The seasonal variations of sea surface winds and significant wave heights were investigated using the data observed from the marine meteorological buoys (nine stations) and Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in lighthouse (nine stations) around the Korean Peninsula during 2010~2012. In summer, the prevailing sea surface winds over the East/West Sea and the South Sea were northerly/southerly and easterly/westerly winds due to both of southeast monsoon and the shape of Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, the strong northerly winds has been observed at most stations near Korean marginal seas under northwest monsoon in winter. However, the sea surface winds at some stations (e.g. Galmaeyeo, Haesuseo in the West Sea) have different characteristics due to topographic effects such as island or coastal line. The significant wave heights are the highest in winter and the lowest in summer at most stations. In case of some lighthouse AWSs surrounded by islands (e.g. Haesuseo, Seosudo) or close to coast (e.g. Gangan, Jigwido), very low significant wave heights (below 0.5 m) with low correlations between sea surface wind speeds and significant wave heights were observed.

In this study, the regional climate (WRF) and air quality (CMAQ) models were used to simulate the effects of future urban growth on surface ozone concentrations in the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR). These analyses were performed based on changes in ozone concentrations during ozone seasons (May–June) for the year 2050 (future) relative to 2012 (present) by urban growth. The results were compared with the impacts of RCP scenarios on ozone concentrations in the SMR. The fractions of urban in the SMR (25.8 %) for the 2050 were much higher than those (13.9 %) for the 2012 and the future emissions (e.g., CO, NO, NO2, SO2, VOC) were increased from 121 % (NO) to 161.3 % (NO2) depending on emission material. The mean and daily maximum 1-h ozone in the SMR increased about 3 - 7 ppb by the effect the RCP scenarios. However, the effect of urban growth reduced the mean ozone by 3 ppb in the SMR and increased the daily maximum 1-h ozone by 2 - 5 ppb over the northeastern SMR and around the coastline. In particular, the ozone pollution days exceeding the 1-h regulatory standard (100 ppb) were far more affected by urban growth than mean values. As a result, the average number of days exceeding the 1-h regulatory standard increased up to 10 times.

We analyzed with HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis photosynthetic pigments and environmental factors, microscopic observations of the phytoplankton and zooplankton in the seawater every month from February 2009 to November 2010 in Haengam Bay. The level of dissolved inorganic nutrients was the highest between July and September, when freshwater influx was at its peak, whereas chlorophyll a levels were the highest in April and August. Also, phytoplankton pigment concentration increased when dissolved inorganic nutrients are carried into nearshore waters by rainfall runoff. Based on identification of phytoplankton and photosynthetic pigments results, diatoms were mainly dominant while dinoflagellate populations increased at July and August 2009, May 2010. The zooplankton communities are dominated in terms of Noctiluca scintillans. The contribution of Noctiluca scintillans in 2010 accounts for approximately 77.3% of the total zooplankton. Distribution patterns over time of zooplankton in the seasonal distribution of phytoplankton showed a different pattern.

The purpose of this study is to identify the materials flow of aluminum cans from its production, manufacturing, distribution, consumption to its discarding, while finding problems in the materials flow diagram in carrying out recycling, and to present improvement measures for relevant systems and policies. Through various statistics, it was found that the actual amount of aluminum ingots distributed in Korea is 1,808,597 tons. From this 381,802 tons of aluminum plates were used for domestic uses, 75,070 tons were used to produce cans, and it was found that 50,073 tons of can products were produced and distributed in Korea. The 50,073 tons of wastes for separate collection was 96% and recycling was 76% for a total of 38,297 tons for recycling. Upon examining the recycling path, it was found that can-to-can was 35% equivalent to 13,403 tons, while 14,100 tons were melted for alloys and 10,794 tons were used as deoxidizing agents for blast furnaces. According to such studies, a materials flow diagram was drafted and the problems in recycling for each stage were reviewed. In result, plans to improve packaging materials and structures in the production stage, plans to restrict inclusion of foreign particles in the discard and selection stage, plans to provide different support in funding and granting quality ratings in the sorting and compression stages, and plans to apply as recycling designated business systems for high-value recycling in the resourcing stage were proposed.

