FT-IR, GC/MS, and ATR-FT-IR analyses were performed to confirm the physicochemical characteristics of saw palmetto fruit (SPF) extract. FT-IR analysis of the standard product showed that the band corresponding to the carbonyl bond of free fatty acid was stronger than the band of acyl-glyceride. Sample E was identified as having the same trend as the standard sample. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the main fatty acids in the standard sample were lauric acid and oleic acid. The content of lauric acid ranged from approximately 30% to 38% in samples B, C, D, and E, while the content of oleic acid ranged from approximately 29% to 34%. The GC/MS analysis confirmed that the standard SPF extract consisted of fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters. Sample E demonstrated a similar pattern to the standard samples in terms of oleic acid, lauric acid, and fatty acid esters. ATR-FT-IR analysis indicated that only sample E was predicted to contain 100% saw palmetto extract. Therefore, these study findings can be considered fundamental data for analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the composition of SPF extract.

To understand functional changes of forest ecosystems due to climate change, correlation between decomposition rate of leaf litter, an important function of forest ecosystems, and microclimatic factors was analyzed. After 48 months elapsed, percent remaining weight of Quercus mongolica leaf litter was 27.1% in the east aspect and 37.0% in the west aspects. Decay constant of Q. mongolica leaf litter was 0.33 in the east aspect and 0.25 in the west aspect after 48 months elapsed. Initial C/N ratio of Q. mongolica leaf litter was 38.5. After 48 months elapsed, C/N ratio of decomposing Q. mongolica leaf litter decreased to 13.43 in the east aspect and 16.72 in the west aspect. Average air temperature and soil temperature during the investigation period of the research site were 8.2±9.0 and 9.1±9.3 in the east and 8.5±7.4 and 9.3±7.3°C in the west aspect, respectively, with the west aspect showing higher air and soil temperatures. Soil moisture showed no significant difference between east and west aspects (average soil moisture: 19.4±11.0% vs. 20.5±5.7%). However, as a result of analyzing the correlation between decomposition rate and microclimatic factors, it was found that the decomposition rate and soil moisture has a positive correlation (r=0.426) in the east aspect but not in the west aspect. Our study shows that the correlation between decomposition rate and microclimatic factors can be significantly different depending on the direction of the aspect.

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of bear, pig, and cow biles to determine their authenticities for safe food distribution. The main bile acids of bear bile were tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, while glycochenodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid for pig bile and taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid for cow bile were majorly detected by HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis was effective in monitoring of several samples imported as bear bile if employed to determine the authenticity of each bile. After the analysis of fatty acid composition by GC analysis, the ratio of the oleic acid of bear bile was relatively low compared to pig and cow biles. The ratio of the linoleic acid of bear bile was also similar to pig bile, whereas it had a tendency to be high compared to cow bear. The genetic analysis of the imported bile samples was mostly in agreement with the results of HPLC and GC analysis to identify the origin of imported biles. Finally, this study on the identification of bile origin by physicochemical analysis can give basic information to monitor the origin of biles and further to establish a reliable system for bear bile distribution.

충남 서산에 위치한 금강산 내 신갈나무림과 소나무림의 유기탄소 흡수량의 비교를 위해 2013년 9월부터 2014년 8월까지 지상부와 지하부 생물량, 낙엽생산량, 낙엽층의 낙엽량, 그리고 토양의 유기탄소 분포량, 토양호흡량을 측정하 였다. 지상부와 지하부 생물량에 분포하고 있는 유기탄소의 양은 신갈나무림과 소나무림에서 각각 115.07/34.36, 28.77/8.59 ton C ㏊-1이었으며, 임상낙엽층에 각각 4.89, 6.02 ton C ㏊-1, 토양층에 각각 132.78, 59.72 ton C ㏊-1 50㎝-depth가 분포하여 신갈나무림과 소나무림의 전체 유기탄소량은 281.52, 108.69 ton C ㏊-1으로 나타났다. 본 조사지소 신갈나무림과 소나무림에서 연간 광합성을 통하여 식물체에 고정된 유기탄소량은 각각 10.64, 3.64 ton C ㏊-1 이었으며, 낙엽생산을 통해 임상으로 유입되는 유기탄소량은 신갈나무림과 소나무림에서 각각 2.83, 2.20 ton C ㏊-1 으로 나타났다. 토양호흡을 통하여 방출되는 유기탄소량은 신갈나무림과 소나무림에서 각각 9.77, 5.54 ton C ㏊-1 이었으며, 유기탄소 순생산량과 미생물호흡량의 차이로 추정했을 때 본 신갈나무림과 소나무림에서 연간 대기로부터 순 흡수하는 유기탄소는 3.90, 0.81 ton C ㏊-1 yr-1 로 나타나 신갈나무림의 유기탄소 흡수량이 소나무림에 비해 현저히 높은 것으로 나타났다.

