This experiment was carried out to figure out the CO2 biomass and the growth response of Chinese cabbage and radish grown under the condition of high temperature and high CO2 concentration to provide the information for the coming climatic change. Chinese cabbage and radish were cultivated in spring and autumn seasons under 4 treatments, 'ambient temp.+ambient CO2 conc.', 'ambient temp.+elevated CO2 conc.', 'elevated temp.+ ambient CO2 conc.', and 'elevated temp. +elevated CO2 conc.'. The 'elevated temp,' plot was maintained at 5 higher than 'ambient temp. (outside temperature)'and the 'elevated CO2 cone.' plot was done in 650 ppm CO2. The growth of spring-sown Chinese cabbage was worse than autumn-sown one, and was affected more by high temperature than high CO2. concentration. The CO2 biomass of Chinese cabbage was lower as 25.1-39.1 g/plant in spring-sown one than 54.8-63.4 g/plant of autumn-sown one. Daily CO22 fixation ability was not significantly different between spring- and autumn-sown Chinese cabbage as 1.9-2.9, 2.7-3.1 kg/10a/day, respectively. The CO2 biomass of radish were 87.4-104.6 /plant in spring-sown one and 51.3~76.4 g/plant in autumn-sown one. Daily CO2 fixation ability of radish were 6.2-10.1 kg/10a/day in spring-sown one and 4.6-6.9 kg/10a/day in autumn-sown one.

한국 고추 주산지에서 '금탑', '부강' 품종을 1998년과 1999년에 재배하여 4회에 걸쳐 홍고추를 수확하였다. 과실 내적품질로 환원당, capsaicinoids, 비타민C 함량을 측정하여 고추 성장기간의 온도, 강우량, 일조시간의 기상여건과 상관을 살펴보았다. 고추의 환원당 함량은 늦게 수확할수록 높아지는 경향을 보이고 있다. Capsaicinoids 함량은 수확시기별, 년도별 편차가 심하게 나타났으며. 비타민 C의 함량은 품종보다 기상여건에 더 많은 영향을 받았다. 기상여건과의 고추 성분별 상관은 환원당 함량에서는 수확 전 강우량과 음의 상관을, 일조시간과는 높은 양의 상관이 있었다. Capsaicinoids와 비타민 C 함량은 수확 전 강우와 음의 상관이 나타냈는데, 비타민 C의 경우 두 품종 모두 비교적 높은 결정계수(R2 값)를 보였다.

본 연구는 지황의 플러그 육묘 재배가 생산량을 증가시킬 수 있는지 평가하고, 강원도 남부지역에 플러그 육묘를 이용한 지황 재배 시 중부지역의 직파재배만큼 생산량을 늘릴 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. 수량의 경우 음성 육묘재배(1,376 ㎏/10a)가 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로 평창 육묘재배(1,256 ㎏ /10a), 음성 직파재배(1,253 ㎏/10a), 평창 직파재배(923 ㎏ /10a) 순으로 나타나, 강원도에서 육묘재배시에 중부지역 직파 재배만큼 생산량을 늘릴 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 지황은 근경 굵기가 8-12 ㎜가 중품(中品), 그 이상이 상품(上品)의 등급으로 팔리는데, 재배실험지역과 재배방법에 상관없이 모두 14 ㎜가 넘어 상품성(商品性)에도 문제가 없었다. 그러므로 생산량과 품질 조건을 고려해 볼 때, 플러그 육묘 재배를 통해 생산량을 늘릴 수 있었으며, 강원도에서 플러그 육묘를 이용한 지황 재배 시 중부지방의 직파재배와 비슷한 생산이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구결과를 적용하기에는 늘어나는 생산비와 증가되는 수익을 고려한 경제성 분석이 더 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 지황이 강원도 남부지역에서 재배가 가능한 대체 작목인지 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 수량의 경우 음성 1,848 ㎏/10a, 정선 1,571 ㎏/10a, 평창 1,485 ㎏/10a로, 2015년부터 2017년 지황 평균 단수인 838 ㎏/10a보다 높게 나타났다. 또한, 지황은 근경 굵기가 15 ㎜ 전후가 되면 상품(上品)의 등급으로 팔리는데, 강원도 재배지역 모두 15 ㎜가 넘어 상품성(商品性) 에도 문제가 없었다. 그러므로 생산량과 품질 조건을 고려해 볼 때, 현재 강원도에서 지황 재배는 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구결과를 적용하기에는 강원도의 여러 제반 사항을 고려한 경제성 분석이 더 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 참당귀 재배 시에 발생하는 추대 참당귀를 부산물로 활용가능성이 있는지 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 추대 참당귀의 지상부와 지하부의 총 무게는 수확기 비추대 참당귀의 지하부 무게 대비 약 98.5%로 높게 나타났다. 또한 추대 당귀의 decursin과 decursinol angelate의 총 함량은 주 생산품인 참당귀 신(身)의 지표성분 총 함량인 4.24%와 대비해 부위별로 0.64%~2.39%로 나타났으며, 이는 추출물로 이용 시 생산품 대비 15~56%에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 항상화 활성의 경우 추대 참당귀는 전반적으로 비추대 참당귀에 비해 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 추대 참당귀의 생산량, 지표성분 함량 그리고 항산화 활성 결과를 고려해 봤을 때, 추대 참당귀의 부산물은 사료 첨가제 및 화장품 용도의 추출물로 이용 가능성이 높은 것으로 생각된다.

Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a traditional medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA). This study was carried out to determine the change in active component content and antioxidant activity depending on the root diameter of AGN. Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. The recovery rates of each root parts per 100 ㎏ were measured as 32.3±2.5, 9.0±1.0, 39.3±2.1 and 15.0±1.0%, respectively and the mean diameters were measured as 51.95±4.55, 7.05±0.89, 2.88±0.49 and 1.57±0.32 ㎜. Two index components, D and DA, were analyzed. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). In addition, antioxidant activity was higher in B and TnR, and lower in TkR and MR than control. This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots and that TnR has excellent antioxidant activity compared to other root parts, suggesting that the thinner root part of AGN could be used as a potential material.

Background: Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the Leguminosae family is often utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the basic breeding information required to develop short stem A. membranaceus cultivars. Methods and Results: Roots of A. membranaceus advanced yield trial (AYT) lines were harvested in late October 2017. Root yield of six AYT lines were increased in a range of 8.9 - 74.8% compared with ‘Aseong’ as control (check variety). The height of seven AYT lines were shorter than that of ‘Aseong’. In addition, stem diameter of nine AYT lines was thicker than that of ‘Aseong’. Consequently, 1502-56, 1503-90, and 1510-80 were selected as elite lines for the development of short stem cultivars. HPLC analysis was perfromed to identify lines with high level active components such as calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin. The levels of both active components were higher in 1502-56, and 1503-90, but not in 1510-80 compared to ‘Aseong’. In addition, 2,2-Diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was higher in the 1502-56 compared to ‘Aseong’. Considering these results, two AYT lines, 1502-56 and 1503-90 were selected as short stem lines with high calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin content. Conclusions: Taken together, Two short stem lines were identified in this study. In our future study, regional yield trial (RYT) will be conducted using these selected lines to develop new cultivars.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var japonica is a perennial herb that belongs to Campanulaceae. Radix Adenophorae is a dried rhizome of A. triphylla and same genus plant. It has contains chemicals such as cycloartenyl acetate, lupenone, β-sitosterol, taraxerone, octacosanoic acid, and praeruptorin A. Radix Adenophorae considered to be effective regulating humoral and cellular immunity, antimutation, restraining adenocarcinoma cell, strengthening cardiac function, allaying a fever, and easing pain and cough. In this study, we tried to establish a mass production system of A. triphylla which has high economic value as a medicinal herb by plant tissue culture in order to cultivate standard varieties. Methods and Results : In this study, A. triphylla internode was used as a explant and it was surface sterilized by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes, consequently several times washed with ddH2O. Further it was placed in to MS medium including with axillary bud. The 1/2MS, B5, SH was used in this research. And the plant growth regulator of 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxins (NAA, IBA) and cytokines (BA) were used respectively to achieve multiple shoots. The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. Conclusion : In this study we obtained, 6.2 multi-shoots per an explant, and the shoot growth was also favorable in the presence of 1.0 ㎎/ℓ BA and 1.0 ㎎/ℓ IBA.

