본문은 서울을 중심으로 한 주요교통로를 따라 솔칠혹파리의 피해선단지를 조사한 것이다. (1) 서울지방의 술잎혹파리 피해는 광주, 양수, 서파, 봉천, 고촌 등 동북방으로 널리 전파되어 있다. (2) 솔잎혹파리의 전파를 조장하는 인자로는 성충기의 향이 가장 관계가 깊은 것으로 관찰되었다. (3) 솔잎혹파리 피해선단지의 유충기생봉 솔잎혹파리 좀벌의 기생율은 서파의 를 제외하고는 매우 높았다.

한국어교육 기관별 교육 목표에 맞는 교재 개발의 흐름에 맞 춰 서울과학기술대학교 한국어 과정에서도 초급 1, 2의 교재를 개발하 여 사용하고 있다. 이에 1년여간 사용해 온 초급 교재에 대한 학습자 와 교사의 사용 만족도와 교재의 장·단점을 설문 조사와 인터뷰를 통 해 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 문법의 체계적이며 단계적인 연습 및 활동 이 제시되었으며, 실제적으로 사용할 수 있는 어휘 및 표현이 제시되 어 학습자의 만족도가 높았음을 알 수 있었다. 다만 번역이 없어 혼자 학습하기에는 어려움이 있었다는 점이 가장 큰 단점이었다. 본 연구에서 교재 개발 과정과 중점을 두고 개발한 부분을 살펴봄으 로써 향후 중급 교재 개발 시 번역 수록이 절대적으로 필요함을 확인 할 수 있었다.

This study analyzed characteristics of ozone (O3) formation regimes in Busan over a period of recent five years (2015~2019) and compared the findings with those obtained in Seoul. We employed four observed variations: early morning commuting-hour (i.e., 06:00-09:00 LST) nitrogen dioxide (NO2), peak-hour (i.e., 12:00-16:00 LST) O3, 8-hour average O3 (MDA8 O3), and △O3 (=O3_max- O3_min) in Busan and Seoul. In addition, the NO2-O3 relation was assessed to interpret which of NOx-limited or volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited was dominant. In Busan, the annual mean O3 concentration was relatively higher than in Seoul, whereas there were fewer high-concentration days. The Pearson correlation coefficients (R) between Early morning-hour NO2 and the Peak-hour O3 was positive (but close to zero) in Busan and negative in Seoul. Likewise, the R between the Early morning-hour NO2 and the △O3 showed a relatively considerable positive correlation (R=+0.4~0.5) in Busan, while a weak positive correlation (R=+0.1~0.2) in Seoul. From this result, it can be inferred that the O3 formation regime in Busan was intrepreted to be nearly neutral or relatively closer to the NOx-limited regime than Seoul, while Seoul to the VOC-limited regime. The study findings imply that O3 control strategies should be applied differently in Busan and Seoul. The results here were inferred from surface NO2 and O3 observations, and the varification studies based on in-situ VOCs measurements would be needed.

In this study, impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on PM2.5 mass and its five chemical components (NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 2-, OC, EC) in Busan was evaluated, and compared with that of Seoul. The study period over the recent three years was sub-divided into two periods: Pre-COVID (2018~2019) and COVID (2020) periods, and the differences in observed annual and monthly variations between the two periods were explored here. The results indicated that annual mean PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased during the COVID period by 16% in Seoul and 29% in Busan, and the satellite-observed annual average of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Korean Peninsula also decreased by approximately more than 10% compared with that of the Pre-COVID period. All of the five chemical components decreased but no particular changes were found in their fractions occupied during the COVID period. However, over the Lock-down period (2020-March), the sulfate fraction decreased in Seoul, mostly reflecting the recent Chinese trends of aerosol characteristics, whereas the nitrate fraction considerably decreased in Busan, which was attributable to the local emission changes and their variabilities in Busan. Other meteorological characteristics such as higher frequencies of easterly winds in the Busan area during the COVID period were also discussed in comparison with those in the Seoul area.

