Starting from the analysis of possible antecedents, the study aims at investigating the luxury fashion vintage purchasing drivers. Luxury fashion vintage market is a specific sub-segment of the vintage sector which is currently the protagonist of an overwhelming trend which is still unexplored and neglected by recent academic research.
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of feed withdrawal on gastrointestinal weight, digestive condition, and carcass yield. The effects were studied in 36 HANWOO and 245 pigs. The weight of the gastrointestinal tract decreased with fasting time in both HANWOO and pigs. No significant differences in weight of HANWOO stomachs, intestinal tracts, and carcass yields were observed throughout the experimentals. Among pigs, significant differences in gastrointestinal tract weight were observed when comparing short fasting time (4 h) with long fasting time (above 12 h) (p<0.05). HANWOO and pigs showed no significant differences in carcass yield during fasting times. These results suggested that feed withdrawal for 16 and 12 hours is appropriate for HANWOO and pigs.
Background:After a stroke, the control of the trunk muscle may be severely impaired. Due to the importance of trunk control in complex daily postures, the ability to adopt a correct sitting posture is considered a determinant of the recovery of independent function after a stroke.Objects:The purposes of this study were to compare differences in buttock pressure between the left and right sides of hemiplegic patients and differences in their pelvic tilting angles (sagittal and coronal planes) after sitting training with visual biofeedback (VBF) in real time.Methods:Twenty-two individuals with unilateral strokes (11 left-side and 11 right-side hemiplegic stroke patients) participated in this study. Buttock pressure was measured using a pressure mat, and pelvic angles were measured using a palpation meter.Results:The asymmetry of pressure between the right and left (first and third chamber) sides was significantly decreased after the VBF training. The measurements obtained using the palpation meter revealed a significant decrease in the pelvic angles pre- versus post-intervention.Conclusion:VBF training may be distribute a patient’s buttock pressure equally while in a sitting posture and increase the length of time a stroke patient can maintain a symmetrical sitting posture. It can also improve pelvic control while sitting in a neutral position.
본 연구에서는 국내산 고려엉겅퀴를 건강기능식품 소재로 활용 시 기초자료 제공하고자 수확시기에 따른 고려엉 겅퀴의 항산화활성 및 항비만 활성의 차이를 구명하고자 수행 하였다. 2016년 6월, 7월 그리고 8월에 수확한 고려 엉겅퀴를 이용하여 지표성분 분석, 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거활성, ORAC assay 및 지방축적과 ROS 생성 억제효과를 관찰하였다. 지표성분 pectolinarin 함량은 수확시기별로 43.13 ± 0.22 ~ 95.65 ± 0.34 mg/g 로 수확 시기 가운데 2016년 8월에 수확한 고려엉겅퀴에서 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며 총 플라보노이드 함량의 경우 2016 년 8월에 수확한 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물에서 40.43 ± 0.35 mg RE/g로 수확시기 가운데 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성은 수확시기에 따른 활성 차이를 보이지 않았지만 ORAC 지수의 경우 총 플라보노이드 및 지표성분 함량의 결과와 유사하게 2016년 8월에 수확한 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물에서 6월 수확시기보다 2.4배가량 높은 ORAC 지수를 나타내었다. 수확시기별 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물은 50~200 μg/mL의 농도에서 지방세포에 대한 세포독성을 나타내지 않았으며 지방세포 분화 중 세포 내 지방축적 및 ROS 생성량을 비교한 결과, 수확시기별 고 려엉겅퀴 주정추출물을 처리한 지방세포의 경우 지방축적 량과 ROS 생성량 모두 유의적으로 억제되는 것으로 나타 났다. 따라서 고려엉겅퀴는 비만 등 대사증후군 관련 질환의 개선을 위한 건강기능식품 소재로의 활용이 기대된다.