Background : Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort is a perennial herb of the Umbelliferae family and an important traditional oriental medicinal plant. The compounds contained in L. chuanxiong can be divided into five kinds, essential oil, alkaloids, phenolic acids, phthalide lactones, and other constituents. These compounds have cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, antioxidants, neuroprotection, anti-fibrinolytic, antidotes, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. In this study, we anticipated to establish the in vitro propagation system of L. chuanxiong, which is a high economic value as medicinal herb, by plant tissue culture to solve the problem of root stocks contamination. Methods and Results : The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. In this study, L. chuanxiong nodes was used as an explant and it was surface sterilized by 2% sodium hypochlorite for 1 minutes, then washed with ddH2O several times. Further the surface sterilized nodes were placed on MS basal media. Multiple shoots were induced on MS, SH, WPM media with 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxin (NAA, IBA) and cytokine (BA). In this study we obtained 4.6 multi-shoots per an explant, and growth of the shoot was also favorable in the presence of 1.0 ㎎/ℓ BA. Subsequent transfer of these regenerated shoots on 1/2 MS media resulted in root formation. The rooted plantlets were able to grow in soil after 3 weeks of acclimatization. Conclusion : The optimal conditions for in vitro propagation of L. chuanxiong were established through this experiment.

Background : Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the family of Leguminosae have been utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to elucidate the basic information for breeding to superior Astragalus membranaceus cultivar. Methods and Results : Selection lines were developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA). The root of A. membranaceus lines were harvested in late October 2017. Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside and calycosin were anlyzed by HPLC. The root yield of six selection lines were increased 8.9 - 74.8% compared with ‘Aseong’ (check variety). Also, the plant height of seven selection lines were shorter than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin–7-O-β -d-glucoside content was higher in six selection lines than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin content was higher in all selection lines except 1 line (1508 - 03) than that of ‘Aseong’. Conclusion : Three superior lines with short height and high yield were selected. These superior lines will conduct advanced yield trial to make varieties.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. This study was breeding of R. glutinosa cultivar with insect tolerance and high-yielding. Methods and Results : ‘Chunggang’ is developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), during the period from 2005 to 2017. The reproduction of Rehmannia glutinosa has been accomplished mainly by vegetative propagation with its seedlings. This cultivar was selected from seedling of RG10. The plant type of Chungang is some rising from ground. Regional yield trials conducted at three site from 2016 to 2017. The root yield of ‘Chunggang’ was 22.3 ton per hectare, which was increased 11% compared with ‘Jihwang 1’ (check variety). Also, ‘Chunggang’ has higher insect tolerance compared with ‘Jihwang 1’. Conclusion : ‘Chunggang’ is a insect tolerance and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar.