This study aims to review the differences in urban regeneration independently implemented by the government (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, MOLIT) and Seoul based on related laws and ordinances, and to draw out the implications of Korean urban regeneration’s directions. The results are as follows. First, Seoul has constantly responded to the revision of the Urban Regeneration Act by adjusting and specifying the contents of ordinances, and especially, there have been efforts to enhance regional characteristics suitably for the circumstances of Seoul. Second, in the urban regeneration of Seoul, the budgets including the matching ratio of national and local subsidies shall be changed according to the standards of the MOLIT in changing designating places after the selection of the urban regeneration by the ministry, and this procedure and these implementation methods cause confusion to Seoul and local governments. Third, there were differences in the results of comparing the budgets and support methods of the “Gaggum Housing Project” of Seoul and “New Deal Housing Repair Project” of the MOLIT, which caused conflicts due to the differences in the project implementation and support standards, and the arbitrary interpretation of the guidelines. Although the urban regeneration greatly contributed to the revelation and conservation of regional characteristics, it might be necessary to establish systems that can enhance citizens’ awareness and compensate the efficient contents needed for each region in the future.

Today’s cities require deeper understanding of the thermal environment and PM10 as their management becomes more critical. Based on these circumstances, this study investigated the Granger causality between the thermal environment and PM10 of the 25 districts of Seoul, the most populous and urbanized city in Korea. The results of the Granger causality test on the thermal environment and PM10 were classified into 12 types. Except for type 12, the temperature and urban island heat intensity of the other 11 types operated as a Granger-cause to each other in both directions. Temperature operates as a Granger-cause of urban island heat intensity in type 12. The PM10 level and urban pollution island intensity operated as a Granger-cause to each other in all districts. For types 1 and 2, thermal environment operated as a Granger-cause to PM10 in one direction, and type 3–type 12 confirmed that thermal environment and PM10 operated as a Granger-cause in both directions. Findings reveal the intricate c

This study analyzed the characteristics of high PM2.5 episodes that meets the concentration criteria of Emergency Reduction Measures Plan (ERMP) in Busan during the 2015-2020, and compared with those in Seoul. As a first step, the CAPSS-2017 emission data was employed to analyze the emission differences between Busan and Seoul, and pointed out that Busan emission included the dominance of ship emissions (37.7%) among total PM2.5 city emissions, whereas fugitive PM2,5 emission was the highest in Seoul. These emission characteristics are indicating that the controlling action plan should be uniquely applied to cope with ERMP in each region. We selected extremely high PM2.5 episode days that meet the criteria of ERMP levels. In Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam region, 15, 16, and 8 days of extremely high PM2.5 cases were found, respectively, whereas Seoul showed approximately doubling of occurrences with 37 cases. However, the occurrences in summer season indicated big differences between two cities: the proportion of summer-season occurrence was 13-25% in Busan, whereas no single case have occurred in Seoul. This is suggesting the needs of comprehensive summer emission reduction plan with focusing on sulfur reduction to effectively cope with the ERMP levels in summer in the southeastern region, including Busan.

This study evaluates the quality of surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection observed by 22 internet of thing (IoT)-based mini-weather stations in Seoul in 2020 summer. The automatic weather station (AWS) closest to each IoT-based station is used as reference. The IoT-based observations show surface air temperature and relative humidity are about 0.2-4.0°C higher and about -1--22% lower than the AWS observations, respectively. However, they exhibit temporal variability similar to the AWS observations on both diurnal and daily time scales, with daily correlations greater than 0.90 for temperature and 0.82 for relative humidity. Given these strong linear relationships, it show that temperature and relative humidity biases can be effectively corrected by applying a simple bias correction method. For IoT-based precipitation detection, we found that precipitation conductivity value (PCV) during precipitation events is well separated from that during non-precipitation events, providing a basis for distinguishing precipitation events from non-precipitation events. When the PCV threshold is set to 250 for precipitation detection, the highest critical success index and the bias score index close to one, suitable for operational precipitation detection, are obtained. These results demonstrate that IoT-based mini-weather stations can successfully measure surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection with appropriate bias corrections.