This study analyzes the chemical composition of green tea, white tea, yellow tea, oolong tea and black tea with respect to extraction temperature and time. The optimum extraction conditions for these teas were determined by assessing the chemical composition of tea brewed at different temperature (50, 60, 70, 80℃) and extraction times (1, 3, 5, 10 minute). Catechins contents were the largest at 5 minutes and generally declined by 10 minutes. Green tea catechins contents were highest when brewed at 70℃ and besides other teas a change of the trend variation at 70 and 80℃. These temperatures did not extract theaflavins in green tea. Extract temperature and time did not significantly affect theaflavins content of white tea, yellow tea, and oolong tea. Black tea, however, was noticeably dependent on extract conditions, which were most effective at 70℃, brewed for 5 minutes. Caffeine content of green tea, yellow tea, and oolong tea was highest at 5 minutes, but temperature did not appear to affect the content. White tea and black tea caffeine content was highest when brewed at 70℃ for 5 minutes. Theobromine content of green tea, yellow tea, oolong tea, and black tea did not show major differences between the study times or temperature, though the content in white tea increased with higher temperatures when brewed for 5 minutes. The extraction of phenolic compounds increased until 5 minutes, and showed not further increase at 10 minutes. Antioxidant capacity of green tea, white tea, and yellow tea were maximized at 70℃ for 5 minutes or 80℃ for 3 minutes, while oolong and black tea were reached maximum antioxidants at 70℃ for 5 minutes. In general, to optimize the beneficial chemical content of brewed tea, a water temperature of 70℃ for 5 minutes is recommended.

In this study, the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and copper nanospheres for the potential applications of MLCC electrode materials has been studied by plasma arc evaporation method. The change in the broad distribution of the size of nickel and copper nanopowders is successfully controlled by manifesting proper mixture of gas ambiance for plasma generation in the size range of 20 to 200 nm in diameter. The factors affecting the mean diameter of the nanopowder was studied by changing the composition of reactive gases, indicating that nitrogen enhances the formation of larger particles compared to hydrogen gas. The morphologies and particle sizes of the metal nanoparticles were observed by SEM, and ultrathin oxide layers on the powder surface generated during passivation step have been confirmed using TEM. The metallic FCC structure of the nanoparticles was confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction method.

This study estimates the classification criteria which distinguishes the types of omega-3 health functional foods, fish oils and fish oil usages through 13C-NMR spectra and fatty acids contents analysis. The major fatty acids of omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) are being analyzed. 10 ethyl ester (EE) forms and 10 triglyceride (TG) forms are the most common types of fish oils for 20 omega-3 products. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis generally shows the matching EPA and DHA contents of the products listed on the notation. But EE form contents of EPA and DHA are higher and are more varied than the TG form. Most of the samples of EPA/DHA ratio show different content ratios of indicated on the products when comparing with standards. The 13C-NMR analysis of EPA and DHA on sn-1,3 and sn-2 carbonyl peak position with fish oil triglycerides display whether the reconstituted triglycerides (rTG) are being confirmed or not. As a result of the 9 TG form, the 10 TG products showed similar values: EPA sn-1, 3; 13.46~15.66, sn-2; 3.00~4.52, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.43~4.40, sn-2; 3.84~6.36. But one product showed lower contents (EPA: sn-1, 3; 5.88, sn-2; 2.86, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.29, sn-2; 5.95) of EPA, thus it can be considered a different type of oil and only matched six products according to the label. This study is intended to provide basic materials which identify the status for the types and quality of omega-3 fish oil products according to fatty acids profiles and the 13C-NMR spectrum confirmed the location specificity of EPA and DHA.