Background : The cultivation area of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz is 156 ㏊ ('16), which is one of my representative medicinal crops. However, since it grows by roots, the damage of the repeated cultivation and the degeneration of the seedstock are increasing. To solve these problems, we are developing new varieties every year by testing the regional adaptability of high quality system. In recent years, as the quality and quantity of new varieties have been proven to increase, the need for continuous development of excellent varieties is increasing. Methods and Results : The test material used a jihwang-1 as standard variety, the system was planted in 3-year (RGES 20), 2-year (RGES 21, 22, 23) and 3-year (RGES 24, 25). The root lengths were cut at intervals of about 2 to 3 ㎝ and immersed for 20 minutes in a fludioxonil suspension concentrate (1,000-fold dilution) and shaded for 1 day. Sowing was planted on April 30th, and planting interval was 30 ㎝ × 15 ㎝. Growth investigation was carried out on the overground growing (plant length, leaf length, leaf number, plant type, etc) and degree of generation of pests. As a result of the growth investigation, the third year RGES 20, the second year RGES 22, and the first year RGES 25 were excellent. RGES 20 was upright type and superior in overground growing, RGES 22 had strong pest resistance. RGES 25 was characterized by strong at high temperature, but growth is not as good as other high quality system. Conclusion : Recently, the difficulty of cultivation of zucchini has been increasing due to abnormal weather. Especially in this year, high temperature of 35℃ or more continued for about 30 days, and the need to cultivate varieties resistant to high temperatures is increasing. Therefore, it is expected that RGES 25 can be registered as a promising strain that is resistant to high temperature if the yield is corrected.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness through seedling cultivation of R. glutinosa. Methods and Results : The root of R. glutinosa cultivar (Jihwang 1) was harvested in the middle of March. Seed rhizomes were seedling after air curing for three days. And seed rhizomes were plug seedlings for 30 days (30D), 45 days (45D) and 60 days (60D) then planted in the test field. Mat formation rate in 30D, 45D and 60D was 81.3, 100 and 100% respectively. Flowering occurred only in 45D and 60D except 30D. Flowering rate of 45D and 60D were 7.3 ± 3.06 and 13.3 ± 1.15%. Agronomic characteristics were evaluated in comparison with ND (directly seeded group). As a results, aerial parts of 30D in plant height, leaf length and leaf width were better than other treatment group but the number of leaf per plant was statistically the same. Also, root shape was similar when comparing ND and seedling groups. Conclusion : Taken together, it is thought that the cultivation of R. glutinosa. seedlings is possible. However, further evaluation of the economic aspect is needed.

The use of Rehmannia glutinosa of the family Scrophulariaceae, in traditional medicine is well known. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of air curing of the seed rhizome of R. glutinosa on its storability and yield. Methods and Results: The root of the R. glutinosa cultivar (Dagang) was harvested in at the end of November. The seed rhizomes were air cured for one to seven days. They were subsequently wrapped with newspaper and further stored in a plastic container at 1℃. It was observed that the weight loss and decay rates were significantly lower in the air cured seeds than in the untreated ones. Moreover, the decay rate of the control was approximately 50%, 120 days after storage. However. the decay rate of all the air cured treatment groups was less than 1%. Additionally, air curing led to an increase in the germination rate of the seeds and the root yield when compared with the untreated groups. Taken together, the ideal treatment period for air curing was found to be 3 days. Under these conditions, the germination rate and yield were 88.7% and 2,185 ㎏/10a, respectively. Conclusions: This study successfully demonstrated that the air curing of seed rhizomes can lead to a considerable increase in the storability and yield of R. glutinosa.

Background: Angelica gigas Nakai is a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae. Its roots are utilized in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to increase the yield of and the content of two indicator components (decursin and decursinol angelate) in A. gigas Nakai. Methods and Results: The roots of A. gigas Nakai were harvested 4-times from late August to late October in 2017. Two agents (trace element-TE, and plant hormone-HM) were applied 4 times at intervals of 2 weeks. The content of the two indicator components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The HM treatment showed the greatest increase in underground part yield and root diameter. The content of the two indicator components in the control (non-treatment) group was the highest in the underground part, but was higher in the aerial parts in the agent treatment group. After treatment with the agents, the content of the indicator components tended to decrease in the underground part. However, the total content of the indicator components in the two agent treatment groups exceeded the level of 6% set by the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Conclusions: The highest underground part yield was found in the HM treatment group, while the highest content of decursin and decursinol angelate were found in the control group. This study provides basic information for yield improvement in A. gigas.

Background : Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a perennial plant found in East Asian countries and an crucial medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains several chemicals like pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA), essential oils and polyacetylenes. This study was carried out to determine the change in active components depending on the root diameter of AGN. Methods and Results : Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. Among them, B and TkR are mainly used as medicine. The mean diameter of dried each root part (B, TkR, MR, TnR) were measured as 51.95, 7.05, 2.88, and 1.57 ㎜, respectively. The water content of each root part was slightly reduced depending on the size of the diameter (higher in B). In addition, the two active components, D and DA, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). Conclusion : This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots, suggesting that the thinner root parts of AGN could be used as potential materials.

