Osmia cornifrons plays a major role in the pollination of orchards, but basic information on vitellogenin and the oocyte development is limited. To better understand vitellogenin in hymenopteran insects, we cloned a cDNA encoding vitellogenin from the hornfaced bee O. cornifrons. O. cornifrons vitellogenin cDNA contains 5477 bp with an open reading frame of 1,783 amino acid residues, and has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 200.21 kDa and a pI of 6.55. O. cornifrons vitellogenin possesses four consensus (RXXR/S) cleavage sites and has conserved DGXR and GL/ICG motifs in the C-terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence of the O. cornifrons vitellogenin cDNA showed a 66% identity with Megachile rotundata, 53% to Apis mellifera, 51% to Bombus ignitus, and 42%-30% with other hymenopteran insect vitellogenins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. cornifrons vitellogenin clustered with vitellogenins from Megachildae, Apidae, Vespidae, and Formicidae species but not with those from Pteromalidae, Aphelinidae or Ichneumonidae species.

In insect exoskeleton/cuticle, structural cuticular proteins (CPs) and the polysaccharide chitin are the major components of the procuticle. CPs are cross-linked by quinones or quinone methides produced by the laccase2 (Lac2)- mediated oxidation of N-acylcatechols. We reported that two major CPs, TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, belong to the CPR family that contain the RR-2 consensus motif (Rebers & Riddiford), are essential for formation and stabilization of the rigid cuticle of Tribolium castaneum adults. In this study, we characterized and investigated functions of the third most abundant protein, TcCP30, in extracts of elytra. TcCP30 cDNA encodes a protein with 171 amino acid residues containing a putative signal peptide. Unlike TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, TcCP30 mature protein lacks an RR motif, with a very unique amino composition, 36% Glu, 21% His, 20% Arg and 16% Gly. TcCP30 gene is highly expressed right before and after eclosion (in 5 d-old pupae and 0 d-old adults). Immunohistochemical studies revealed that TcCP30 protein was present in rigid cuticle such as elytra and ventral abdomen but not soft cuticle such as hindwings and dorsal abdomen of adult T. castaneum. Injection of dsRNA for TcCP30 into late instar larvae had no affect on larval and pupal growth and development. However, the subsequent pupal-adult molt, more than 50% adults were unable to shed their exuvium and died entrapped in their pupal cuticle. In addition, the resulting adults exhibited wrinkled, warped and split elytra. TcCP30-deficient adults could not fold their hindwings properly because probably due to the malformed elytra. These results indicate that TcCP30 is critical for formation of rigid adult cuticle as well as development and growth of T. castaneum.

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, water supply and sewer line systems are also developed relevantly. Manhole is an essential component structure of the pipeline system. Manhole is a structure constructed to accommodate the direction, dimension, differences in level, and easy of maintenance in the pipeline system. In this paper we present the result of investigations pertaining to the structural behavior of PVC sewer manhole buried underground. In the paper mechanical properties of PVC material are reported. In addition, by the finite element analysis (FEA), we confirmed that a PVC double-wall corrugated pipe manhole, when it is buried underground, is safe for the stress as well as buckling strength if the manhole is constructed within the suggested limit of buried depth.

This study investigates area and size of stress part appeared when the continuous loads are applied at artificial joint. Upper and lower parts composed with polyethylene shock absorber and titanium alloy are applied with the loads. The configurations of stress distribution near the hole of support to fix the frame are investigated and secured as through this study. As the result of this study, the stress is concentrated from the edge end of upper artificial joint. The crack is initiated at this point. This analysis result is similar with the instance of tissue corruption due to the damage of artificial joint.

Recently, there are a lot of fires breaking out at special structures. To suppress this fire break down at early stage is very important because it leads to bigger damage in case of special structures. For early suppression, outer wall of building has to be destroyed and need waterproofing for Ignition temperature. So far there is no equipment developed local and all of them are imported from a broad. In this study, In this study, The CAE analysis was the Leading-in of the boom conditions for the development of demolition fire according to the environment of Korea. As a result of this, could be confirmed that decreases stress reduction. maximum 51% to 12% depending on the part. It was possible structural integrity and design. about Telescopic Boom and Outrigger on the basis of this result.