이 연구는 2010년 이래 서울시교육청이 줄곧 추진해 온 ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 정책 중 교원 관련 정책의 특징을 분석한 것이다. 정책 문제와 해결책에 관한 ‘합리적 접근’의 관점을 벗어나 정책에 관한 담론적 분석을 시도하였다. 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책은 무엇을 문제로 보았는가? ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책이 표명한 정책 목표는 무엇이었는가? ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책의 정책 수단은 무엇인가? ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책의 특징은 무엇인가? 이상의 연구 문제를 다루기 위한 연구 방법으로는 ‘문서 분석’ 방법을 사용하였다. 서울시교육감의 주요 연설문과 서울시교육청의 주요업무계획 문서를 주로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, ‘서울 혁신 교육’은 학생의 성장을 위한 교육 활동에 교사들이 전념할 수 없는 여러 조건을 교원 정책의 문제로 보았으며, 표명된 정책 목표는 ‘학교 자율 운영 체제의 구축’이었다. 교원 정책의 수단은 매우 다양했으나 구체성의 수준은 대체로 낮았다. ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책의 특징으로는 다음 두 가지를 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 정책 목표가 추상적으로 제시되었고, 교원의 내적 동기와 관련된 목표 진술이 부재하다. 둘째, 교원에 관한 정책 담론은 모순적이다. 교원을 혁신 주체로, 그러나 치유 대상으로 보는 대립적 관점은 정책의 소극성으로 연결된다. 향후 ‘서울 혁신 교육’의 교원 정책이 정책적 소극성을 벗기 위해서는 교원인사정책, 교원연수정책의 가능성과 한계에 대한 진단에 기반하여, 국가 수준의 정책으로 꾸준히 요구할 것과 시･도교육청 차원에서 추진할 수 있는 개혁 방안을 구분하여 지속적으로 추진해 나갈 필요가 있다. 아울러 교원 임용 단계의 혁신과 교원의 순환 근무 기간을 연장하는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다.

This study focused on comparing the meteorological conditions in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) on high-event days and non-event days in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). We utilized observed PM10 and meteorological variables at the surface as well as at the upper heights. The results showed that high-event days were consistently associated with lower wind speed, whereas wind direction showed no particular difference between high-event and non-event days with frequent westerlies and northwesterlies for both cases. During high-event days, the temperature was much warmer than the monthly normal values with a sharp increasing trend, and Relative Humidity (RH) was higher than the monthly normal, especially on high-event days in February. During high-event days in spring, a double inversion layer was present at surface and upper heights. This indicates that stability in the multi-layer is an important indicator of higher PM10 concentrations. Net radiation in spring and winter is also closely associated with higher PM10 concentrations. Strong net radiation resulted in large sensible heat, which in turn facilitated a deeper mixing height with diluted PM10 concentrations; in contrast, PM10 concentrations were higher when sensible heat in spring and winter was very low. We also confirmed that convective and friction velocity was higher on non-event days than on high-event days, and this was especially obvious in spring and winter. This indicated that thermal turbulence was dominant in spring, whereas in winter, mechanical turbulence was dominant over the SMA.