The spatial and temporal changes of the annual mean urban heat island(UHI) intensity were investigated using near surface temperature data measured at 16 automatic weather systems(AWS) in Busan metropolitan area(BMA) during the 11-yr period, from 2000 to 2010. For nighttime, the annual mean UHI intensity at Dongnae(U1) in 2000 was weaker than it in 2010. However the change of the annual mean UHI intensity at Daeyeon(U2) during 11 years was different from it at U1. The annual frequency of the UHI intensity over 5℃ considerably increased at U2 and decreased at U1 during 11 years. The center of the UHI also spatially shifted southward with Daeyeon and Haeundae in BMA. It would be caused by the increase of urban area, population-density and transportation near U2 and by the decrease of them near U1. We found that the spatial and temporal differences of the UHI intensity have coincided with changes of land-use, population density and transportation in BMA.

Although understanding and interesting of safety and maintenance on domestic facilities are important, there is little recent on a comprehensive and integrated survey of actual condition. Therefore this study asserts the necessity of the survey methodology. The purpose of this study is to investigate current situation and to suggest integrated facility breakdown structure, and to establish survey process of actual condition on domestic infrastructure facilities and buildings.

Field emergence of Azuki bean is poor due to hard seed coat as compared to other legumes. In this study, an attempt was made to develop prediction method with regression analysis based on various seed vigor tests in laboratory for field emergence of azuki bean. Azuki bean seeds artificially aged to provide various levels of seed quality were evaluated by the standard germination test (SGT), cold germination test (CT), cool germination test (CGT), complex stressing vigor test (CSVT), tetrazolium(TZ) vigor test and electroconductivity test. The SGT was suitable for predicting the field emergence in the unaged high vigor seeds. The abnormal seedling percentage and shoot length in the CGT were highly correlated with field emergence of moderate vigor seeds artificially aged for 2 days. Electroconductivity, seed viability in the CSVT, and vigor and predicted germinability in the tetrazolium vigor test were also useful for predicting field emergence. Percent of ungerminated seed in the CSVT was correlated with field emergence in the low vigor seeds artificially aged for 4 days. In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, seed viability in the SGT, normal seedling percentage and dry matter weight in the CGT accounted for 86.9% of the predicted value of field emergence in azuki bean.

The purpose of this study was to develop the cost-effective and efficiency seed longevity prediction method of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for viability monitoring. To find an optimum predicting method for rice seed longevity at genebank, an accelerated ageing (AA) test, a controlled deterioration (CD) test and a dry-heat treatment (DHT) were conducted to the four groups of rice germplasm based on ecotype, such as Indica, Japonica, Javanica and Tongil type. Among the three artificial aging treatments, the dry-heat treatment of 36 hours at 90°C is suggested as a routine predictive test method of rice germplasm longevity at a genebank. The distribution of germination rate on 3,066 accessions which conserved 26.5 years at 4°C showed similar trend with the result of distribution by dry-heat treatment at 90°C on 36 hours using 106 accessions of rice selected samples which composed four ecotype groups. The results show that the dry-heat treatment affect not only predicting the rice seed longevity but also determining effective interval for monitoring germination of rice germplasm in genebanks.