간척지토양은 일반 내륙과 달리 토양 내 고농도의 염분이 포함되어 있는 매우 특수한 토양으로 토양입단 형성 불량, 토양용액 중에 이온 간의 균형파괴, 토양용액의 알칼리도 증가, 토양의 통기성 불량, 재염화 현상에 따른 염분 축적과 (손재권 등, 2005) 지하부에 상존하는 토양염분과 염분지하 수, 척박한 토양과 유기물 부족(오구균 ‧ 김도균, 2009), 강 한 조풍, 태풍 또는 바람에 의한 건조피해 및 비사 등 여러 가지 환경압이 강하여 식물생육환경이 대단히 불량하다(오 휘영 ․ 최병권, 2001; 김도균, 2006). 따라서 이러한 각종 환경의 제한요소를 최소화할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고, 양호한 식생환경을 조성할 보완 대책수립 (오휘영 ‧ 최병권, 2001)이 필요하다. 그 중 토양염류에 의한 수목의 피해가 가장 큰 문제로 볼 수 있고, 이에 대한 대책은 수목식재 공간 내부로 토양염류의 이동을 억제하거나 차단 하여 수목이 생리․생태적으로 안정되고, 건전한 생육을 위 한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 염류차단이 가능한 여 러 가지의 재료와 차단방법에 따라 토양염류의 이동변화를 측정하여 차단효과가 우수한 재료와 방법을 검증하여 향후 간척지 녹화에 필요한 수목식재 기술개발에 기초자료를 제 공하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위한 시험지 조성은 전북 군산시 옥구읍 수산 리에 위치한 새만금 노출간척지내에서 2011년 10월에 시험 지를 조성하여 2012년 12월까지 14개월간 모니터링을 실 시하였다. 간척지토양에서 식재혈을 파고 차단재료를 설치 한 후 양질토로 객토한 후 토양염분이 식재혈 내부로 침투 한 정도를 평가하기 위하여 월 1회에 걸쳐 식재혈 내부의 토양전기전도도(EC)를 측정하였다. 차단재료는 쇄석, 준설 토, 목질칩, 드레인보드, 왕겨, EPS, 비닐의 7종류의 재료를 대상으로 하였고, 차단방법별로는 식재혈의 전면차단, 바닥 면차단, 벽면차단 등의 3가지로 하였고, 차단재료의 두께별 로는 10㎝, 20㎝, 30㎝로 구분하였으며, 무처리구는 차단재 료의 설치하지 않고 객토만을 실시하여 실험하였다. 실험구 조성시 대상지의 간척지토양의 EC는 약 5.11ds/m 로 EC에 따른 수목피해등급기준(Lee, S.H. et al., 2003)에 비교한 결과 불량한 토양으로 나타났다. 우리나라 초기 간 척지는 대부분토양의 EC가 4ds/m이상(오휘영 ․ 최병권, 2001)으로 대상지의 토양은 수목의 생육피해 등급 중 생육 이 불량한 등급(4.75ds/m 이상)으로 수목식재가 곤란하고 토양개량 및 염분차단을 위한 방법이 필요한 것으로 나타났 다. 원지반토양인 무처리구의 EC를 시계열적으로 분석한 결 과 1월과 6월에 다소 높게 나타났다. 이것은 가뭄과 연관 지을 수 있고, 기상데이터와 같이 추가적인 분석이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 재료별 식혈구내의 EC의 월평균값을 분석한 결과 무처 리구(1.32ds/m)>비닐(1.30ds/m)>왕겨(1.18ds/m)>드레인 보드(1.11ds/m)>EPS(1.08ds/m)>쇄석(0.79ds/m)>목질칩 (0.731ds/m)> 준설토(0.72ds/m) 순으로 높게 나타났다. 차 단재료를 설치하지 않은 무처리구는 EC가 가장 높게 나타 났으며, 특히 준설토, 쇄석, 목질칩이 다른 재료에 비해 EC 가 비교적 낮게 나타나 염분이동을 억제하는 효과가 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 준설토, 쇄석, 목질칩의 재료는 타 재료보다 공극률 다소 크고 배수성이 우수하여 식재혈 내부로 이동하는 토양염분을 억제한 결과로 생각한 다. 