This study analyzed future projections on daily mean values and extremes for temperature and daily precipitation over Seoul metropolitan city using bias-corrected high-resolution multi-regional climate models. The factors of uncertainty for the future projection of climate variables were defined. In the time series analysis of future projections for regional climate models, the average daily temperature and the number of days of the hot day-hot night were predicted to have a stable trend in the RCP2.6 scenario, and showed a tendency to increase continuously in the RCP8.5 scenario. The daily mean precipitation and RX1day (annual daily maximum precipitation) had large annual variabilities in the models. In the estimation of the fraction of total variance, the daily mean temperature was dominated by the internal variability in the early 21st century and the most contributing to the scenario uncertainty in the late 21st century. The daily mean precipitation showed a remarkable contribution from the internal variability over the entire period. The number of days of the hot day-hot night showed a similar contribution pattern to that of the daily mean temperature. For the RX1day, the internal variability dominated over the entire period, and the scenario uncertainty had little contribution. This study will help establish more scientific climate change adaptation policies by providing the uncertainty information for future climate change projection.

The present study aims to investigate the effects of the intonations on the syntactic interpretation of the interrogatives with a wh-expression in the Daegu-North Gyeongsang Korean and the Seoul metropolitan Korean. To this end, it analyzes the syntactic and prosodic structures of the interrogatives with an embedded wh-clause or a yes/no-question with an indefinite pronoun. Two types of perception tests, one with unmodified intonations and the other with transplanted intonations, were carried out to analyze the respondents’ interpretations of the three types of the interrogatives. The results of the test with unmodified intonations were as follows. First, more than 90% of the respondents chose appropriate answers to the three types of the wh-interrogatives with no statistically significant differences. Second, the respondents’ reaction times demonstrated with statistically significant differences that the processing load of wh-questions with matrix scope was heavier than that of wh questions with narrow scope or yes-no questions with an indefinite pronoun. Third, embedding verbs of the question-selecting predicate class such as gunggeumhada ‘wonder’ led to longer reaction time than those of the proposition-selecting predicate class such as saenggakada ‘think’. In addition, the results of the perception test with transplanted prosodies revealed two decisive factors. First, the interrogative-endings -ka/na were more influential factors in the respondents’ syntactic interpretations of wh-questions than the other endings such as –ko/no or the prosodies were. Second, wh-questions with such embedding verbs as saenggakada ‘think’ were interpreted in close accordance with the transplanted prosodic structures, but not so much so in the case of wh-questions with such embedding verbs as gunggeumhada ‘wonder’ irrespective of the prosody transplants.

서울시는 국내 광역자치단체 최초로 도시마케팅 개념을 도입하여 ‘I Seoul You’라는 도시 브랜드를 개발하였다. 이 브랜드는 세계에서도 유례를 찾아 보기 힘든 방법으로 브랜드를 개발하였다. 그것은 바로 시민 주도형 브랜드 개발이다. 이는 오픈 소스 비즈니스 전략을 활용한 것으로 관 주도의 일방적 활용이 아닌 시민 자발을 활용하는 것을 말한다. 세계적으로 도시 브랜드를 활성화하여 관광객을 유치하는 나라의 경우, 세계를 상대로 투자 유치를 이끌어 내고 있다. 이는 도시 브랜드가 지닌 힘이다. 서울시도 새롭게 도약하려면 도시 브랜드를 창출 할 필요성이 절실해졌다. 이를 통해 시민 대표와 위원회 위원 간 의견 공유의 기회를 마련하는 취지에 대해서는 동의하나 시민회의에서 위원들의 역할을 명확하게 할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 시민주도형 브랜드 개발의 활용사례와 그에 따른 효과를 조사하고 서울시 관광을 활성화하기 위해 시민 참여형 엠비언트 광고를 10가지 제안한다. 시민들의 반응도를 조사해 보았으며 설문조사의 79%이상이 앰비언트광고가 기존 광고보다 긍정적이라는 의견을 보였다. 이에 본 연구를 통해 앰비언트를 적극적으로 활용하여 시민참여형 광고를 활성화 할 필요가 있다고 본다.