인수공통 감염증의 하나인 톡소포자충의 검출을 위해서는 대부분은 ELISA 법이 사용 되고 있으나, 충체가 사멸 된 후에도 양성반응이 나타나는 등 사용에 제한이 있다. 반면 유전자 검출법은 현재 감염상태를 확인 할 수 있기 때문에 식중독 원인조사 등에 적합하다고 판단되어 이를 활용하여 본 연구를 진행하였다. 톡소포자충의 유전정보를 통해 529 repeat region의 염기서열을 얻고, 프라이머 및 TaqMan 프로브를 설계하여 real-time PCR을 이용한 검 출법을 개발하였다. 검출한계(lower limit of detection) 및 적정곡선을 확인한 결과 10 genomic DNA copy가 검출한 계로 확인되었고, 정량을 위한 곡선은 101~106 DNA copies 까지 0.999의 R2값을 나타내었다. 개발된 검출법의 증폭효 율을 비교하기 위해 B1 gene 타겟 프라이머 세트와 타입 별 검출한계를 비교한 결과, type 1, 2, 3 톡소포자충에서 같거나 더 나은 검출한계를 보였다. 또한 식품에서 주로 분리되는 식중독 세균 14종 및 원충 3종에 대해 특이도를 비교한 결과, 모두 음성으로 나타났다. 개발된 검출법을 식육검체에 적용하였을 때 type 1, 2, 3에서 모두 원활한 검출결과를 보여 증폭방해물질이 존재하지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 유전자검출법은 국내 유통 중인 식육에서 인수 공통감염 원충의 하나인 톡소포 자충의 감염 여부를 확인하는 사전적 모니터링의 방법으로 활용될 예정이다.
Information about time spent in microenvironments plays a critical role in exposure assessment of the person concerned, considering that personal exposure relies on the characterization of time-activity patterns of the population at risk as human activities impact the timing, location, and level of personal pollutant exposure. The purpose of this paper was to present the time-activity patterns of Korean adults from a population-based study, and to determine the time spent each day in microenvironments. The population-based study collected time-activity data of about 46,000 adults for two consecutive days on weekdays (n=28,152) and weekends (n=18,800). The mean times spent at one’s own house, workplace or school, other’s house house, restaurant or bar, other places, and transportation related to the whole sample of 28,152 people were 14.90 hrs (62.08%), 4.28 hrs (17.81%), 0.24 hrs (1.01%), 0.51 hrs (2.14%), 2.45 hrs (10.21%), and 1.62 hrs (6.74%) on weekdays, respectively. Looking at the total time spent indoors by adults in different countries, the following four countries were ranked as follows, from lowest to highest: USA > Canada > Korea > Hong Kong. Due to cultural, socioeconomic and climatic differences, it may not be appropriate to directly apply statistical data of other countries to the Korean situation. This paper provides information on how the proportion of persons in different locations changes by time of day, on weekdays and weekends. Here, we can see that over 90% of respondents were in a residence from about 11 PM to 5 AM, and the largest proportion of respondents in workplaces or schools and other places is found between 8 AM and 5 PM.