‘In structural system, a certain amount of uncertainties always persists in material properties, geometric parameters and applied loads. In this study, the structure is designed to withstand the uncertainties which are caused by either measurement inaccuracy or system complexity. Random structures are modelled by using ANSYS probabilistic design module. It can be applied easily to any structural system with random parameters. The aim of this paper is to make optimal design for the beam with random input variables due to width and height and response parameters due to displacements and stresses. The probabilistic design is also carried out with ANSYS APDL and then the optimal design is sequentially solved. As the total volume of beam, stresses and displacements at the beam are treated as random parameters, the numerical results are obtained.'

The stone pagoda of Mireuk temple site is currently restoring through the repairing process. This stone pagoda has the various construction types in the inner and outer space. Therefore, the stress concentration and structural behavior need to be considered through the analysis of various construction patterns. To this end, this study presents the structural modelling and analysis considering the discrete element analysis technique to solve the discontinuum behavior between the stone elements. Also, this study performs the structural performance evaluation through the various design variables for the safety of stone pagoda. Through the analysis results, we can find out the small stress concentration in the several members. But, because the stresses and displacements are relatively small, we can secure the safety of the whole structure.

Main topics in this study is a new structural detail for connection between H-Steel or SRC column and flat plate slab. We carried out to evaluate the punching shear performance of H-steel or SRC column + RC slab system for vertical load and lateral load. From the test results structural characteristics - yield moment, yield rotation, maximum moment, deformation capabilities ect. - are obtained and evaluated. In this paper as a shear reinforcement for supporting region of plate closed stirrup type and shear band are used, and their test results are compared.

Double walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) are considered an ideal model for studying the coupling interactions between different concentric shells in multi-walled CNTs. Due to their intrinsic coaxial structures they are mechanically, thermally, and structurally more stable than single walled CNTs. Geometrically, owing to the buffer-like function of the outer tubes in DWCNTs, the inner tubes exhibit exciting transport and optical properties that lend them promise in the fabrication of field-effect transistors, stable field emitters, and lithium ion batteries. In addition, by utilizing the outer tube chemistry, DWCNTs can be useful for anchoring semiconducting quantum dots and also as effective multifunctional fillers in producing tough, conductive transparent polymer films. The inner tubes meanwhile preserve their excitonic transitions. This article reviews the synthesis of DWCNTs, their electronic structure, transport, and mechanical properties, and their potential uses.

Recently, environmental problems associated with the excessive use of fossil fuel are hot issue throughout the world. As an alternative energy resource, the importance of renewable energy is continuously rising. Especially, growth rate of photovoltaic energy generation is one of the best. In this paper, floating PV generation system made of pultruded fiber reinforced polymeric plastic (PFRP) is discussed. It is well known that PFRP has many advantages such as high corrosion resistance, high specific strength/stiffness, etc. Compared with conventional construction materials. To investigate the structural behavior under flow induced dynamic loading, members and connections of members are tested under cyclic loading. It was found that the structural system is strong enough to resist such a cyclic loading.

To inject CO2 in geological formations, deep wells that penetrate the formations need to be constructed. The seal integrity of deep wells for CO2 leakage are enhanced by annulus cements. By injecting CO2, brine in formations can be carbonated and the potential degradation of annulus cement in the carbonated brine has been brought up. In this paper, Type G oil well cement (OWC) pastes are hydrated for 28 days. Conditions of geosequestration in a sandstone formation at a depth of roughly 1 km, was simulated by bubbling CO2 into a heated vessel containing brine. The hydrated OWC cylindrical specimens were exposed to this environment. Slices of the cement specimen were taken periodically, during and after exposure to quantify degradation progression. The elastic modulus of the specimens was examined prior to and after exposure. After 28 days of exposure, the degraded depth of specimen was measured as 4.137 mm. The elastic modulus of the specimens was measured as 2.2 GPa and 3.2 GPa prior to and after exposure respectively. Considering a composite action in the partially degraded specimen, the elastic modulus of degraded part can be extracted. The results indicated that the difference of elastic modulus in the partially degraded annulus cements could occur a composite action of deep wells subject to axial load and shear cracks would be generated due to the composite action.

