수국은 수국과(Hydrnageaceae) 수국속(Hydrangea)에 속하는 낙엽관목 식물로 크고 화려한 화색과 화형을 가져 절화, 분화 뿐만 아니라 정원용으로도 전세계적으로 인기있는 식물이다. 본 연구는 SSR 마커를 이용하여 교배에 사용된 5가지 수국 품종에 대한 유전적 유연관계를 조사하고 교배 조합 별 종자의 형성과 발아율을 조사하여 품종간 화합성과 불화합성을 확인, F1의 화서와 잎 모양의 유전 양상을 조사하기 위해 수행 하였다. 군집분석 결과 Hydrangea macrophylla와 H. serrata 로 크게 두가지 그룹으로 나뉘었고 교배결과 종내 교배와 H. macrophylla를 모본으로 종간 교배를 했을 때 획득 자손의 수에 차이가 거의 없어 두 종간 친화성이 확인되었다. 자가 수 분을 통한 종자형성은 어렵거나 생기더라도 발아가 되지 않아 자가불화합성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 또, 2018년 H. macrophylla와 H. serrata를 교배에 사용하여 총 9개 교배조 합을 통해 1,807개의 F1을 얻었고 교배 조합들 간 자손을 이용하여 화서의 유전 양상과 화서에 따른 잎의 형태를 조사하여 화서와 잎 모양의 관계를 보았다. 그 결과, 모본 또는 부본에 편평형이 있다면 F1 전체 편평형의 화서 유형을 보였다. 화서 모양이 원형인 자손은 원형 화서 끼리의 교배를 통해서만 얻었다. 또, 원형의 자손의 잎은 전체적으로 엽폭과 엽장이 비슷 한 원형에 가까웠고, 편평형 자손들의 잎 모양은 엽장이 엽폭 보다 큰 길쭉한 타원형에 가까웠다. 그 중, 편평형과 원형의 혼합 교배를 통해 얻어진 F1 자손들에서는 잎의 모양이 원형 과 타원형의 중간형태임을 확인하였다. 이를 통해, 화서의 형 태는 단일 유전자에 의한 우성 열성 유전임을 확인하였고 잎은 화서 유형과 연관되어 있으며 중간 유전 형태임을 확인하 였다. 본 연구결과는 수국의 유전 육종에 관한 기초자료로써 교배 조합 작성 단계 또는 1년생 실생의 잎 모양을 통한 빠른 화서 모양 선발과 분리가 가능하여 육종 기간 단축을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

현재 양송이 품종의 개발은 1980년대에 개발된 방법에 의존하여 진행되고 있다. 유전자가위를 이용한 유전자교정 기술이 다양한 분야에서 각광받고 있고, 이 기술을 버섯 육종에도 적용하기 위하여 진행된 이 연구에서는, CRISPR/Cas9 활용에 필수적인 원형질체 분리 효율을 1.0 × 10 8 /mL까지 안정적으로 끌어올렸고, spermidine을 이용하여PEG 형질전환의 효율 또한 기존 방법에 비해 100배가량 끌어올렸음을 보고한다.

현재 양송이 종균은 1980년대 개발된 방법으로 제조되고 있어, 양송이 종균 품질 향상을 위한 새로운 제조 방법을 개발하였다. 그 결과 균사체량이 5.92±0.52 g/L로 가장 많이 배양된 CDB(compost dextrose broth) 배지에서 24oC에서 120 rpm으로 진탕 배양(24시간/일) 하는 통기 식(2.5 L/min) 액체배양법으로 배양기간 10일이 액체 접종원 사용으로 양호했으며, 양송이 밀 배지 종균 생산은 밀 배지 50 g당 액체 접종원 1 ml을 적정 접종량으로 하여 10일 배양하면 종균의 뭉침과 흔드는 작업없이 적절하게 배양되었음을 보고한다.

기후변화에 대비하여 고온성 양송이 백색 품종을 육성한 결과는 다음과 같다. 모본은 KMCC00540, KMCC00591, KMCC00643을 선발하였고, ISSR과 SSR마커로 각각 동 핵균주를 선발하여 교잡하였다. 선발 교잡주를 고온 20~25 o C, 습도 80% 이상에서 3반복으로 재배하여 농업적 형질과 자실체 특성의 변이가 가장 적은 것은 Abs4-2016- 121 계통이었다. 이 계통은 KMCC00000와 KMCC0000를 교잡한 계통이며, 경주와 부여 농가에서 현장실증시험결과 Abs4-2016-121 계통이 자실체 경도가 높으며 고온에서 갓 개열이 지연되어 고온성 품종 ‘하담’으로 육성하였다.

