The information about time spent in microenvironments plays a critical role for an exposure assessment of the person concerned, considering the personal exposure relies on the characterization of activity patterns of the population at risk and human activities impact the timing, location, and level of personal pollutant exposure. The purposes of this paper were to present indoor time activity patterns of Korean from a population-based study and to determine individual factors of time spent in microenvironments. The population based study collected time activity pattern of about 32,000 Korean for two consecutive days. The mean times spent at home, other indoors, outdoors, and transportation in related to the whole sample of 19.025 people are 14.23hrs(59.3%), 6.80hrs(28.3%), 1.26hrs(5.2%), and 1.75hrs(7.3%) in weekday, respectively. Database provides information on how the proportion of persons in different locations changes by time of day in weekday. Here, we see that over 90% of respondents were in a residence from about 11 PM to 5 AM, and the largest proportions of respondents in offices, factories, schools and public buildings occur between 8 AM and 5 PM.

This study aims to understand the correlation between odor intensity and dilution factor using the Air Dilution Olfactory Method, which is suggested in the Standard method of Odor Compounds, by measuring odor intensity and dilution factor for 4 types of sulfur compounds. For the measurement, 13 panel members were selected through a panel test, and odor intensity and dilution factor by substance produced from the selected panel were estimated. The estimation showed that the correlation of odor intensity with dilution factor for the 4 sulfur compounds can be reasonably expressed by the equation [I = AㆍLog D+0.5]. The result of this study is suggested to be used as a base data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards for complex odor concentration at a boundary site in operation, as well as a correlation between odor intensity, concentration and dilution factor for the designated odor substances, and their characteristics.

This study aims to develop an odor intensity reference scale appropriate to the characteristics of Koreans, based on ASTM E544-99. The Odor Intensity Reference Scale of the United States utilized to make up for the absolute index of odor intensity. The concentrations of n-butanol, which is equivalent to the 5th stage of odor intensity in Korea, are proposed to be 100, 400, 1500, 7000, and 30000 ppm, respectively. Based on the ASTM E544-9 method, the reference scales of Korea odor intensity were compared and the result showed that the reproducibility and practicability of the method were satisfactory. it is therefore suggested that n-Butanol, which is processed with the proposed concentration levels as the absolute standards for odor intensity, can be used as Korea Odor Intensity Reference Scale for the experiment of panel screening test in an air dilution olfactory method.

This study attempts to identify whether Phenethylamine (PTA), having a similar smell to fish malodor, is appropriate as a replacement of Trimethylamine (TMA). In a continuous measurement test, the odor intensity of both reagents TMA and PTA measured within 5 minutes showed between 0.4~0.7, indicating a dramatic reduction in olfactory sense, while the measurement test conducted after olfactory recovery did not represent much decrease. The result shows that both TMA and PTA have odors that stay long, but are judged to be inappropriate as a replacement as they stimulate the olfactory sense of the panel and give direct impact on the panel"s next judgement.

현재, 포장시스템의 노상과 보조기층의 다짐관리는 들밀도 시험을 이용한 상대 다짐도와 평판재하시험이 널리 쓰이고 있다. 하지만, 이 두 시험법은 노상과 보조기층의 다짐관리를 평가하기엔 시간과 비용이 많이 소요되며 실측 값을 얻기에도 매우 어렵다. 이에 본 연구에서는 노상과 보조기층 시공 현장에서 다짐관리를 보다 빠르고, 적은 비용으로 측정 할 수 있는 소형충격재하시험들의 비교분석을 실시한 후, LFWD시험을 다짐평가장비로 제안하였다. 또한, 노상과 보조기층의 실내시험 및 현장 시험을 통하여 국내 도로 하부구조 재료 특성에 따른 ELFWD와 상대 다짐도, K30, 설계 MR 값과의 상관관계를 제안하였다.

To compare and evaluate the suitability and comfort levels of the environment on board a stern trawl training ship, KAYA(GT: 1737 tons, Pukyong National University), with the international standardization guide ISO 6954:2000(E), measurements of the hull vibration on accommodation areas and working areas of the training ship from July 8 to July 10, 2008 were completed upon KAYA's linear sea route. The vibrations along the z-axis were measured with the use of a 3-axis vibration level meter, which included a marine vibration card. Results show accelerations of the vibrations on the passenger's accommodation area to be 42.0-115.8(average: 78.0, standard deviation(SD): 21.0) mm/s2, which is largely below the permissible upper limit, but 75 % of the observation points exceeded the permissible lower limit of 71.5 mm/s2, indicating a comfortable environment. The accelerations of the vibration in a frequency of 10-24Hz lowering the visual performance were measured at 2.5-12.0(average: 7.6, SD: 3.1) mm/s2. The crew s accommodation area experienced vibration accelerations of 42.9-82.3(average: 93.1, SD: 53.1) mm/s2, which is generally below the permissible upper limit of 214.0 mm/s2, and 62.5% of the observation points did not exceed the permissible lower limit of 107.0 mm/s2, denoting a level of comfort. The acceleration of the vibration in a frequency of 10-24Hz were 4.7-28.3(average: 12.4, SD: 8.8) mm/s2. On the crew s working area the accelerations were measured at 86.9-153.9(average 119.3, SD 18.0) mm/s2. These values were generally below the permissible upper limit of 286.0 mm/s2 and only 12.5% of the observation points did not exceed the permissible lower limit of 143.0 mm/s2, the level at which a high level of comfort is maintained. The accelerations in frequency of 10-24Hz and 30Hz were 9.1-29.8 (average 13.8, SD= 4.5) mm/s2 and 8.9-13.7 (average 11.8, SD 2.1) mm/s2, respectively. In conclusion the boarding environment of the training ship was good in general although an improvement of the vibration condition partially needed on the crew s accommodation area near the engine room.