Risers are often exposed to harsh ocean environments, and vulnerable to various damages. The riser failure may cause serious economical losses as well as environmental problems. Therefore, maintaining the structural integrity of the riser is very important. This paper deals with the methodology for monitoring structural integrity of the riser using dynamic characteristic changes such as mode shapes. The damage index method, which has been proved its usefulness in many applications, is applied to a numerical study to test its feasibility of identifying damage in a riser. The numerical study is performed using OcraFlex 9.4, specialized program for analyzing marine structures. The numerical study shows that the damage index method can identify damage in the riser.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a pivotal role in the synaptic transmission in the cholinergic nervous system of most animals, including insects. Most insects possess two AChEs (i.e., AChE1 vs. AChE2), which are encoded by two paralogous loci originated from the duplication that occurred before the radiation of insects. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the last common ancestor of ace1 and ace2 shared its origin with those of Platyhelminthes. In addition, ace1 lineage showed a lower evolutionary rate (d and dN/dS ratio) compared to ace2 lineage, suggesting that the ace1 lineage has maintained relatively more essential functions following duplication. Furthermore, structural modeling of AChEs revealed that consistent structural alteration in their active-site gorge topology was caused by amino acid substitution, likely leads to functional differentiation between two AChEs. The functional transition of ace in some hymenopteran insects appears to have occurred by only a few mutations resulting in dramatic alteration of AChE activity. Taken together, our findings provide basic information on when the ace duplication occurred and what structural features have been associated with the differentiation of two AChEs during evolution.

When we excavate an underground to build basement, the ground anchors are needed to prevent collapse of neighboring ground, subsidence and movement. Ground anchor construction required shore sheet piles, wales and struts as to maintain secure excavation. Existing box-type bracket using head part of ground anchor can not be possibly adjustable to the boring angle because the brackets are manufactured with unified angle in a factory. Also, box-type brackets have imperfection and instability caused by inequable force. In this study, a new bracket system is proposed. The bracket's side plate is reinforced and the angle of boring can be controlled. To investigate the structural performance of presented brackets, FEM analysis has been performed by using ANSYS commercial program. As a result, this bracket shows sufficient stability for all angle case and the strength is increased about 24% than existing bracket.

본 연구에서는 텅스텐합금강의 상부구조와 폴리에틸렌소재로 구성된 하부구조의 인공관절이 하중을 받았을때의 인공관절의 하중분포와 인공관절의 설치를 위한 지지구멍에 가해지는 응력분포에 대하여 유한요소해석을 통하여 결과값을 도출하였으며, 실물을 이용한 다음 실험을 위한 기초자료를 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 통하여 나온 해석결과의 하중분포는 텅스텐합금의 상부구조가 모서리 끝부분부터 하중이 집중되어 크랙이 발생하며 이는 의학계에 보고된 인공관절파손에 의한 조직괴사사례와 그 거동이 일치 하였다.

The research is a correlational study to look for causes and factors relating to the design of written documents (professional reading materials) and identify those relationships that are useful for communication designers. The research specifically targeted the relationships between perception and reader’s past experiences and appearance of the written documents. A preliminary survey, such as interviews, discussions, questionnaires and brainstorming sessions are conducted to establish the observable attributes related to perception which are reader’s interests, importance of information and written documents complexity. Finally, the research used Structural Equation Model (SEM) to identify significant differences and analyze strong and weak correlations between these attributes. In general, the results of the study shows that the attribute appearances of a written documents with excellent visualizations for information display shows a strong correlation with interests while the attributes importance is weakly correlated with the complexity of the documents.

In automobiles, the main source contributing to the resulting car interior noise is the combustion engine, including gearbox, driveline, intake and exhaust system, wind, tire. Interior noise of a vehicle is usually caused by the vibration of the vehicle’s body transmitted from engine und driveline through the mounting system. The vibration and sound radiation is extremely complex. The final result of interest is in any case the sound pressure in the driver’s ear canals. The transferpath are separated into structure-borne and air-borne path. In oder to estimate the contribution of these components to car interior noise, the total sound pressure in car interior is estimated by using Transferpathanalysis method. In dies paper, experimental simulation has been carried out to analyze transfer characteristics for car interior noise transferred from sound source of the engine and driveline. The results from this study could be applicable for optimal design of noise reduction system in car.