본 연구는 실제 대인관계에서 형성된 관계의 친밀감이 게임 플레이 시 플레이어의 게임 및 사용자 경험에 영향을 줄 것이라 보았다. 그러나 사회적 관계 정도에 따른 게임 사용자 경험에 차이가 있음에도 불구하고 지금까지의 선행 연구에서는 게임 플레이어의 사회적 네트워크나 팀워크에 대해 분석한 연구는 매우 드물다. 따라서 본 연구는 모바일 전략 게임 내에서 플레이어 간의 사회적 관계 정도가 게임에 대한 협동심, 만족, 이용의도에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위해 모바일 게임 앱 플레이테스트 실험처치 방법론을 통해 분석하였다. 또한 사회적 관계에 따른 효과의 차이를 순수하게 알아보기 위해 참여자의 게임 몰입(Flow)을 공변량(Covariance)으로 하여 공분산분석(ANCOVA)을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 실시간 전략 게임인 ‘클랜시 오브 로얄' 게임 앱을 이용하여 진행되었다. 연구결과, 사회적 관계가 높을수록 게임에 대한 협동심과 만족은 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 본연구의 결과는 모바일 게임 기획 시 플레이어의 인적 네트워크와 게임 진행 방식에 대한 이론적, 실무적 함의를 갖는다.

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the most commercially important mushrooms cultivated in Korea. However, the shelf-life of the fruiting body is short, limiting its export. A new hybrid strain H17 of P. eryngii was developed to extend the shelf-life by mono-mono crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from DanBi and KNR2774. Although the cultivation period of H17 was slightly longer than that of the reference cultivar Kenneutari No.2, the quality did not change and remained normal after a period of 65.0 days at 4°C. This result was significantly different from that of the reference cultivar Kenneutari No.2. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new hybrid strain H17 revealed a different profile from that of the parental and reference cultivars when random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers was used. These results demonstrate that H17 is a new cultivar with improved storability after harvesting.

Cumulative effects are defined as the joint and aggregated effects of many factors and processes. Their consideration in landscape and environmental assessments are integral at both the project and strategic level, and they can help to bridge the different spatial and temporal scales. The primary challenge of conducting cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) is the difficulty in understanding the complicated nature of cumulative effects. We used three criteria for a systematic understanding of the barriers to addressing cumulative effects that are critical for improving knowledge systems for sustainable development and environmental assessment: salience, credibility, and legitimacy, and analyzed three cases through a variety of studies and resources: the Middle Humber in the U.K., the Transboundary Crown of the Continent in the U.S. and Canada, and the Great Sandhills in Canada, to understand how CEAs have been applied and obstructed in terms of the three criteria. In addition, a series of focus group interviews with experts and practitioners were performed to illuminate the critical barriers based on the criteria for addressing CEA in the context of South Korea. Based on the lessons, we suggest several key strategies such as securing a cooperative consulting process, and active and transparent partnerships; using a strategic environmental assessment as a framework; understanding and incorporating stakeholder knowledge; using advanced computer modeling and simulation techniques including effective visualization tools; and preparing a simple model design and understandable scientific information.

Edible biopolymer films were developed from the exopolysaccharides (EPS) extracted from Weissella confusa 113-2. The optimum composition for film formation was determined using the response surface analysis with the explanatory variables of the EPS (0.5-5.5%) and glycerol (0.5-5.5%) concentrations and the response variable of film elastic modulus (EM). The mass ratio of distilled water to solids was set constant (14:1). Tensile strength (TS), percentage elongation at break (%E), EM, water vapor permeability (WVP) of EPS films were evaluated. The glass transition temperatures of the films were also determined by a dynamic mechanical analysis. The optimum mass ratio of EPS to glycerol was 0.754:0.375. The WVP, TS, %E, and EM of the film under the optimal composition were 3.53±0.21 g·mm/kPa·h·m2, 7.03±0.49 MPa, 84.82±12.31%, and 62.03±6.93 MPa, respectively. The glass transition temperature varied from 54 to 83 °C. The EPS film has the potential to be applied to food products as an edible film with physical and barrier properties comparable to other biopolymer edible films.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heel off stairway walking exercise on the increase of muscle activity and balance activity of the ankle joint muscles in university students with functional ankle instability. The conservative treatment for the control group consisted of stairway walking (n=10) and the experimental group consisted of heel off stairway walking (n=11). The therapeutic intervention of the control and experimental groups was performed a total of 12 exercise sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. To compare the two groups, the level of ankle disability was assessed by using the EMG, BT4 and Pedoscan in pre-treatment and post-treatment. Muscle activity increased in both the experimental groups and control groups in each group, however there was no significant difference between the groups. Balance ability did not show any significant difference. This study demonstrates that heel-off stairway walking is effective in significantly increasing muscle activity, however did not significantly improve balance ability.

