi was significantly different, higher grade students were found higher preference on Kimchi : 64.4% of middle and 70.4% of high school students liked Kimchi. The eating patterns of Kimchi, up to 60% of respondents answered they ate Kimchi in every meal time, which suggested that it was still an important side dish in Korean meal among teenagers. The eating behaviors on Kimchi, 85~90% of respondents answered that they preferred Kimchi in meal time. Baechu Kimchi(chinese cabbage Kimchi) and Gakdugi(radish cube Kimchi) was highly preferred. And their preference of food which made from Kimchi (such as Kimchi fried rice, Kimchi stew, Kimchi pancake) was highly evaluated. 65.6% of residents pointed out that 'Kimchi is very nutritious food'. The respondent's structure of value on Kimchi were not significantly difference between sex and age. But it was significantly difference(p〈0.01) between the groups with preference and familiarity on Kimchi. The group had higher preference and familiarity on Kimchi agreed to the positive values about Kimchi. These result suggested that various kinds of Kimchi should be developed for young generation to meet their taste and also continuous nutrition education about traditional food especially Kimchi should be promoted at home and school.

It was performed to investigate for Yersinia species from 2,841 spring waters in Seoul, from 1994 to 1998. Of them, Yersinia spp. were isolated 86 isolates (3.3%). Of 86, sixty two isolates (72.1%) were Yersinia enterocolitica, followed by Y. aldouae (11 strains), Y. pseudotuberculosis (5 strains), Y. frederiksenii (3 strains), unclassified Yersinia spp. (5 strains). Yersinia spp. were highest isolated from Nowon-Gu (22 samples) and Bukhan Mountain Park isolates (18 samples). We tested 1.186 samples for SPC and coliform from 1996 to 1998. Of these tests, the positive rate of coliform was 23.6%, SPC, 9.1%, and either coliform or SPC positive 27.1%. The positive rates of coliform and SPC were decreased 26.7%, 12.7% in 1996, 25.8%, 6.3% in 1997 and 18.1%, 7.6% in 1998, respectively. Of Y. enterocolitica, 78% was resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin. In the case of Y. aldouae, only 3 of 11 isolated were resistent to carbenicillin. Y. pseudotuberculosis were resistant to colistin. Also Y. frederiksenii to carbenicillin. There were many spring waters of Y. enterocolitica isolated from Nowon-Gu and Buk-han Mountain Park. So, it needs to clean the environment of those regions.

This study was to evaluate the anthropometry, dietary attitudes and the other factors of 201 children in day-care centers according to their parents' income levels. The evaluation was conducted using anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, and questionnaire survey which was completed by the children's mothers. The results are summarized as follows: Overall growth of children was normal according to Korean standard. There were no significant differences in anthropometry according to the income levels. The scores of eating habits of children were different significantly according to income levels. That is, the score was the lowest in the low-income group. Children generally prefer one-dish meal or snacks, while the preference levels of kimchi, seasoned vegetable and beans broiled in soysauce were lower than those cf other foods. In the questions to know mothers' nutrition knowledge, we could see that they didn't know well about protein, breast-feeding, weaning and balance in nutrients. Nutrition knowledge score of mothers was significantly lower in the low income group, which shows close relationship with low-score eating habits of their children. The score of nutrition knowledge was affected by the mother's education level. The higher the mother's nutrition knowledge and education level, the better children's eating habits. These findings emphasize the planning and application of nutrition education programs for mothers especially in the low income group.

서울지역 대학생들의 식생활 태도, 건강과 관련된 사항, 식습관 평가, 스트레스정도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 대학생의 53.5%가 정상체중. 43.3%가 저체중으로 나타났다. 여학생은 저체중이 68.7%로 남학생 20.1% 보다 현저하게 높았다. 2. 대학생의 62%가 '하루 3회' 식사한다고 응답하였고 아침식사를 하는 대학생은 34.1%로 대부분의 대학생이 아침식사를 거르고 있었다. 식사시간은 대체로 불규칙한 것으로 조사되었다. 3. 일주일에 1-2회 이상 운동하는 남학생은 73.2%로 여학생 48.0%보다 높았다. 흡연을 하지 않는 여학생은 89.3%로 남학생 41.5% 보다 현저하게 높았다. 대학생의 84.4%가 자신의 체형에 만족하지 않는 것으로 나타났고 여학생은 현재의 체형보다 날씬해져야 한다는 응답이 80.0%로 남학생의 42.1%보다 높았다. 4. 대학생의 61.5%가 식품의 배합에 별로 관심이 없다고 응답하였고 녹황색채소를 거의 매일 섭취하는 여학생이 41.6%로 남학생의 32.3% 보다 높았고 과일의 섭취도 거의 매일 섭취하는 여학생이 45.3%로 남학생의 20.1%보다 높게 나타났다. 두부나 콩제품은 대학생의 55.6%가 '주 2회 이하' 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었으나 우유나 요구르트는 83.8%의 대학생이 '주 2-3회 이상' 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 5. 대학생의 식습관은 보통 이하로 평가되었으며 여학생의 식습관이 남학생보다 바람직하였고 자택에서 통학하는 대학생이 하숙, 자취, 기숙사 또는 친척집에서 통학하는 대학생 보다 식습관이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 6. 대부분의 대학생(73.8%)이 스트레스를 많이 받는 것으로 나타났고 스트레스를 적게 받고 있는 대학생의 42.9%가 '주 5회 이상' 운동을 하고 스트레스가 매우 높은 대학생의 53.9%는 전혀 운동을 하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 식사시간에 따른 스트레스점수는 '불규칙' 3.11, '가끔 불규칙' 3.04, '일정한 시간' 2.66으로 식사시간이 일정할수록 스트레스 적게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 살펴보면 대학생 특히 여학생에 대한 올바른 식행동과 건강에 대한 교육이 요구되어진다. 또한 운동과 규칙적인 식사는 대학생의 스트레스를 낮추는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났으므로 적절한 운동과 규칙적인 식생활은 정신건강에도 도움을 주는 것으로 사료된다.