따라서 준설토와 쇄석, 목질칩은 다른 재료에 비해 염분 이동을 차단 또는 억제하는 효과가 우수한 것으로 판단되었 다. 그러나 목질칩의 경우 현재는 재료의 입자간에 공극이 커서 염분차단 기능을 하고 있는 것으로 추정되지만 장차 부식되어 공극이 작아지고 다져질 경우 염분차단 기능을 할 수 있을지에 대해서는 장기적 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 생각되었다. 염분이동 억제효과가 높은 목질칩, 쇄석, 준설토의 3가지 재료에 대하여 차단방법과 처리 두께별 처리결과를 추가적 으로 분석하였다. 염분차단방법별로는 전면차단에서 목질 칩처리가 월평균 EC 0.79ds/m로 가장 효과적이었고, 바닥 면차단의 경우는 준설토처리구(EC0.56ds/m) 및 쇄석 (EC0.56ds/m)처리구가 다소 효과가 높았으며, 벽면차단의 경우는 현재 일관성이 없었다. 일반적으로 염해지 수목식재 시 토양염분의 수직적인 이동을 고려하여 식재혈의 바닥면 을 대상으로 주로 차단처리를 하고 있으나 본 연구결과 토 양염분은 수직적 이동 외에 수평적 이동 또한 발생하기 때 문에 식재혈의 전면을 차단하거 바닥면을 우선적으로 차단 하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다. 염분차단재료의 처리두께별 결과는 쇄석처리구에서 차 단두께가 두꺼울수록 EC가 낮게 나타났으나 목질칩과 준 설토처리구에서는 일관성이 보이지 않아 추가적인 모니터 링이 필요할 것이다. 염분차단실험에서 무처리구보다 차단재료를 설치한 처 리구의 EC가 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 처리구의 재료 가 공극이 커서 모세관 현상을 차단하여 염분 상승을 차단 하거나 억제한 것으로 판단된다. 2012년 12월 현재까지, 토 양염분 차단 및 억제효과는 월평균 EC를 기준으로 목질칩 (1.48ds/m), 쇄석(1.43ds/m), 준설토(1.34ds/m) 등의 재료 가 다른 재료에 비해 뛰어난 것으로 나타났고, 수목생육피 해 및 토양등급기준에서 모두 매우 양호하고, 무해한 등급 의 조건으로 나타나 수목식재가 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 재료 차단방법 및 두께에서는 재료별 일관성이 있는 결과가 도출되지 않았으며, 이에 대한 실내실험으로 보완이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 대상지는 점토질토양으로 실험구 조성 후 초기에 지반의 다짐 및 안정화가 이루어지지 않고, 여름철 집중강우 등 기 상의 영향으로 EC의 변화 폭이 크게 나타났다. 특히, 1월 측정 시에는 전체적으로 값이 높게 나타났는데 이는 겨울철 토양 결빙으로 발생한 EC측정기의 측정오차로 추정되었다. 기존의 토양염분 측정에 대한 연구들은 대부분 횡단적으 로 14개월 측정하여 염분평가를 하였으나 본 실험결과 토양 염분은 계절적으로나 시간의 흐름에 따라 변화가 있으므로 토양염분을 조사할 때는 최소한 4계절 구분하여 조사하여 야 하고, 장기적인 모니터링에 의하여 염분변화를 파악하여 야 할 것으로 생각되었다. 또한 각각의 실험재료에 대한 경 제성부분을 추가적으로 검토하여 간척지에서 토양염분차 단을 위한 수목식재시 재료와 방법별 설치비용과 기능성을 추가적으로 조사․분석하여 현실적으로 가장 효과적인 재료 와 방법을 개발해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

