벼밤나방[Sesamia inferens (Walker, 1856)](나비목: 밤나방과)은 벼 줄기를 가해하는 해충이다. 본 연구는 국내 몇 지역에서 벼밤나방의 연 중 세대수를 추정하였다. 북위 38° 부근의 세 지역에서 벼밤나방 성충이 성페로몬트랩에 포획되었다. 이는 국내 모든 지역에서 벼밤나방이 서식하 는 것을 나타냈다. 조사된 지역 대부분에서 단일사인곡선의 유효적산온일도 모델로 추정된 세대별 성충 발생 시기는 관찰된 성충 세대의 발생 시기 와 차이가 없었다. 이 모델을 사용하여 추정된 월동유충은 성충 마지막 세대로부터 유래할 가능성이 있다고 추정되었다. 중남부지역에서 가을동안 벼 포장에서 채집된 유충들을 25°C에서 사육하였을 때, 번데기의 약 70%가 용화전 유충 탈피를 보이지 않았다. 경남 고성에서 3월초에 채집된 유 충은 25°C 사육에서 유충 탈피 없이 용화하여 이 지역에서는 주로 마지막 유충 영기로 월동할 것으로 추정되었다. 모든 결과를 종합하여 벼밤나방 은 북위 38° 부근 지역에서는 주로 2세대, 북위 35.3° ~ 37.3° 사이 지역에서는 3세대가 경과할 것으로 결론지었다. 별도로, 시토크롬 c 산화효소 1 유전자의 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 성페로몬트랩에 포획된 종의 35%가 다른 종이었고, 이들은 형태적으로 벼밤나방과 혼동되지 않았다.

Lepidopterous pests can be a problem in corn cultivation in the southern region. This study investigated the occurrence of Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoverpa armigera and Pseudaletia separata in corn field of southern region. O. furnacalis has investigated aspects occur in Iksan, Buan and Gochang. H. armigera and P. separata has investigated the aspects occur in Buan and Gochang. Occur from early May in sex pheromone trap, showing the highest density occurs in late May, the 1st occurrence of O. furnacalis adult was reduced since the beginning of June. the 2nd occurrence of O. furnacalis adult occurs in late August and showed the highest density occurred in early September. Occurrence time showed aspects similar to the three regions of the O. furnacalis adult. 1st adult occurs in early May from Buan, H. armigera showed the highest density occurs in early August and showed the highest density occurs in early July from Gochang. The 1st adult P. separata occurs in late April, showed the highest density occurs in late June from Gochang. However, the incidence density was lower in Buan.

Real Time PCR을 이용한 벼 흰잎마름병균의 밀도를 측정할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 개발하였다. Real Time PCR을 이용하여 벼 흰잎마름병을 예찰하기 위하여 TaqMan MGB probe를 이용한 프라이머인 Xan_PahgeF & Xan_PahgeR primer와 Xan_Pahge FAM MGB probe를 제작하였으며, 높은 특이성이 인정되었다. 병원균 배양액, 벼 흰잎마름병원균의 DNA, 병원세균에 오염된 물에서도 효과적으로 검출이 되었다. 농수로물이나 관개수에서 벼 흰잎마름병균의 밀도를 측정할 때 정량 PCR의 저해인자 제거 후 신속하게 벼 흰잎마름병균의 밀도를 측정할 수 있다.