공공 건설공사 수행 중 계약기간내 공사를 완성하지 못하고 공사기간이 연장된 경우 그 지 연 사유에 대한 귀책과 추가비용 발생의 부담주체를 놓고 계약당사자간에 논란과 분쟁이 심화되고 있다. 건설공사에 있어서 공기지연에 따른 전체 공사기간이 연장된 경우 그 원인 제공을 누가 했 는지에 대한 책임을 분명히 할 필요가 있다. 공기지연 원인의 책임구분의 결과는 분명 일 방의 권리와 타방의 손해로 직결되고 명확한 책임구분이 되지 않는 경우 분쟁이 발생하게 되며 결과적으로 어느 일방은 정당하지 않은 손해를 입게 된다. 계약법상 공사기간의 연장은 계약상대자에게 책임이 있는 사유로 인해 약정한 계약기간 내 에 공사를 완성할 수 없는 경우와, 발주기관의 사정에 의해서 공사가 연장되는 경우가 대 부분을 차지하고 있다. 일반적으로 공기지연 사건이 발생한 경우 클레임을 제기하는 주체에 그 입증책임이 있는데 보통 계약상대자인 건설사가 주장·입증을 하게 된다. 이때 이를 증명 입증시 공식적인 문서 즉, 채무자에게 채무가 있고 이를 이행하지 않는 사실과 채무자에게 귀책사유가 있는 사실, 그로 인해 일정한 손해가 발생한 사실에 대한 근거를 함께 제시하여 명확히 밝혀야 한다. 또한 그 입증 결과에 따른 손해배상으로서 계약상대자인 시공사의 책임없는 사유로 인한 계약기간의 연장이 입증되면 발주기관에 연장기간 동안 발생된 ‘실비’ 보상 요구와 계약금 액 증액 청구 등의 행위가 가능함을 명심해야 한다. 하지만, 공기 연장으로 인해 발생한 손 실에 대한 보상이 가능한지의 여부는 계약당사자가 계약 문서를 통해 어떻게 합의 하였는 지에 따라 결정될 것이지만, 공기지연에 대한 귀책이 발주자나 시공자 모두에게 없는 경우 라면 원칙적으로 공기 연장은 가능하나 이에 대한 보상은 가능하지 않은 것으로 이해하여 야 한다
목적 :본 연구는 체계적 고찰을 통해 노인들의 시간사용 실태 조사에 사용된 자료에서 제시되고 있는 작업 영역이 무엇인지 알아보고 작업영역 별로 노인들의 시간사용량을 분석하고자 하였다.연구방법 :전자 데이터베이스인 Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, KISS, NDSL, KMbase, RISS를 사용하여 2001년부터 2016년까지의 논문을 검색하였다. 주요 검색 용어로 “elderly” OR “older adult” OR “senior” AND “time use” OR “use of time” OR “time allocation” OR “time usage” OR “time management”를 사용하였다. 최종적으로 포함기준에 적합한 11개의 논문을 분석대상으로 선 정하였다.결과 :11개의 논문을 분석한 결과, 모든 시간사용 측정도구들은 일상생활활동(Activities of Daily Living; ADL)과 여가를 측정하였지만 Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF)에 의한 작업영역 8가지를 모두 평가한 도구는 없었다. 휴식 및 수면을 제외하고 노인들은 수단적 일상생활활동 (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IADL)과 여가에 가장 많이 참여하였다. 또한 국내 노인들은 국외 노인들에 비해 여가시간이 적었으며 무급노동일을 하며 보내는 시간이 많았다.결론 :노인들은 주로 집에서 정적인 활동을 하며 하루를 보냈다. 따라서 작업치료사들은 노인들에게 다양 한 신체적 활동 프로그램과 사회참여 활동의 기회를 제공해야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 작업치료에서 사용 하고 있는 작업영역 개념을 사용하여 활동들을 분류한 후 시간사용량을 분석하였기 때문에 노인의 시간 사용을 이해하는데 있어 작업치료사에게 유용한 근거 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.
혈청을 이용한 분석은 다양한 질병 진단의 지표로 이용 된다. 혈청의 분리 방법, 저장시간 및 온도에서 부적절한 혈액 처리는 사이토카인의 농도와 생화학 검사결과에 영 향을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 한우를 공시하여 혈청 분 리 시기, 저장 시간과 온도가 사이토카인 및 생화학 검사 결과에 미치는 영향을 조사 하였다. 혈액은 경정맥에서 채 취하여, 26±3℃에서 1~2시간 방치 후 분리조건을 다음과 같이 4개의 그룹 (a-d)으로 나뉘어 진행하였다. a) 혈청 분 리하여 보관(대조구), b) 혈청분리 후 아이스박스 2시간 방 치 후 보관, c) 아이스박스 2시간 방치 후 혈청분리, d) 24 시간 4℃ 방치 후 혈청분리, 이러한 조건으로 분리된 혈청 은 분석 전까지 –70℃ 보관 하였다. 혈청 분리시기, 아이스 박스 또는 4℃ 저장 시간 및 온도에 따라 IFN-γ는 유의적 인 차이를 보이지 않았고, TNF-α의 농도는 그룹 a-c에 비 해 그룹 d에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮아졌다. 또한 albumin, total protein의 농도는 그룹 a보다 d에서 유의적 (p<0.01)으로 높았고, magnesium, calcium에서도 유사한 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 그러나 G-GTP의 경우 다른 그룹에 비해 그룹 d에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 가장 낮아졌다. 그러 므로 시료채취 시 농가와 실험실의 거리를 고려하여 온도와 저장시간이 혈청 내 사이토카인 및 생화학 농도에 미치 는 영향을 최소화 하여 연구 수행을 진행해야 될 것으로 사료된다.