This study analyzes the structure types of salmon oil to evaluate the purity of salmon oil products based on the 38 different types of imported salmon oil products distributed in the Republic of Korea. The major types of omega-3 foods in the salmon oil are ethyl ester (EE) and triglyceride (TG). If the salmon oil contained potential contaminants and was processed in order to remove it, EE type omega-3 fatty acids are found in concentration. This provides a good guide in assessing if products were made with EE type ingredients or re-esterified contaminated materials. The results of the FT-IR analysis showed significant difference in the C=O, C-O band positions in TG and EE. There were 19 TG type products and 19 EE type products. The analysis of carbon isotope ratio was performed on the types of TG and EE. There were different properties in the 19 TG type products. In one product, the carbon isotope ratio was －25.15 and the other 18 products showed －22.15～－23.96. The carbon isotope ratio of all 19 EE type products showed －21.91～－23.74. The results of the TLC analysis showed similar results with FR-IR. The re-esterified TG form was not detected in the TG type products, confirming that the TG type products contained natural salmon oil. This study aimed to provide the basic material in classifying the types of natural salmon oil and re-esterified salmon oil, by analyzing the pattern and proportion of FT-IR spectrum, carbon isotope ratio, and TLC.

This paper analyzes phenolic compounds, carbon isotopes, and sugar components of whiskys based on the maturation period. For this, the paper considers a total of 40 whiskys(mainly imports) distributed in Korea. It is important to analyze the presence phenolic compounds(e.g., furfural, syringaldehyde, vanillin, syringic acid, and vanillic acid) because these are found only in whiskys ripened in oak. The results indicate that the total content of phenolic compounds increased with the increase in the storage period regardless of the type of whisky. In terms of vanillin/syringaldehyde(V/S), Scotch whiskys had 0.4～0.5; American whiskies, 0.30～0.34; and Canadian whiskies, 0.31～0.33. In terms of Scotch whiskys, Macallan had 0.25～0.34, making it unique among Scotch whiskys. In terms of the ratio of carbon isotopes, there were clear differences between malt Scotch whiskys, blended Scotch grain whiskys, American whiskys, and Canadian whiskys: －23.4～－24.3, －16.8～－21.0, －11.0～－11.5 and －9.5～13.9, respectively. In addition, malt Scotch whiskys contained 40～230 ㎎/ℓ of fructose; blended Scotch whiskys, 20～120 ㎎/ℓ; American whiskys, 50～70 ㎎/ℓ; and Canadian whiskys, 20～100 ㎎/ℓ, demonstrating that the fructose content of single-malt whiskys was twice the average fructose content. On the other hand, malt Scotch whiskys contained 30～170 ㎎/ℓ of glucose; blended Scotch whiskys, 20～120 ㎎/ℓ; American whiskys, 20～30 ㎎/ℓ; and Canadian whiskys, 10～110 ㎎/ℓ, demonstrating that the glucose content of single-malt whiskys exceeded the average glucose content. This study’s results can be used as a database of classification for whiskys based on the fermentation of raw ingredients and the period of maturation for distinguishing between different types of whiskys. In addition, the results can facilitate the verification of genuine whiskys by allowing for the identification of different types of whiskys based on the period of maturation.

This study was carried out to get the information of Plum tree (192 germplasm) collected in Korea, and to evaluate the organic acid contents and fermentation solution. The organic acid content of fruit was 50.9 ± 6.0 ㎎/g, and which was composed of 55.5% of citric acid, 43.4% of malic acid and 1.1% of oxalic acid, and showed large difference among germplasms. Oxalic acid and malic acid made no differences in organic acid content according to flesh color, whereas citric acid and total organic acid contents were highest in orange color and lowest in whitish green. Malic acid, citric acid and total organic acid contents did not show differences among fruit weight groups, but oxalic acid content was highest at fruit weight of 5.1 ~ 10.0 g and lowest at more than 20.1 g. The sugar content of fermentation solution of fruit was 55.7 ± 1.6 °Brix and the harvest rate was 116.7 ± 8.7%. The correlation coefficients among fruit weight, the sugar content (°Brix) and harvest rate of fermentation solution were very low, and there were correlations of r=–0.551** between fruit weight and oxalic acid, r=– 0.767** between malic acid and citric acid, and r=0.834** between citric acid and total organic acid content.