무인헬기를 이용한 벼 직파재배기술을 확립하고자2009 ~ 2010년에 국립식량과학원 벼맥류부 계화 시험포장에서 무인헬기의 벼 직파성능, 최적 비행방법, 볍씨의 적정 최아길이 및 쌀 수량 등을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 무인헬기의 볍씨 1회 탑재량은 18 kg이며, 파종면적은 0.4 ha이었으며, 무인헬기의 비행속도는 20 km/hr, 비행높이는 3m가 적당하였다. 2. 무인헬기의 ha당 파종시간은 10분이 소요되었으며, 이는 기존의 직파재배보다 파종노력이 6 ~ 15배정도 절감되었다. 파종비용은 무인헬기 직파가 담수표면산파보다 14%정도 절감되었다. 3. 무인헬기로 파종할 볍씨의 최아길이는 3 mm보다 1 mm가 적당하였다. 4. 무인헬기 직파시 담수로터리직후 파종보다 담수로터리 후 1일에 파종한 것이 볍씨가 얕게 매몰되어 입모가 양호하였다. 5. 무인헬기를 이용한 직파재배가 이앙재배보다 쌀 수량이 3%, 완전미 수량이 5%정도 감소되었으며, 완전미 비율도 다소 낮은 경향이었다. 6. 이상의 결과로 보아 대규모 들녘에서 무인헬기를 이용하여 벼 직파재배를 할 경우 획기적인 노력절감 효과가 기대된다.

벼 흰잎마름병균의 정확한 진단을 위하여 PCR용 진단 kit를 개발하였다. 본 PCR kit를 개발하기 위하여 벼 흰잎마름 병균 유전체 정보 중 phage-related integrase and transposase gene의 염기서열을 이용하여 프라이머를 각각 제작하였다. 프라이머 염기서열은 XOP-F (5-CGG TCT GCT CAA TGA GGA AGA-3)와 XOP-R2 (5-TGC AAT TGG TGT TCTCCA GG-3), XOT-F (5-GTC ATA GGT GAG GCT TCCC-3)와 XOT-R2 (5-AGT GCG ATC TTT CAG CAG G-3)로 벼 흰잎마름병균의 DNA를 401bp와 492bp를 증폭하게 제작하였다. PCR 증폭은 벼 흰잎마름병균만 증폭하였으며 다른 세균인 Escherichia coli, Agrobacterim, Pectobacterium caratovora subsp. cartovorum, P. atrosepticum, Pseudomonasputida, P. syringae, P. savastanoi pv. phaeolicola, P. savastanoipv. savastanoi and P. marginalis pv. Marginalis 등은증폭되지 않아 특이성이 인정 되었다. 본 프라이머로 병이 의심되는 벼잎과 논물에서 병원균을 3시간 이내에 검출할 수 있었다.

This study was carried out to know whether the host plant feeding have an influence to subsequent prey consumption of a zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis, with biological control potential. Piece of leave of Paprika, Sesame, and cotton ball soaked with water were respectively provided to the test insects, adult mirid starved about a day, and frozen eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, were presented to them for a day and counted the number of the eggs consumed by them. The mirid fed by Sesame leave took significantly less prey than both the Paprika and the water fed one.

Maize weevil (Sittophilus zeamais) and Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) are the dominant species among the stored grain insect pests of the rice grain and bran. This experiment was conducted to investigate developmental characteristic and damages of S. zeamais and P. interpunctella on the rice. Under five constant temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃, developmental periods from egg to adult of Sittophilus zeamais were 43.0, 36.4, 29.2, 20.8 and 16.3 days, respectively. With egg periods being 9.6, 7.3, 5.2, 3.2 and 2.6 days, and larval periods being 25.2, 22.6, 19.8, 14.5 and 11.3 days, and adult periods being 129.3, 116.1, 108.6, 89.2 and 73.3 days, respectively. Damages of S. zeamais adult at 15, 20, 25 and 30℃ were 67.2, 96.2, 134.0 and 174.5 for 24hr on the rice. Damages of P. interpunctella larval 15, 20, 25 and 30℃ were 56.2, 78.3, 109.4 and 138.7 for 24hr on the rice. The duration of maximum occurrence were June to August for S. zeamais, late May to early August for P. interpunctella.

