This study was conducted to secure basic data for developing technologies to reduce the generation of odor substances by investigating the effects of environmental temperature on growth performance and the generation of odor substances from feces in growing pigs. A total of 16 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average body weight 56.49±0.47kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments: thermal-neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. The experiments were conducted for two weeks, with average temperature-humidity indices of 68.91±0.09 for TN and 85.98±0.08 for HS. The results showed that HS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI, 33.3%) and average daily gain (ADG, 25.8%) compared with TN (p<0.05). Non-esterified fatty acid in serum was lower (36.2%) in HS compared with TN (p<0.05). However, protein, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and IgG in serum showed no difference between HS and TN. Phenol (350.0%) and skatole (416.3%) were significantly higher in HS than in TN (p<0.05). The decrease in growth performance is attributed to reduction in ADFI. The increase in phenol and skatole in HS is presumed to be due to the effect of HS on the metabolism of intestinal microbial composition. Digestion rate, intestinal microbial composition, and urine emissions are known to affect odor substances. Further research on the content of odor substances in urine, nutrient digestion rate, and intestinal microbial composition is considered necessary to determine the exact associations.

On pig farms, the highest mortality rate is observed among nursing piglets. To reduce this mortality rate, farmers need to carefully observe the piglets to prevent accidents such as being crushed and to maintain a proper body temperature. However, observing a large number of pigs individually can be challenging for farmers. Therefore, our aim was to detect the behavior of piglets and sows in real-time using deep learning models, such as YOLOv4-CSP and YOLOv7-E6E, that allow for real-time object detection. YOLOv4-CSP reduces computational cost by partitioning feature maps and utilizing Cross-stage Hierarchy to remove redundant gradient calculation. YOLOv7-E6E analyzes and controls gradient paths such that the weights of each layer learn diverse features. We detected standing, sitting, and lying behaviors in sows and lactating and starving behaviors in piglets, which indicate nursing behavior and movement to colder areas away from the group. We optimized the model parameters for the best object detection and improved reliability by acquiring data through experts. We conducted object detection for the five different behaviors. The YOLOv4-CSP model achieved an accuracy of 0.63 and mAP of 0.662, whereas the YOLOv7-E6E model showed an accuracy of 0.65 and mAP of 0.637. Therefore, based on mAP, which includes both class and localization performance, YOLOv4-CSP showed the superior performance. Such research is anticipated to be effectively utilized for the behavioral analysis of fattening pigs and in preventing piglet crushing in the future.

Blockchain is an immutable ledger that records transactions and tracks assets using a common communication protocol. It stores a copy of the blockchain and implements a consensus function to verify transactions. Blockchain is applied to industries beyond finance, such as retail, to maintain security and transparency. Consumers with knowledge of blockchain technology are likely to be affected when evaluating products with blockchain embedded, impacting their product evaluation. The study investigates the impact of blockchain technology on consumers' product evaluation and how knowledge of blockchain and product quality moderate its effects.

This research proposes a novel approach to tackle the challenge of categorizing unstructured customer complaints in the automotive industry. The goal is to identify potential vehicle defects based on the findings of our algorithm, which can assist automakers in mitigating significant losses and reputational damage caused by mass claims. To achieve this goal, our model uses the Word2Vec method to analyze large volumes of unstructured customer complaint data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). By developing a score dictionary for eight pre-selected criteria, our algorithm can efficiently categorize complaints and detect potential vehicle defects. By calculating the score of each complaint, our algorithm can identify patterns and correlations that can indicate potential defects in the vehicle. One of the key benefits of this approach is its ability to handle a large volume of unstructured data, which can be challenging for traditional methods. By using machine learning techniques, we can extract meaningful insights from customer complaints, which can help automakers prioritize and address potential defects before they become widespread issues. In conclusion, this research provides a promising approach to categorize unstructured customer complaints in the automotive industry and identify potential vehicle defects. By leveraging the power of machine learning, we can help automakers improve the quality of their products and enhance customer satisfaction. Further studies can build upon this approach to explore other potential applications and expand its scope to other industries.