The purpose of this study was to know the seed longevity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for effective viability monitoring. The longevity was determined via germination tests of 3,066 accessions of rice germplasm from the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea. The rice germplasm accessions have been conserved at a mid-term storage (4°Csealed metal can on either sides for 25~26.5 years. The final germination percentages of 3,066 rice germplasm accessions of 6.5±1.0% seed moisture content with 94% initial germination stored at 4°C for 26.5 years declined to 47% while at -18°C for 25 years maintained high germinability as 93%. Germination time courses, which represent the average performance of rice ecotypes stored at 4°C and 30% RH, were fitted regression equation, to calculate the time at which germination characteristically declined to 50% (P50). These P50 values of Indica, Japonica, Javanica and Tongil type in rice were 39.9, 22.9, 25.4 and 31.8 years, respectively. The rice germplasm stored at 4°C could be clustered in 4 groups using quartile of final germination after 26.5 years storage. The seed longevity (P50) of each group was estimated by regression equation of changed germination percentages according to storage periods. The P50 values of group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ, group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ were 21.1, 23.6, 30.0 and 75.7 years.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tenofovir in HBV patients at 12 months after treatment. A total of 122chronic hepatitis B patients who took tenofovir for at least 12 months were enrolled. We measured ALT levels, HBeAg, anti-HBe, HBV DNA, and serum creatinine at six and 12 months after treatment. The virological response rate at six and 12 months after treatment in naïve patients was 27.1% and 41.7%, respectively. High virological response rate at six and 12months after treatment showed an association with initial low HBV DNA titer and initial negative HBeAg status.

화석연료의 연소나 유류 오염 등으로 인해 발생하는 PAHs는 우리 주변 어디에서나 존재하는 위험한 오염물질 중 하나로, 생태계에 영향을 끼치며 작물 생육에도 영향을 준다. PAHs는 작물에서도 흡수가 가능하기 때문에, 작물생육에 대한 저해 효과를 알아보기 위해 콩과 벼에 대한 영향을 유묘기부터 검정하였다. PAHs가 처리된 토양에서 자란 벼와 콩의 초장과 건물중은 다소 감소하였고, 벼보다 콩에서 생장 저해가 강하게 발생되었다. 토양에 100 ppm 농도에서 처리된 경우 콩의 초장은 58.9 cm로 처리되지 않은 콩의 87.2% 값을 보였다. 벼의 경우, 처리 후 80일 100 ppm에서 자란 벼가 처리되지 않은 벼의 96.0% 값을 보여, 초장에 있어서 저해 효과가 낮게 나타났다. 광합성과 관련된 엽록소 함량과 엽록소 형광은 PAHs 처리 후 20일부터 70일까지 저해가 약간 되었지만, 출수기 이후는 저해 정도가 약하게 나타났다. 어린 유묘의 한천 배지 실험은 100 ppm phenanthrene 농도일 때, 성숙한 작물의 폿트 실험과 비교시 유묘 길이와 생체중의 저해가 높게 나타났다. 벼에서는 유묘 길이와 생체중이 각 각 54.2%, 33.3% 감소하였고, 콩에서는 각 각 27.9%, 13.2% 감소되었다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 PAHs은 성숙기보다 영양 생장 초기에 저해가 높게 발생하며, 영양생장기의 피해는 콩보다 벼에서 저해가 높게 발생하였다.

The ultimate aim of this study is producing the plan of the safety and research on the actual condition for facility to prepare a deterioration of the public facility. Through this scientific and methodical research on the actual condition, we can obtain required information for making policy which is used for general maintenance and the result of this study will give us a primary plan.

제주피의 발아특성 및 파종 심도에 따른 초기 생육 특성을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 사료피 1호 종자는 15℃ 이상에서 발아가 가능하였으며, 10-25℃의 범위에서 20℃에서 가장 높은 발아율을 보였다. 나. 입모율은 담수와 직파에서 모두 20℃에서 가장 높았으며, 담수직파에서 평균 입모율은 5.9%, 건답직파는 70.5%로 나타났다. 다. 사료피 1호의 출아가 가능한 종자의 최대 파종 깊이는 담수직파에서 15, 20, 25℃에서 0.5, 1.8, 1.5 cm, 건답직파는 각각의 온도에서 9.5, 10.0, 9.9 cm로 파종조건과 온도에 따라 변이를 보였다. 라. 사료피 1호는 담수와 건답직파 모두에서 온도와 관계없이 파종심도와 중배축장이 정의상관관계를 보여, 출아에 중배축 신장이 가장 크게 영향을 미치고 있을을 알 수 있다.