The insecticidal effect for several commercially available environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) is investigated to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Narana aenescens, Pseudaletia unipuncta and Parnara guttata on rice. In the insecticidal effects for 2-3rd instar larvae of lepidopteran after treatment with 19 EFAMs, more than 95% of mortality rate showed 5 EFAMs in C. medinalis, 12 EFAMs in N. aenescens, 9 EFAMs in P. unipuncta, and 14 EFAMs in P. guttata, respectively. Among 4 EFAMs selected for C. medinalis in indoor, more than 70% in control effect is seen EFAM-B(85.2%), EFAM-I(79.1%) and EFAM-M (78.3%), respectively, in rice field. The insecticidal effect for EFAMs is investigated to Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus and Nephotettix cincticeps on rice. In the insecticidal effects for 2-3rd nymph and adult after treatment with 19 EFAMs, more than 95% of mortality rate showed 5 EFAMs in N. lugens adult, 7 EFAMs in N. lugens nymph, 6 EFAMs in L. striatellus, and 5 EFAMs in N. cincticeps, respectively. Insecticidal effect for N. lugens was sustained until 10 day in rice treated with 7 EFAMs selected in indoor. Among them, EFAM-L, EFAM-P and EFAM-R was sustained in low density until 27 day. But EFAM-D, EFAM-L, EFAM-N and EFAM-S showed high density until 27 day and additional control was needed.

Biological control of rice insect pest is an important component of an IPM program. There are many species of natural enemies which contribute to the suppression of rice pest populations below economic injury levels. In order to use biological control more efficiently, it is a need to identify beneficial species and determine their roles in possible regulation of insect pests. There is a rich complex of biological control agents in rice and bund. This research was carried out to investigate the population density of insect pests and natural enemies in the rice field and bund. A total of 7 pest species and 15 natural enemy species were collected in the rice field. 10 pest species and 20 natural enemy species were collected in the bund, also. Changes in population density of insect pests and its prey were investigated in the rice field and bund. Population densities of insect pests were low at any time during the rice growth period in the field. This could be the high density of natural enemies. Bunds served as refuge for natural enemies when rice maturity. There are rich complex of biological control agents in rice field and bund. So, when we practice integrated pest management(IPM) of rice insect pests, we should use various natural enemies.

We have gathered rice grain and bran from conventional mills and RPC(Rice Processing Complex) for the survey of stored grain insect pests. Maize weevil(Sittophilus zeamais) is the dominant species among the stored grain insect pests of the rice grain and bran. Under three constant temperatures, 15, 20 and 25℃, developmental periods from egg to adult were 43.0, 37.5 and 29.2 days, respectively. With egg periods being 9.6, 7.3 and 5.2days, and larval periods being 25.2, 21.8 and 19.8days, and adult periods being 126.1, 110.3 and 108.6days, respectively. The adults of Maize weevil feed basically on the same the foods as the larvae but not as restricted in their diets because the larvae need to develop inside whole grains. Feeding of S. zeamais adult usually began 3∼4 days after emergence at 25℃. Then adult feeding ca. one rice a day, reaching a peak of 20∼40days after emergence.

Monoalkenyl acetates are used as one of lepidopteran pheromone components. However, (Z)-3-alkenylacetate as pheromone components is rarely known. Among them, (Z)-3-dodecenylacetate is used as pheromone components of Aproaerema anthyllidella and Tecia solanivora. Recently, (Z)-3-dodecenylacetate was identified as one of pheromone components for an insect pest in Korea (unpublisheddata). For the demand of development of mating disruption against thepest, large amount of (Z)-3-dodecenylacetate (Z3-C12Ac) was needed. Here, we reported the synthetic procedures for (Z)-3-decenylacetate (Z3-C12AC). The Grignard reagent from 1-decyne and ethyl magnesium bromide was reacted with ethylene oxide in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF). Thus synthesized 3-dodecyn-1-ol was reduced to (Z)-3-dodecen-1-ol (Z3-C12OH) by hydrogenation over Lindlar’s catalyst. The alcohol was acetylated to desired (Z)-3-dodecenylacetate (Z3-12Ac) with acetic anhydride by general procedures. The yield was 62.6% through the all procedures. Thepurity was 98.0% (by GC-MS). The isomeric purity was >99% (by NMR).