Background : Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz is a perennial herb belonging to the family of Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been used as a traditional medicine. For cultivation of varieties of Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best line among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield test and regional adaptation test before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Until now, there are 8 registered varieties of Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz in Korea. The needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving when high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study focused on cultivation of disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the incidence of pest insects of the selected 1 - 2 years old varieties used in the study, among the 2-years-old crops, RGES 20 showed the lowest rate in ground parts. Among the 1-year-old crops, the lowest rate incidence of pest insects in ground parts was observed in RGES 23. In addition, RGES 20 and RGES 23 showed superior growth in under ground part with the highest dry root amount. Conclusion : Based on the above results, RGES 20 among the 2-years-old crops, RGES 23 among the 1-year-old crops showed superior growth in under ground part with the highest dry root amount.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum has been used as famous medicinal vegetable and traditional medicine in Korea. Platycodon grandiflorum is used more for vegetable than it is used as a medicine. Proper storage conditons are required for distribution of Platycodon grandiflorum as vegetables. The purpose of this study was to find the appropriate storage temperature. Methods and Results : 2-years old Platycodon grandiflorum cultivated in Herbal Crop Research, RDA Eumseong was used. They were packed with plastic container box of 45 × 70 × 30 ㎝ and then stored at –2℃, 2℃, 5℃, 25℃, humidity 80 - 82%. During the storage, hardness, L a b values, weight loss, decay rate were measured every 30 days as quality indices. During the storage period, L value decreased but a and b values increased and same pattern was observed at all storage temperatures. Hardness decreased and same pattern was also observed at all storage temperature. Under constant humidity conditions, weight loss was larger at higher temperature. The higher the temperature, the larger the deviation at weight loss. There were little decay but 25℃ temperature stored showed that dacay rate was higher with time over. Conclusion : The favorable temperature for storage is –2℃ - 2℃ while maintaining constant humidity.

Background : Cnidium officinale Makino is a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae, and an important traditional oriental medicinal plant in China, Japan and Korea. Cnidii Rhizoma, the dried rhizome of C. officinale have been used as traditional oriental medicine in Korea. It has been shown that the cnidii rhizomes are used in the treatment of pain, inflammation, menstrual disturbance, and anti-vitamin deficiency disease, and also act as a blood pressure depressant. In this study, we anticipated to establish the mass propagation system of C. officinale, which is a high economic value as medicinal herb, by plant tissue culture to solve the problem of root stocks contamination. Methods and Results : The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. In this study, C. officinale root bud was used as a explant and it was surface sterilized by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes, then several times washed with ddH2O. Multiple shoots were induction them on MS, B5, SH media with 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxin (NAA, IBA) and cytokine (BA, Zeatin). In this study we obtained, 7.4 multi-shoots per an explant, and the shoot growth was also favorable in the presence of 0.2 ㎎/ℓ Zeatin. Subsequent transfer of these regenerated shoots on 1/2 SH media resulted in root formation. Rooted plantlets were able to grow in soil after a short period of acclimatization. Conclusion : This experiment was comducted to identify the optimal in vitro propagation condition of C. officinale.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa belonging to the family of Scrophulariaceae have been utilized as a traditional medicine. This study was conducted to elucidate an effect of air curing for seed rhizome of R. glutinosa on storaging ability and yield. Methods and Results : The root of R. glutinosa cultivar (Dagang) was harvested in the end of November. Seed rhizomes were air curing for one to seven days then wrapped with newspaper and further stored in a plastic container box at 1℃. The weight loss and decay rates were significantly lower in seed air curing treatment than in untreated. Especially, the decay rate of control was approximately 50% at 120 days after storage. But, the decay rate of all air curing treatment groups was less than 1%. Also air curing led to an increase in germination rate of seeds and root yield compared with untreatment. Taken together, the best air curing treatment period was 3 days, under the that conditions, germination rate and yield were 88.7% and 2,185 ㎏/10 a, respectively. Conclusion : This study has successfully demonstrated that the air curing of rhizome as a seeds led to considerable increasement of both storaging ability and yield in R. glutinosa.