Background:Research efforts to improve the pulmonary function of people with limited chest function have focused on the diaphragmatic ability to control breathing pattern. Real-time ultrasonography is appropriate to demonstrate diaphragmatic mechanism during breathing.Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing training using real-time ultrasonographic imaging (RUSI) on the chest function of young females with limited chest mobility.Methods:Twenty-six subjects with limited chest mobility were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) depending on the use of RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training, with 13 subjects in each group. For both groups, diaphragmatic breathing training was performed for 30-min, including three 10-min sets with a 1-min rest interval. An extra option for the EG was the use of the RUSI during the training. Outcome measures comprised the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathing, pulmonary function (forced vital capacity; FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1-sec; FEV1, tidal volume; TV, and maximal voluntary ventilation; MVV), and chest circumferences at upper, middle, and lower levels.Results:The between-group comparison revealed that the diaphragmatic excursion range during deep breathing, FVC, and middle and lower chest circumferences were greater at post-test and that the changes between the pretest and post-test values were greater in the EG than in the CG (p<.05). In addition, the subjects in the EG showed increased post-test values for all the variables compared with the pretest values, except for TV and MVV (p<.05). In contrast, the subjects in the CG showed significant improvements for the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathings, FVC, FEV1, and middle and lower chest circumferences after the intervention (p<.05).Conclusion:These results indicate that using RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training might be more beneficial for people with limited chest mobility than when diaphragmatic breathing training is used alone.
The retractable roof structure is used in various fields and it is classified for steel retractable system and soft retractable system. For the domestic industry, it is in the initial phase now and the demand of the retractable roof structure is expected to increase in the future. Therefore, this paper is classified for steel retractable system and soft retractable system from the retractable roof structures in overseas to survey and analyze the cases of wind velocity on retractable roof structure in Japan that uses the same wind velocity criteria like Korea regarding the open-close time and average open-close time for retractable roof area.
This paper is to study a technique to detect the real-time route aberrance on the passage route using bumper area of the ship domain theory. In order to evaluate the risk of route aberrance, a quarter line was created between the center line and the outer line, and a passage route with the image line outside the outer line was designed. It calculated the real-time route aberrance with the vessel bumper area to measure the risk level on the passage route. The route aberrance using overlap bumper area was simulated through three kinds of scenario vessel at the designed passage route. In this paper, we proposed Ratio to Aberrance Risk as one of the evaluation parameter to detect the route aberrance risk at each sector in the passage route and to give the evaluation criteria of 5 levels for seafarer’s navigation safety. The purpose of this work is to provide the information of the route aberrance to seafarer automatically, to make it possible to prevent the human errors of seafarer on the high risk aberrance route. As the real-time risk of route aberrance on the passage route is automatically evaluated, it was well thought that seafarer can have only a little workload in order to know the risk of route aberrance at early-time. Following the further development of this work, the techniques for detecting the real-time route aberrance will be able to use the unmanned vessel.
In order to develop an HNS safety management system to assess and visualize hazard levels via an automated method, we have conceptualized and configured a sample system. It is designed to quantify the risk of a vessel carrying HNS with a matrix method along navigational route and indicate hazards distribution with a contour map. The basic system which provides a visualized degree of hazards in real time has been introduced for the safe navigation of HNS ships. This is useful not only for decision making and circumstantial judgment but may also be utilized for HNS safety management with a risk base. Moreover, this system could be extended to address the navigational safety of marine traffic as well as of autonomous vessels in the near future if the sensors used are connected with IoT technology.