The occurrence and damage of stink bugs were monitored at South Korea from 2007 to 2008. A total of 11 stink bug species were observed in paddy field and occurrence periods of stink bugs were significantly differed by species. In occurrence period and damage of stink bug feeding in paddy field, Scotinophara lurida occurred from June, Cletus punctiger, Eysarcoris aeneus, Rhopalus maculatus, Riptortus clavatus, E. ventralis, Stenotus rubrovittatus occurred from August and Pachygrontha antennata, C. schmidti, Trigonotylus caelestialium, Paromius exiguus occurred from September. When we were classified into two region with mountain and plain area cultivated rice, generally C. puntiger population was higher in mountain area than plain area, and E. aeneus was higher in plain area than mountain area. Also, stink bug species were higher in environment condition formed with a paddy field and a waterway overgrown with weeds. Control threshold for E. aeneus in paddy field was 1-2 individuals/heading stage, and then rate of pecky rice made to 5.0% while milk stage, dough stage and yellow ripe stage made to less than 5.0%.

The green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps is an insect vector which transmits virus diseases of rice plant causing severe damage to the rice and its damage both quality and yield of rice. Survival rate of overwintering N. cincticeps in Alopeculus acquadis among 15 species of the winter crops and weeds was 37.8% and its most preferred. Density of N. cincticeps in environment-friendly agriculture area which cultivated Astragalus sinicus as a green manure crop in winter season increased in number wintering pass in Alopeculus acquadis and Astragalus sinicus as host plants, because of control of N. cincticeps was not enough in the previous year. Survival rate of N. cincticeps was higher mainly in habitation mixed with rice straw, Astragalus sinicus and Alopeculus acquadis as winter habitation. It warmed due to the effect of the keeping warmth inside of a rice paddy field and the bank around a rice field covered with rice straw or Astragalus sinicus. Also, habitation conditions were optimal for survival because of growing Alopeculus acquadis as the major host plant of N. cincticeps in that place.

실험실 조건에서 고구마 뒷날개흰밤나방의 교미 전 행동습성을 관찰하였다. 짝이 있고 어두운 상태에서 안테나를 치켜세우고 날개를 진동하는 습성을 보였으며, 암컷과 수컷 모두 날개를 진동하고 안테나를 치켜세우는 행동을 보이다가 수컷이 암컷에게로 날아가는 습성을 보였다. 불이 꺼진상태로 20여분이 지나면 안테나를 치켜세우는 반응을 보이기 시작하였으며 40분이 지났을 때부터 마치 짝을 유인하는 음향을 생성하듯이 날개를 빠르게 진동하는 반응을 보였다. 짝짓기는 우화 후 이튿날부터 관찰되었으며 대부분 4일에서 6일 사이에 짝짓기를 하였다. 짝짓기는 평균 207분 동안 지속되었고, 대부분 3회까지 반복적으로 교미를 하였다. 관찰결과를 종합적으로 분석해보면 암컷이 신호를 보내고 수컷이 이에 반응하는 것으로 보이며, 암컷이 내는 음향이 뒷날개흰밤나방의 교미전 행동습성에 관련되어 있을 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

익산지역에서 벼 줄점팔랑나비(Parnara guttata)는 1년에 3세대를 경과하며, 5월중 하순부터 월동처에서 우화하여 논으로 이동한 다음 벼 잎에 산란하기 시작하였다. 유충에 의한 벼의 피해는 7월 하순부터 증가하여 8월 중 하순 사이에 가장 많은 것으로 관찰되었으며, 3세대 성충이 우화하기 시작하는 시기는 9월 중순이었다. 벼의 이망시기와 줄점팔랑나비에 의한 피해는 만식한 논에서 켰다. 살충제를 유충발생 최성기 약 1주일 전인 7월 하순에 처리하였을 때 91.2%의 방제효과를 나타낸 반면 8월 초순에 처리할 경우에는 방제효과가 57.2%로 낮았다.