We analyzed the recent characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) including PM10 (PM with diameter of less than 10μm) and PM2.5 (PM with diameter of less than 2.5μm) observed in Busan metropolitan area, and compared them with those measured in Seoul metropolitan area. This analysis includes the monthly, seasonal, and annual variations and differences, in emissions and chemical compositions observed in both Busan and Seoul areas. Synoptic meteorological conditions were investigated at the time when high PM concentrations occurred in each of the two areas. The results showed clearly decreasing trends of annual mean concentrations with strong seasonal variations: lower in summer and higher in winter in both areas. In comparison with Seoul, the seasonal variation in Busan demonstrated relatively lower, but showed greater summer fluctuations than in Seoul metropolitan area. This is implying the importance of secondary generation of PM in summer via active photochemical reaction in Busan area. In high concentration days, Busan’s chemical composition of sulfate was higher than that of nitrate in summer, whereas nitrate was higher than sulfate in Seoul. The ratios of NO3 - to SO4 2-(N/S ratio) showed lower in Busan approximately by a factor of 1/2(half of N/S ratio) in Busan compared with that in Seoul. Others such as synoptic characteristics and emission differences were also discussed in this study.

본 연구는 중등교사의 논쟁학습 실천 지향성에 따른 논쟁학습 실천 장애 인식이 어떠한지를 탐구하여 논쟁학습 중심 민주시민교육을 현장에 적용하기 위한 토대를 마련하고자 한다. ‘보이텔스 바흐 합의’의 내용이 논쟁학습의 실천 원리와 정합한다는 점에 주목하여, 서울특별시교육청교육연 구정보원과 서울교육정책연구소(2017)에서 위탁받아 시행된 ｢보이텔스바흐 합의 정신에 기반한 학교 시민교육 현장 적용 방안 연구｣에서 수집된 자료를 이차분석(secondary analysis)하였다. ‘보이텔스바흐 합의’의 핵심 내용에 대한 지지 정도에 기반한 논쟁학습 실천 지향성을 분류하여, 조사 대상자는 ‘적극적/보통/소극적’ 논쟁학습 실천 지향성 집단으로 범주화되었다. 일원분산 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소극적 실천 지향성 집단일수록 논쟁학습 내용이 교육과정과 교재 내용과의 부합성을 부정적으로 인식하며 논쟁학습의 실천을 교사의 정치적 중립 의무 위배 가능성으로 인식하는 경향성이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 둘째, 적극적 실천 지향성 집단일수록 논쟁학습 실행에 대한 제도적 제한뿐만 아니라 교사 신변의 불안정성을 뚜렷하게 인식하고 있는데, 이는 외적 장애에 민감하다는 것을 의미한다. 또한, 적극적 실천 지향성 집단이 논쟁학습에 대하여 부분적인 교수효 능감을 인식하였다. 본 연구는 조사대상이 서울시 중등 교사에 한정되어 있으나 논쟁학습의 실행 지향성 수준에 따른 논쟁학습 장애에 대한 교사의 인식 양태가 서로 다르게 나타나므로 향후 민주 시민교육 실천 확대를 위한 방안도 이에 따라 서로 차별화될 필요가 있다.

The long-term variability of summer heavy rainfall in the Seoul metropolitan area was investigated in this study for the period of 1970-2018. The study period was divided into two phases; first phase from 1970 to 1994 and the second phase was 1995 to 2018. Long-term variability of summer heavy rainfall was examined using the change-point analysis method. Annual mean heavy rainfall amounts showed increasing trends in Seoul and Incheon during summer monsoon season (June to August). Results revealed that the changes in frequency and amount of heavy rainfall were observed larger in the months of July and August as compare to June during the second phase. The upper-level trough was prominently developed at the west of the Seoul metropolitan area and the core region of the upper-level jet was shifted to the east of the area during second phase. The western North Pacific subtropical high was expanded westward and moisture flux flowed along the southwesterly wind, resultant increasing moisture supply. The temperature and humidity tended to increase recently at the lower and mid-levels.