Odor management area was introduced by Odor prevention laws in 2004. Odor is generated a lot of sources. It is generated from various process as well as stack outlet. So it is hard to control odor. The ministry of environment develops the system to control odor. Nineteen areas were selected as Odor management area. Odor management area should be conducted for periodical research on the actual condition. Odor is normally measured by Odor analysis method. However, there are some difficulties to conduct by Odor management area because of measurement frequency, limitation of areas and high cost. Therefore we need to figure out how to reinforce this performance in Odor management area. So we have checked possibility of monitoring system with realtime odor monitoring, electron sensor, mobile communication and odor modeling system. The Odor monitoring system is consist of realtime monitoring system and electron sensor system. The Odor monitoring system could be checked for odor concentration and source of odor by accessing internet and mobile communication.

The ammonia in ambient were sampled by high efficiency diffusion scrubber (HEDS) and analyzed by IC. Ammonia showed high linearity (R²＞0.999) of the calibration curve and good repeatability (RSD＜5%). The detection limit of Ammonia was about 0.05 ppbv. Average concentration of Ammonia was 12.7 ppbv, Instantaneous maximum concentration was 83.4 ppbv. Continuous sampling method is proper to monitor ammonia which is the odor material instantaneously increased mainly affected by meteorological condition. The sampling and analysis process can be automated and performed in real-time by continuous sampling of HEDS-IC system.

In this paper, theoretical efficiencies of Korean and Japanese determination methods for dilution factors of odor samples were considered. The Korean official method points out over 5 persons but the Japanese over 6 as assessors, and 6-4 selection and 2 bags comparison methods, being used mainly in Japan as simplified of the official method, describe over 2 persons. The Korean method practices 10-dilution as starting factor in case of low odor concentrations and 300-dilution in high concentrations. In Japan, the determination of low odor concentrations has been carried out from 10-dilution like Korean, but high concentrations start from 100-dilution, being allowed to be changeable of starting dilution. In two official methods, it has been in concord with each other that maximum and minimum threshold values should be excluded, but not calculation methods of average dilution value of each panelist, resulting in indicating that the final result of panelers" assessment of an odor sample in Japan has been about 1.8 times higher than that in Korea. Quantity of consumed bags for determination of dilution factor is expected to be about 1.8 times more in the Japanese than ill the Korean in case of low odor concentrations but almost same in high concentrations. And so in high concentrations, the Korean method is expected to be a bit more economical and effective than the Japanese, but not accurate in low concentrations.

The organic acids in ambient were sampled by high efficiency diffusion scrubber (HEDS) and analyzed by IC. Most of organic acids showed high linearity (r²＞0.999) of the calibration curve and good repeatability (RSD＜10%). The detection limit of organic acids was about 7 pptv. The concentration of acetic acid was ranged from 0.43~1.74 ppbv, formic acid was ranged from 0.28~1.85 ppbv. Since the organic acids are one of odor compound species with instant production characteristics and affected easily by weather, continuous analysis method is better than intermittent method to determine these compounds. The sampling and analysis process can be automated and performed in real-time by continuous sampling of HEDS and IC.