This study was performed to examine whether it is possible to promote rice growth by midsummer drainage without damage of golden apple snails in environmentfriendly rice farming. The effect of drainage on the life of snails was examined in a greenhouse before the filed experiment. Spats (young shells) of snails survived 100% at 12 days after drainage, and 93.3% at 15 days after drainage. The midsized shells survived 100% at 9 days, 93.3% at 12 days, and 86.6% at 15 days after drainage. In the field experiment, 10-days drainage did not affect the snail population and there was no significant difference of weeding activity of snails between the midsummer drainage treatment and the continuous submerged treatment. The plant height and the effective tiller number in the midsummer drainage treatment were higher than those of the continuous submerged treatment. The rice yield of midsummer drainage plot was 511kg/10a, which was 66kg/10a higher than 445kg/10a of continuous submerged plot. In conclusion, midsummer drainage could increase rice growth and yield without damage of golden apple snails in the environment-friendly rice farming.

국내 대기업 물류회사(2자 물류기업)의 물류시장 대거 잠식으로 국내 물류시장의 3자 물류 비중은 약 30% 수준으로 매년 축소되고 있다. DP, DHL 등 글로벌 3자 물류기업은 글로벌 물류시장 장악력을 강화하고 있는 반면 국내 중, 소규모의 3자 물류 기업은 성장의 한계에 부딪혀 세계 물류시장에서 차지하는 비중은 극히 미미하다. 다행스럽게도 새 정부의 중소기업 육성 강화정책과 UN의 아시아지역, 개도국 공급선 확대 추세는 아주 긍정적인 환경이라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 때에 국내 중소 물류기업이 유엔 조달 물류시장에서 글로벌 네트워크를 가진 유럽, 미국계 기업들과 경쟁하여 입찰에 성공할 수 있게 도움을 주기 위하여 운송사례 연구와 SWOT 분석으로 국내외 물류환경 여건을 분석하여 세부적인 산학협력방안 및 정부의 지원 방안을 제안하고자 한다.

전통육종과 marker assisted selection(MAS)를 함께 활용하는 방법이 최근 국내 상업육종에서 활발히 사용되고 있다. 식물 유전학의 빠른 발달과 차세대 유전체 염기서열 분석(NGS) 기술이 발전함에 따라, 대량 분자표지를 저렴한 가격에 확보할 수 있는 시대가 되었기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 고추의 전사체 정보를 이용하여 SNP를 분석하고 Fluidign probe를 자동으로 디자인할 수 있는 파이프라인을 작성하였다. 또한 SNP를 calling하기 위해 총 6개의 accession(5개의 C. annuum과 1개의 C. chinense)의 전사체 염기서열을 Illumina 플랫폼으로 분석하였고, reference 염기서열은 고추 EST DB를 사용하였다. 분석한 SNP의 유전적 위치를 알기 위하여, UC-DAVIS의 고밀도 고추 유전자 지도와 연계하였다. Fluidigm probe를 design할 수 있는 조건으로 SNP를 filtering한 결과, short read의 depth가 10 이상을 기준으로 총 567개의 SNP를 분석하였고, 총 412개의 probe를 디자인하였다. 제작한 412개의 porbe와 논문에 공개된 SSRs, COSII 분자표지들, 2개의 고추 내병성 형질을 이용하여, 현재 내병성 고추 품종을 육성하기 위한 marker assistant breeding(MAB)을 진행 중에 있다.