According to economical status, under-nutrition and over-nutrition coexist in preschool children in Korea. Subjects consumed more than RDA in most nutrients, and children in of the upper income class tended to have more nutrients than those of the low income class. Especially in case of energy, protein, fat, vitamin B2, and P there were significant differences among the different classes. The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrates, protein and fat were 57~59: 16~17: 26~27 and fat calorie percentage was higher than quantity recommended for Korean adults. Energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, B1 and C intakes were taken mostly from plant food sources. In the upper income class group, intakes of protein and vitamin B2 from animal food sources were higher than in any other income classes. Intakes of iron, vitamin A, B1 and C were largely provided by plant food group. Especially 44-45% of vitamin A were taken from vegetable and fruits group, which indicated that about 50% of vitamin A intake was the form of β-carotene. Also compared with other groups, in the upper income class group, the intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 from cereal and potatoes were significantly lower, and those of Ca and P from milks and meats, fishes & eggs were significantly higher(p〈0.05). The mean fat intake in all subjects was 38~43g/day. Regardless of income class, oleic acid(6.6~8.4g) and linoleic acid(6.7~8.1g) were the most abundant fatty acids contained in the diet. The upper class group consumed significantly more total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids(p〈0.05). In polyunsaturated fatty acids, there were no differences between 3 different income classes, but intakes of total Ω6 fatty acids in the upper class tended to be higher and those of total o3 fatty acids in low class tended to be higher. Therefore, Ω6/Ω3 tended to be higher in the upper class group. Regardless of income classes, P/M/S and Ω6/Ω3 ratios in all subjects were 0.9~l.3/1.0~1.1/1.0 and 5.2~7.4/1.0, respectively and were in a desirable range. Cholesterol intake of subject was 184-218 mg/day, which was comparable to the value of Korean adult intake.

In order to investigate the species, serobiological characteristics and antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas spp, we isolated Pseudomonas spp from 57 spring waters around Seoul area for spring, summer and autumn and identified Pseudomonas spp by biochemical characteristics and serological method. And also we tested the antibiotic sensitivity test by discdiffusion method. Of 57 spring waters tested, Pseudomonas spp were isolated from 33 spring waters(57.9%). Isolation rate of Pseudomonas spp in spring season was 28.1%, summer 21.1% and autumn 28.1%. Only 1 spring water was detected Pseudomonas spp in all seasons and 9 (15. 8%) were detected for 2 seasons and 13 (22.8%) were for only 1 season. Isolation rate of Pseudomonas spp at Mt. Cheonggye was 50% and followed by Mt. Bookhan 35.7%, Mt. Daemo 33.3%, Mt. Dobong 29.6%, Mt. Surak 25.9%, Mt. Woomyun 22.2% and Mt. Bulam 7.4%. Of 44 Pseudomonas spp, 22 strains (50%) were identified by Ps. putida, Ps. aeruginosa, Ps. tluorescens and Ps. mendocina were identified 6 strains (13.6%), respectively. 4 strains (9.1%) were identified by Ps. aureofaciens. Of 6 Ps. aieruginosa, serotype A was 2 strains, B, E, G, and K was 1 strain, respectively. Of 44 Pseudomonas spp, resistance rate to amoxicillin was 90.9% and followed by chloramphenicol 84.1%, tetracycline 84.1%, carbenicillin 81.8%, nalidixic acid 68.2%, neomycin 38.6%, streptomycin 31.8%, gentamicin 4.6%, kanamycin 4.6% and colistin 2.3%. Ps. aseruginosa was more sensitive to carbenicillin than other Pseudomonas spp isolated from spring waters in Seoul area but more resistant to kanamycin, and Ps. aureofaciens was no resistant to streptomycin. Among multiple drug resistance, resistance to 5 drugs was 31.8%, 4 drugs 15.9%, 7 drugs 13.6%, 1 drug and 2 drugs 4.6%, and 8 drugs 2.3%, respectively. The multiple resistance patterns detected highestly were NA-CB-C-TE-AMC (18.2%), NA-CB-N-C-TE-AMC (13.6%), CB-C-TE-AMC (11.4%) and NA-CB-N-C-TE-AMC-S (9.1%).