An experiment to acoustically analyze the shape of gill-net in the current was conducted in Jaran Bay, Gosung, Korea on the 9th to 10th September(spring tide) and 28th to 29th September(neap tide) 2006. It was measured by a 3D underwater positioning system with a radio-acoustic linked positioning buoys. Six of 7 acoustic transmitters used in the experiment were attached on the float line of the gill-net and the other was fixed on the sea bed. During spring tide, the maximum movement of the gill-net was 27.0m(22:00) in the west(4.4cm/s, 311.9˚) and 20.6m(04:00) in the east(3.9cm/s, 66.5˚). The maximum extension of the gill-net(the distance between P1 and P6) was 119.8m(21:00, 11.6cm/s, 321.9˚) and the minimum was 109.9m(23:00, 16.1cm/s, 88.5˚). During neap tide, the maximum movement was 38.0m(20:00) in the east(9.6cm/s, 278.2˚) and 11.0m(12:00) in the west(1.9cm/s, 232.1˚). The maximum extension was 99.6m(14:00, 12.5cm/s, 94.7˚) and the minimum was 85.0m(06:00, 9.0cm/s, 265.8˚). During spring tide, the maximum height of the gill-net from the sea bed was 3.7m(02:00, 7.4cm/s, 151.6˚) and the minimum was produced the three times as 1.5m. At that time, the current speed and direction was 17.9cm/s and 85.3˚(23:30), 16.1cm/s and 249.4˚(05:00), and 13.7cm/s and 291.4˚(06:30), respectively. During neap tide, the maximum height was 3.6m(12:30, 2.1cm/s, 242.3˚) and the minimum was 1.5m(14:00, 12.5cm/s, 94.7˚).

DOAS (Differential Optical Absorbance Spectrometry) has been designated as one of the instrumental analyses for the continuous and real time measurement of ammonia and styrene under the newly established Korean Offensive Odor Prevention Law. However, cases of odor monitoring using DOAS are very limited, as questions have been raised relating to its reliability, mainly for ambient monitoring. This paper primarily focused on the advantages and limitations of DOAS for the measurements of ammonia and styrene, with a review of the theoretical and field intercomparison studies, to address its suitability, particularly for odor monitoring purposes. However, this instrumental technique was found to be useful for real time continuous measurements of concentrations over a few ppbv, for both ammonia and styrene, and was also found to be sensitive enough for odor monitoring purposes over vast multi industrial complex regions.

Experiments were conducted to analyze the concentration of sulfur compounds present in ambient air at the pg or ppt level. The compounds were estimated using GC/PFPD (Gas Chromatography with Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector) analyses with a Thermal Desorber (TD). The analytical results showed very stable and precise retention time values (RSD: ＜ 0.22%), peak area (RSD: ＜ 3.9); the coefficients of the calibration curves were also determined (r²: ＞ 0.991). Also, with respect to the recovery rates of the sulfur compounds from dry air, those for H₂S, MM, DMS and DMDS were 94, 100, 113 and 114%, respectively. In order to evaluate the sulfur chemicals in humid air, a study was conducted at RH of 55 and 100%. The recovery rate at a relative humidity of 55% was similar to that under dry conditions. However, recovery rates of H₂S and MM at RH 100% were reduced to 70 and 77%, respectively.

In this study, QA/QC (quality control/quality assurance) data of reduced sulfur compounds from several institutes were obtained and compared based on the Korean standard method for off-odor. From the results, attempts were made to optimize the analytical conditions and improve the measurement reliability of reduced sulfur compounds analyses from detailed CF/TD and GC/PFPD information. Analysis results (minimum detection limit, precision, recovery rate) of reduced sulfur compounds based on the each analytical condition corresponded with the Korean standard methods for off-odor. Therefore, we expect that we could execute the exact analysis if we use the analytical condition of CF/TD and GC/PFPD in this study

Aliphatic amine compounds have very low detectable threshold value concentrations, and especially trimethyl amine is one of the main odor-active compounds in atmospheric environment. Concentration of a large amount (10~100 L) of air sample was needed to detect trace amounts of amine compounds by GC/FTD. Amine compounds in ambient air were absorbed in sulfuric acid solution by using impingers and sampling pump. Some amount of the absorption solution was injected in bubbling bottle which a concentration tube was connected with, and that amine gas which was isolated from bubbling bottle was trapped in a concentration tube dipped in liquid argon under a constant helium flow. A concentration tube was disjoined from the bubbling bottle and was connected to injection port of gas chromatograph. Amine compounds trapped in a concentration tube was introduced into the packed column by thermal desorption after flow rate of carrier gas and detector signal had been stabilized enough. Sampling volume of ambient air was different from place to place in the range of 10~100 L, and flow rate through impingers was 5 L/min. Atmospheric concentrations of trimethyl amine were below 16.0 ppbv in the boundary of business establishment and below 420.0 ppbv at the gas releasing port of business establishment in the industrial area.

An analytical method for trimethylamine in ambient air was developed, using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Trimethylamine was collected on the acid filter which was impregnated sulfuric aicd in the 47 ㎜ diameter of glass fiber filter. Trimethylamine collected on the acid filter was regenerated in the headspace vial and introduced into the GC analytical column directly. Several parameters such as sample volume, equilibrium temperature and time, and slurry method of filter were optimized to provide maximum detection response. Resolution power also compared according to liquid phase of analytical column. The detection limit of method was 0.13 ppb with 50 L sampling volume. The developed acid filter method is easy to deal with the field sampling and the method was adopted as the standard method for odor analysis in Korea.