This experiment was conducted to establish a cultivation system for sorghum in reclaimed soils. Pot experiments were used to test the effects on seedling establishment of sowing depth, soil water content, and soil salinity using seeds of Nampungchal-susu and Hwanggeumchal-susu in reclaimed soil. Field experiments were also conducted to examine differences in growth characteristics and yield production, by sowing time, and planting distance. The result of the pot experiment, examining seedling establishment at various sowing depths revealed that, it was the highest 76.7% when the seeds were sown at a depth of 3 cm. Seedling establishment did not differ with soil water content between 10~30 kpa and at 51~70 kpa. No effects of seed moisture absorption before sowing were observed. Seedling establishment showed no differences with soil salinity below 3.2 dS m-1, but decreased with Salinity above 4.8 dS m-1. In field experiments to assess the effects on seedling establishment ratio of sowing time, Nampungchal-susu was revealed to have a high seedling establishment ratio following sowing on June 15. Hwanggeumchal-susu did not exhibits effects of sowing time, on seedling establishment ratio but exhibited higher seedling establishment when in low soil salinity conditions than when sown in high soil salinity conditions. With respect to yield, the yield of the seeds sown on June 15 was higher by 13% for Nampungchal-susu and by 29% for the Hwanggeumchal-susu than that those sown on June 25. With respect to soil salinity, the yield at a soil salinity of 3.2 dS m-1 was lower by 23% than that at 1.6 dS m-1 or lower for Nampungchal-susu, and was lower by 30% Hwanggeumchal-susu. With respect to planting density, both breeds showed the highest yield at 60×10 cm. These results suggest that a sowing time of June 15 and a seeding distance of 60×10 cm are appropriate for sorghum in reclaimed land.

본 연구는 벼멸구, 벼흰잎마름병, 벼줄무늬잎마름병에 저항성인 자포니카 복합내병충성 품종을 조기에 확보하고자 약배양을 수행하여 목표 저항성 유전자 조합의 우량 고정계통을 개발하고 육성 과정 중에 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 파악하여 병해충 저항성 육종사업에 반영하고자 수행하였다. 벼흰잎마름병과 벼줄무늬잎마름병에 저항성인 우량 계통 HR26234- 12-1-1과 벼멸구, 벼흰잎마름병, 벼줄무늬잎마름병에 저항성인 SR30071-3-7-23-6-2-1-1을 인공 교배한 F1을 약배양하여 213개 고정계통을 육성하였다. HR26234는 Xa3+xa5, Stvb-i, SR30071은 Bph18, Xa4, Stvb-i를 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이들 유래 약배양 계통들은 모두 Stvb-i를 가지고 있었고, Bph18+Xa3, Bph18+Xa4, Bph18+Xa3+xa5, Bph18+Xa4+xa5, bph18+Xa3, bph18+Xa4, bph18+Xa3+ xa5과 bph18+Xa4+xa5의 조합이 확인되었다. 약배양 집단에서 xa5+Bph18(또는 bph18)+Stvb-i 조합이 발생하지 않았고 Bph18 보유 계통이 bph18 보다 적게 발생하는 등 segregation distortion이 발생하였다. Bhp18을 보유하며 벼멸구에 저항성인 계통들이 감수성인 계통들에 비해 간장이 컸다. 선발된 Bph18+Xa4+xa5+Stvb-i 조합의 계통은 단간이면서 벼멸구, 벼흰잎마름병, 벼줄무늬잎마름병에 저항성을 나타내었으나, 낮은 수량성과 일부 불임의 발생, 단간임에도 도복에 안정적이지 못한 특성을 나타냈다. 병해충에 대한 저항성 육종사업에서 약배양을 활용하여 조기에 육종 목표를 달성하고자 할 경우에 segregation distortion이 발생하여 편의 된 변이가 발생할 수 있고, 저항성 유전자 도입 시 linkage drag에 의해 예기치 못한 열악형질 특성이 나타날 수 있음을 고려하여 신중하게 목표에 접근하여야 할 것으로 생각한다.