본 연구에서는 안정한 조 생산은 위한 친환경적 유기재배를 위한 잡초관리 방법 개선과 효율적인 작부체계 개선을 위하여 조의 파종법과 피복작물인 헤어리베치와 호밀이 조의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 1. 출수일 비교시 비닐피복 이식구에서 4일, 헤어리베치 이식구에서 3일 먼저 출수하였다. 초장은 헤어리베치 이식구, 비닐피복 이식구와 직파구, 헤어리베치 직파구 순으로 92.4%, 86.9%, 50.2%, 24.6%로 차이를 보였으며 가장 작은 호밀 직파구와는 -63.7%의 차이가 나타났다. 엽록소 함량과 엽록소형광에서는 비닐피복구와 헤어리베치구 높게 나타났다. 2. 헤어리베치구에서 방제가가 70% 이상으로 높았으며, 화본과와 광엽 잡초의 분류 비교시 헤어리베치구에서는 화본과와 광엽잡초 모두 90% 이상의 억제율을 나타났으며 호밀구에서는 화분과 잡초에서는 47% 이상, 광엽잡초에서는 90% 이상의 억제효과가 나타났다. 3. 수량비교에서는 헤어리베치 이식구>비닐피복 이식구>호밀구 이식구≒무처리 이식구>헤어리베치 직파구>비닐피복 직파구>호밀구 직파구≒무처리 직파구 순으로 나타났다.

국내 국제물류주선업체가 직면한 수익성 악화, 고용 불안 및 포화 상태에 있는 국내 물류시장에 대하여 알아보고 글로벌 시장 진출을 위한 블루오션 전략으로 유엔 조달시장 현황, 참가 방법, 성공적인 진출 방안, 글로벌 진출 활성화 지원책들을 연구한다. 현재 유엔 조달물류시장에 대한 국내의 연구 자료가 없지만, 저자가 조달 물류서비스 입찰에 참여한 경험으로 유엔 조달 물류시장 진출 방안은 유엔 벤더로 등록한 물류기업에 대한 정부의 해외진출사업 지원 확대, KOTRA "P300 프로젝트"에 선정된 물류 선도 기업들에 제공되는 유엔 조달 지역 입찰 정보를 활용한 경쟁력 제고, 유엔 조달 물류 특성상 오지 지역 운송에 대한 글로벌 네트워크 구축, 정부의 기존 해외인턴제도와 연계한 전문 인력양성 교육 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

이 연구의 목적은 기술․가정 교과 ‘전통 기술의 이해’ 단원에서 ‘모형 거중기 만들기’를 주제로 STEAM 교육을 위한 수업 자료를 개발하는데 있다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 통합교육 이론 및 STEAM 이론을 고찰하고, ‘전통 기술의 이해’ 단원을 분석하였으며 선행 연구에서 주제 선정 기준을 분석하여 STEAM 수업자료 개발을 위한 주제 선정 기준을 정하였다. 그리고 수업자료 개발 모형에 따라 ‘전통 기술의 이해’ 단원에서의 STEAM 수업자료를 개발하였다. STEAM 수업 자료의 개발을 위한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 수업자료의 통합적 접근은 간학문적․활동중심 통합방식에 따랐으며 이를 통해 STEAM 통합교육 및 체험교육이 될 수 있었다. 둘째, 이 수업자료는 거미줄망 작성을 통해 교과간 내용 연계와 학습내용을 선정하고 조직하였다. 셋째, 이 연구에서 개발된 STEAM 수업자료는 ‘모형 거중기 만들기’를 활동 과제로 한 수업 과정안, 학생 활동지, 활동지 해설, 파워포인트 자료 등으로 구성되어 있다.

This study was conducted to examine effects of plant growth regulators and light resources on the formation of multiple shoot and plant regeneration of Hovenia dulcis var. koreana Nakai. Stem and shoot tip were cultured on MS medium or WPM supplemented with various plant growth regulators. At the single treatment, the highest shoot formation was obtained when stem explants were cultured on WPM supplemented with kinetin 1.0mg·L-1. MS medium containing NAA 0.1 and TDZ 0.1mg·L-1 gave the best results for shoot induction rate and shoot growth in combination treatments. Of the BAP and kinetin tested, BAP 0.5mg·L-1 on WPM was found to be more effective for shoot growth from shoot tip. Under white fluorescent light treatment, shoot growth was much higher than blue, red LED treatments. Root induction from in vitro growth of plantlet was the best on WPM supplemented with 1.0mg·L-1 IBA. The results suggest that selection of plant growth regulators and light resources could be important factor to achieve an efficient in vitro growth.