‘Hyowon 4’, a new medium maturing glutinous rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of Pusan National University in 2013. This cultivar was derived from a cross between ‘Boseokchal’ and ‘Donna’ with good glutinous property. During F3~F8 generation, breeding lines were selected by a pedigree breeding method. As a result, the promising line (JS23-4-39-14-5-1-1-1) with good glutinous property was advanced and designated as the name of ‘SP 106’ in 2012. This variety headed on Aug. 15, which is 2 days later than ‘Dongjinchal’ in middle plane. The culm length and panicle length of this variety was 82.4 cm and 21.1 cm, respectively. This variety has about 13.9 tillers per a hill and 100 spikelets per a panicle. The ratio of ripened grain is about 92.0% and 1000-grain weight was 20.9 g in brown rice. The yield performance was 5.03 MT/ha in local adaptability test.

Although rice has been cultivated as a major food crop for approximately 5,000 years, the interest of customers in ‘scented rice’ is a recent trend in the Korean market. As a part of developing a germinated scented rice variety, the newly bred scented rice variety ‘Cheonjihyang-1 se’ was germinated for 24 h, and changes in profiles of flavor-related volatiles, lipophilic phytonutrients, and fatty acids were investigated. The profiling of volatile compounds by using a headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) revealed a total of 56 odor-active flavoring compounds; 52 at the pre-germination stage, 51 at the post-germination stage, and 47 common at both stages. The major flavoring compounds were nonanol and benzene, which constituted 11.5% and 6.6%, respectively, of the total peak area in pre-germinated rice, and 19.4% and 6.5%, respectively, in post-germinated rice. Germination induced an increase in 13 flavoring compounds, including 3,3,5-trimethylheptane and 1-pentadecene, which increased by 763 and 513%, respectively by germination. However, we observed a germination-induced decrease in most of the other flavoring compounds. Especially, the most important scented rice-specific popcorn-flavoring compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, showed 89% decrease due to germination. Furthermore, the germination of scented rice induced a decrease in the content of various phytonutrients. For example, the total contents of phytosterols, squalene, and tocols decreased from 207.97, 31.74, and 25.32 μg g -1 at pre-germination stage down to 136.66, 25.12, and 17.76 μg g -1 , respectively at post-germination stage. The fatty acid compositions were also affected by germination. The composition of three major fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, increased from 36.6, 34.2, and 24.4%, respectively, at the pre-germination stage to 37.9, 36.9, and 20.7%, respectively, at the post-germination stage. All these results suggested significant changes in the flavor-related compounds and phytonutrients of the scented rice variety ‘Cheonjihyang-1 se’ during the process of germination, and subsequently the need for developing a more precise process of germination to enhance the flavor and nutritional quality of the germinated scented rice products.

''Hyowon 5’, a new aromatic rice variety with high yield was derived from a cross between 'Dasan’ as a high yield source and ‘IR841-1-1-2’ as a donor for aroma. A general pedigree breeding method was applied to develop Hyowon 5. In F8 generation, a promising line, JS14-12-36-8-5-3-1-1-1, was selected and designated as the name of ‘SP 102’ in 2012. This variety headed on Aug. 14 , which is 3 days later than ‘Hwayoung’ in middle plane. The brown rice of this aromatic variety ‘Hyowon 5’ exhibited 51 odor-active volatiles including a pop corn-flavoring 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline which is exclusively detected in aroma rice varieties. The Culm length and panicle length of this variety was 83.2 cm and 26.4 cm, respectively. This variety has about 14.9 tillers per hill and 124.5 spikelet numbers per panicle. The 1000-grain weight was 20.9 g in brown rice. The yield performance of brown rice was 6.27 MT/ha in local adaptability test.