「시설물의 안전 및 유지관리에 관한 특별법」 8조 제정에 따라 「재난 및 안전관리 기본법」상 특별관리대상시설이 제3종시설물로 편입되어 관리대상 건축물이 급증하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 서울시의 제3종시설물 중 건축물 지정현황을 파악하고, 주요 변수별 통계분석을 수행하였다. 본 연구결과는 향후 서울시가 제3종시설물 중 건축물의 관리 및 운영에 관한 시 책마련의 기반자료로 활용될 수 있다.

K패션으로 명칭되며 글로벌화를 시도하고 있는 국내 패션 브랜드가 늘어나는 추세다. 국내 브랜드의 해외 진출을 더욱 성공적으로 이끌기 위하여 해외 소비자들의 실질적 수요에 대한 정확한 분석이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 서울과 파리의 로컬 패션인 스트리트 패션을 비교하고 두 도시의 패션 스타일을 분석하여 공통점과 차이점을 파악, 이 결과와 트렌드 예측 정보와의 간극을 살펴봄으로써 트렌드 예측 정보가 스트리트 패션에 수용되는 국·내외 특성을 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구의 내용은 첫째, 스트리트 패션과 패션 트렌드 예측 정보의 관점에서 연구 방법론을 모색하였다. 둘째, 2019년 S/S 패션 트렌드 관점에서 서울과 파리의 스트리트 패션을 파악하였다. 셋째, 패션 트렌드 예측 정보 수용의 관점에서 서울과 파리 스트리트 패션의 수용 정도 및 특성을 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 서울과 파리, 두 도시에서 일반적인 스트리트 스타일이 2019 S/S 트렌드로 예측된 스타일보다 높은 비율로 나타났다. 도시 별 스타일 선호에서도 차이가 나타났는데, 서울과 파리 두 도시에서 공통적으로는 클래식이 가장 높게 나타났고, 캐주얼과 페미닌, 키치 순으로 뒤를 이었다. 패션 트렌드 예측 정보에 대한 소비자 수용 현황을 볼 때, 두 도시의 소비자들은 패션 정보 업체가 예측한 트렌드 테마 중 한정된 몇가지 테마에 집중하는 양상을 보였다.

This study was conducted in two breeding seasons in 2017 to identify nesting habits and breeding biology of barn swallows in Daejang-dong village, Bucheon city, suburban Seoul. Among the 77 barn swallow nests studied, there were 34 breeding nests -27 in the first and 12 in the second. The reuse rate of old nests was 51.6%. In addition to tile-roofed houses (20.6%), breeding nests were most common in brick houses (38.2%) and in slate-roofed houses (26.5%). Most breeding nests were in eaves (58.8%) and front doors (32.3%). The average clutch size was 4.8±0.9 in the first and 4.3±0.5 in the second. The breeding success rate was 75.0% in the first and 58.1% in the second, considering the hatching rate and the fledgling rate. It was found that the rainy season was affected by a lack of food. At least 27 pairs of nestling barn swallows and 127 young barn swallows successfully fledged were estimated to be 181. These results show that Daejang-dong village is an important suburban habitat of the Seoul metropolitan area, and that it can be used to verify the environmental conservation value of rice fields of in the Seoul metropolitan area.

Though the importance of spectral characteristics of Korean vowels in the hVd syllable has been recognized in the literature, it has never been studied whether static spectral measurements at a (steady-state) central section are enough to characterize Korean vowels in spontaneous speech, or dynamic spectral measurements across the temporal dimension can better characterize vowels. Despite ample reported evidence of the perceptual influence of non-spectral cues on spectral properties of vowels in the literature, no reports have yet been released on the difference in the degree of the perceptual influence of non-spectral cues (e.g., place and manner of the preceding or following phones, F0, speaking rate, prosody, and gender) on spectral properties of vowels. Through Neural Network pattern recognition modeling in a supervised mode, it was found that dynamic spectral models with non-spectral cues better explain vowel perception than static spectral models and furthermore, flanking phone identities, and manner and place of flanking phones are perceptually the most influential while duration, F0 and speaking rate are perceptually far less contributive than argued in the literature.