In a previous study, it was reported that enzymatic hydrolysis under pressurization could be a new method which could produce arginine dipeptide and free amino acid in anchovy hydrolysate as salty enhancer at optimal condition. Powder is more efficient than liquid in terms of transport and storage stability. For the purpose of producing spray dried powder of various salt contents was investigated the effect of different salt concentration of anchovy hydrolysate on spray dried powder properties. The anchovy hydrolysate of various salt contents(in the range of approximately 0.7- 19.8% w/w) prepared adding the fish sauce (Dae-Young fish market) at inlet drying air temperatures of 120°C and 140°C. The process yield and physicochemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity and the morphology (EDS, XPS, XRD) of the anchovy hydrolysate powder was measured. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the powders equilibrated under various water activities were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Different drying conditions and salt concentration could generate anchovy hydrolysate powders with different process yield, bulk density and moisture content. The spray-dried anchovy hydrolysate powder was confirmed by XRD to be a mixture of an amorphous substances and crystalline salts. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the surface NaCl concentration of the powders increased with an increasing drying air temperature. Increasing moisture adsorption of the anchovy hydrolysate powders resulted in a Tg reduction. It is suggested that producing spray dried anchovy hydrolysate for the industrial use is the use of the feed salt concentration of not lower than % w/w and inlet air temperature at 120°C, 140°C

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae B is a powerful biological control agent against Monochamusalternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, production of destruxins(dtxs), insecticidal cyclic hexadepsipeptides, was monitored in the submerged culture of M. anisopliae B. Three typesof dtxs, i.e., destruxin A, B, and E, were produced during the culture. Among the three dtxs, the production yield ofdestruxin A was best, followed by destruxin B and E. Destruxin A production was increased when pH was controlledat 6.0, whereas production of destruxin E was not affected by the pH control. The highest yield of dtxs A, B, and Ewere 16.4, 7.3, and 6.1 mg L-1, respectively. Considering that process for dtxs production has not been optimized, M.anisopliae B has more powerful implication as a biocontrol agent.

Microsatellite SSR markers were developed and utilized to reveal the genetic diversity of 32 strains of Flammulina velutipes collected in Korea, China, and Japan. From SSR-enriched library, 490 white colonies were randomly selected and sequenced. In the 490 sequenced clones, 85 clones (17.35%) were redundant. Among the remaining 405 unique clones, 201 clones (49.6%) contained microsatellite sequences. As a result, 12 primer pairs produced reproducible polymorphic bands within diverse 4 strains and these selected markers were further characterized in 32 Flammulina velutipes strains. A total of 34 alleles were detected using the 12 markers, with an average of 3.42 alleles and the number of alleles ranged from two to seven per locus. The major allele frequency ranged from 0.42 (GB-FV-127) to 0.98 (GB-FV-166), and values for observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.94 (mean = 0.18) and from 0.03 to 0.67 (mean = 0.32), respectively. SSR loci amplified with GB-FV-127 markers gave the highest polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.61 and mean allele number of five, while for loci amplified with GB-FV-166 markers these values were the lowest, namely 0.03 and two. The mean PIC value (0.29) observed in the present study with average number of alleles (3.42). The genetic relationships among 32 Flammulina velutipes strains based on SSR data were generated by UPGMA cluster analysis. In conclusion, we succeeded in developing 12 polymorphic SSRs markers from SSR-enriched library of Flammulina velutipes. These SSRs are presently being used for phylogenic analysis and evaluation of genetic variations. In future, these SSR markers will be used in clarifying taxonomic relationships among the Flammulina velutipes.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most important pests of vegetable crops worldwide. This species cause direct damage by feeding on plant nutrients and indirect damage as transmits many virus vectors. The control of aphid has relied on the use of chemical insecticides and their intensive use over many years has led to the development of resistance. To surmount or avoid these problems, we screened the entomopathogenic fungi against green peach aphid and evaluated their virulences. Several entomopathogenic fungal isolates were selected with high virulence to green peach aphid. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the selected fungal isolates was tested and analyzed to phytopathogens. Consequently, these entomopathogenic fungi would be used effectively for dual control agents for the green peach aphid and phytopathogen.