BADH1 and BADH2 are two homology genes, encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in rice. In the present study, we scanned BADHs sequences of 295 rice cultivars, and 10 wild rice accessions to determine the polymorphisms, gene functions and domestication of these two genes. A total of 16 alleles for BADH1 and 10 alleles for BADH2 were detected in transcription region of cultivars and wild species. Association study showed that BADH1 has significant correlation with salt tolerance in rice during germination stage, the SNP P11483(T/A)ishighlycorrelatedwithsalttoleranceindex(STI)(P<10-4). While, BADH2 was only responsible for rice fragrance, of which two BADH2 alleles (P23036, P25390) explain 97% of aroma variation in our germplasm. It indicated that there are no overlapping functions between the two homology genes. In addition, a large LD block was detected in BADH2 region, however, no large LD blocks in a 4-Mb region of BADH1. Only BADH2 region shown significant bias Tajima’s D value from the balance. Extended haplotype homozygosity study revealed fragrant accessions had a large LD block that extended around the mutation site (P23036) of BADH2, while both of the BADH1 alleles (SNP P11483(T/A)) did not show large extended LDblock. All these results suggested that BADH2 was identified as a domesticated gene during rice evolution, while BADH1 was not selected by human beings.

Rice is the major food for half of the world population. The nutrition component in rice is critical for improvement of people’s health. Vitamin E serves as important antioxidant by quenching the free radical intermediates and thus protects the cell membrane. Because of the high nutritional value and the benefits of vitamin E in human health, increasing the tocochromanol content of major agricultural crops has long been in the focus of breeding programs and genetic engineering approaches. The key genes involved in tocopherol biosynthesis have been elucidated in Arabidopsis and other model organisms. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) study performed in Arabidopsis suggested that some of these key genes and a few additional loci contribute to natural tocopherol variations. Identifying such genetic variations in rice, enrich our understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling tocopherol variation, which can be directly applied to rice breeding programs. In this study, we used genome-wide association mapping with high-resolution density SNPs of rice core set to identify natural allelic variations, which contribute to tocopherol increase in rice

2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) was widely known as the principal aroma compound, it development in rice has been reported due to the loss of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (badh2) on chromosome 8. In previous study, a lot of haplotypes have been found of this gene, while only limited haplotypes have been proved as functional mutations. A total of 137 core set accessions, and additional 45 germplasms have been employed in this study. Finally, two new mutations have been found (3bp deletion in exon12 and C/A SNP in exon 10), and 23 haplotypes have been detected, most of them had strong relations with aroma formation. According to the sequence results, five functional markers have been developed, the markers showed a highly efficient in discriminating the special aromatic rice varieties, and displayed perfect co-segregation with the trait of fragrance in F2 population. Those new markers developed in the present study would be useful in molecular breeding of fragrant rice varieties. Based on the haplotypes, the further research is in progress.

Aroma development in rice has been reported due to the lack of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (badh2) on rice chromosome 8. A lot of functional markers have been designed based on the InDels, such as 7bp deletion in exon 2, 803bp deletion in exon 4 and 5, 8bp deletion in exon 7, and 3bp insertion in exon 13. Although there were a lot of functional SNPs, other InDels have not been detected by a PCR-based marker. Here we developed a simple, co-dominant, functional cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker for fragrance trait based on 1bp insertion in exon 14. The developed marker showed a high efficiency in discriminating that special aromatic rice variety, and displayed perfect co-segregation with the trait of fragrance in the F2 population. This new marker developed in the present study would be useful in molecular breeding of fragrant rice varieties.

Vitamin E and phytosterols are both valuable nutrients that act as antioxidants in human bodies. Understanding the genetic basis of these traits is necessary for the improvement of nutritional quality by breeding. In this study, 119 rice accessions of diverse origin were genotyped using 232 SSR markers to identify marker–trait associations with Vitamin E and phytosterols in rice. Analysis of population structure revealed four subgroups in the population. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and distributions are of fundamental importance for genome-wide mapping associations. The mean r2 value for all intra-chromosomal loci pairs was 0.3361. LD between linked markers decreased with distance. Marker–trait associations were investigated using the unified mixed-model approach, considering both population structure (Q) and kinship (K). In total, 81 marker–trait associations were identified using 232 different SSR markers covering 12 chromosomes. The results suggest that association mapping in rice is a viable alternative to quantitative trait loci mapping. The results from this association mapping study will be the basis for improving rice nutritional quality.