In the present study, we evaluated the effect of glucose-fructose and sucrose supplementation in glycerol-free tris (GFT) on sperm motility, viability, ROS level, apoptosis (BAX and BCL2) and motility (SMCP) related gene expression of dog sperm according to different post-thaw incubation time. The spermatozoa collected from five dogs were resuspended (5×107 cell/ml) with GFT containing 86 mM glucose and 86 mM fructose (GF-GFT) or 100 mM sucrose (S-GFT). The sperm (500 μl) were loaded in straws, cooled for 50 min at 4℃, frozen using liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor for 20 min and plunged in LN2. The progressive motility, viability, ROS (H2O2) level and mRNA expression of spermatozoa were evaluated according to post-thaw incubation time (0 h, 3 h and 6 h) at 24℃. ROS was assessed using H2DCFDA stain by flow cytometry. The relative abundances of BAX, BCL2 and SMCP were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The motility of spermatozoa cryopreserved in GF-GFT was increased throughout the post-thaw incubation time. The motility of spermatozoa cryopreserved in S-GFT was increased at 3 h of post-thaw incubation. Whereas, the sperm ROS level in GF-GFT group was decreased at 6 h of post-thaw incubation. However, the ROS level in the group S-GFT was gradually increased with the progress of post-thaw incubation period. The post-thaw incubation had no substantial effect on mRNA expression of BAX, BCL2 and SMCP genes of dog spermatozoa in both the GF-GFT and S-GFT groups. These results indicate that GF supplementation in GFT improves the progressive sperm motility during the 6 h of post-thaw incubation with maintaining similar sperm viability and is more efficient in reducing ROS after 3 h of post-thaw incubation. The addition of GF in GFT for the cryopreservation of dog spermatozoa and post-thaw incubation would open an option to achieve more functioning spermatozoa for future assisted reproduction practices.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of disaccharides supplementation in glycerol-free tris (GFT) on dog sperm cryopreservation with respect to pH adjustment of extender and post-thaw incubation. The spermatozoa collected from five dogs were resuspended (5×107 cell/ml) with GFT containing 100 mM of lactose (L), trehalose (T) or sucrose (S) or pH adjusted (6.85) 100 mM of lactose (LP), trehalose (TP) or sucrose (SP). The sperm (500 μl) were loaded in straws, cooled for 50 min at 4℃, frozen using liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor for 20 min and plunged in LN2. After thawing at 37℃ for 25 s in a water bath, the spermatozoa were incubated at 24℃ for 30 min. The progressive motility, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mRNA expression of SMCP gene were then assessed. The MMP was evaluated by combined JC-1 plus PI staining. The relative abundance of SMCP was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Adjustment of pH in GFT extender supplemented with disaccharides did not improve sperrm motility and viability. In general, post-thaw incubation increased the progressive motility of spermatozoa. The sperm motility in the group S was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other groups regardless of post-thaw incubation time. Similarly, the sperm viability in the group S was significantly (P<0.05) higher following post-thaw incubation. The higher sperm motility in the group S was also supported with the significantly (P<0.05) higher live sperm having high MMP. There was no significant difference in mRNA expression of SMCP gene among the experimental groups. These results indicate that cryopreservation of dog sperm in GFT supplemented with S and 30 min post-thaw incubation at 24℃ could provide better freezability of dog spermatozoa with improved motility and higher MMP.
Yekeo Yuhae vocabulary has 62 categories, including 4651 Chinese words. We think these words, with the characteristics of the same time, systematicness and richness are active in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. We searched five vocabulary categories, including 544 Chinese words, finding Chinese words in Yekeo Yuhae mainly from Ancient Chinese times, Middle Chinese period and period of Tang Song and Yuan Dynasties. The amount of words coming from the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the least, which reflects the inheritance and stability of the vocabulary
All elements evolution of Chinese was very intensive from Han to Tang dynasty. The interruptive interrelationship about the shapes, sounds and semantics of Chinese language and characters could be reconnected through the social material object. Stone inscriptions about ancient China are valuable material for the study of language and culture. Basing on a large amount of stone inscriptions from Han to Tang dynasty, this paper straightened out the development and evolution of “Qu” (去) as preposition in ancient China. We discussed Writing style reflected in epitaphs and the avoidance of word‟s repetition in stone inscription.