양돈산업은 돼지고기 내 웅취발생 예방을 위한 방법으 로 수컷 자돈에게 물리적 거세를 관행적으로 실시해왔다. 그러나 동물복지에 대한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 일부 국가 들에서는 고통 최소화 물리적 거세법 권장 또는 대체 방 법에 대해 연구를 수행하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비거세돈(EM; entire male pigs) 및 거세돈(CM; castrated male pigs)에서 이눌린의 급여가 지방조직 내 웅취물질 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 시험동물 은 총 26두의 3원 교잡돈(EM, n=18; CM, n=8)을 사용하 였다. 시험 처리구는 3% 이눌린의 급여와 비급여를 설정 하여 총 4개 처리구(EM0, EM3, CM0 및 CM3)로 구성하 였다. 웅취분석을 위해 지방조직은 등지방, 목지방 및 삼 겹지방을 수집하였다. 등지방 내 인돌 농도는 EM0에 비 해 CM3에서 감소하였고(p<0.05) 목지방 및 삼겹지방에서 는 처리구간 차이가 없었다. 지방조직 내 평균 인돌 농도 는 EM0에 비해 EM3, CM0 및 CM3에서 감소하였다 (p<0.05). 등지방 내 스카톨 농도는 CM0, CM3에서 EM0 보다 감소하였다(p<0.05). 또한, 목지방 내 스카톨 농도 및 지방조직 내 평균 스카톨 농도는 CM3에서 EM0과 EM3 보다 감소가 확인되었다(p<0.05). 그러나 안드로스테논 농 도는 분석된 지방조직들 모두에서 처리구간 통계적인 차 이가 없다. 이러한 결과들은 이눌린 급여에 의해 비거세 돈의 지방 내 웅취물질 저감에 부분적인 효과를 나타냈 을 뿐만 아니라 거세돈에서도 웅취물질 감소에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 시사한다. 따라서, 본 연구결과는 물리적 인 거세가 전면 금지된다면 동물복지형 사양관리 기술개 발의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

위치 기반 AR 게임에서 모바일 기기의 위치를 정확하게 추정하는 것은 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 모바일 기 기에 내장되어 있는 위치 추정 시스템이 얼마나 정확하게 위치정보를 추정하는 지가 증강되는 AR 콘텐츠의 정확도를 결정한다. 하지만 도시 환경에서는 건물, 건축물, 광고판, 표지판 등 지형지물 및 장애물에 의해서 위치 추정을 위해 필요한 신호가 반사, 굴절, 회절, 차단 등이 발생하게 되고 그로 인하여 모바일 기기의 위 치 추정 시스템으로부터 추정되는 위치에 오차가 생기게 된다. 본 논문에서는 도시 환경에서 모바일 기기의 위치 오차가 증가하는 현상에 대해서 상용 스트리트 뷰와 문자 태그를 활용하여 심플하면서도 신뢰성 있는 위치 보정 방안을 제안한다. 제안하는 위치 보정 방안은 쿼리 이미지와 스트리트 뷰 파노라마 이미지로부터 생성된 문자 태그를 대조하는 것을 통해서 매칭 스코어를 계산한고 매칭 스코어에 따라 쿼리 이미지를 촬영 한 실제 위치와 가까운 스트리트 뷰를 검색하는 것을 통해서 모바일 기기의 위치를 보정한다. 제안하는 위치 보정 방안은 위치 오차가 43.71m인 위치를 위치 오차가 4.09m인 위치로 보정하였으며 낮과 밤에 관계없이 위치를 보정할 수 있다는 장점이 있다.

This study identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect the body weight of chickens. Analysis of body weight showed that the Cornish breed had the highest body weight, and the Korean native chicken (Gray Brown) had the lowest body weight. TSH is composed of an α-subunit and a β-subunit, and the TSH-β gene encoding the β-subunit has been reported to be associated with obesity. In chickens, it is located on chromosome 26 and is reported to be associated with growth. The calcium-sensing receptor gene (CaSR) plays a role in the regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis and is responsible for calcium absorption in the urinary tract, which affects the eggshell quality in poultry. It was shown that TSH-β was strongly correlated with weight in Cornish and Korean native (Gray Brown) chickens, particularly in those with the CC trait. However, CaSR showed no association with body weight in poultry; it was associated with calcium and the eggshell. Thus, selection for TSH-β can be used to produce individuals with more favorable traits in terms of body weight.

The purpose of this study was to compare the earth science curriculums of South Korea and North Korea. Aspects such as the content of the curriculums and the timing of learning were analyzed, in order to provide basic data that can be used to design a revised and integrated Korean curriculum. The objects of this study were South Korean Science textbooks from grades 5-9, and the high school Unity of Science and Earth Science I and II textbooks. Additionally, from North Korea, the junior middle school Natural Science 1 and 2 textbooks and the senior middle school Chosun Geography 2 and Geography 1 textbooks were analyzed. The results of this study obtained through an analysis that used the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS 2019) grade 8 earth science assessment framework were as follows. First, South Korea needs to adopt iterative learning. Repetitive learning, which is effective for understanding what is being learned, is applied to only 1 by 8th grade. Second, South Korea needs to adjust the time when certain content is learned. This is because there is a disparity between when content is learned in comparison to North Korea, and the timing of learning of about 50% of the TIMSS standards have not been followed. Third, it is necessary to reflect the content present within the TIMSS that have not been learned. This can be a way to increase the nations’ educational competitiveness in the international community. This paper proposed a comparative analysis of South korean and North Korean approaches to the earth science curriculum and conducted practical research to facilitate the construction of an integrated curriculum.

This paper is an exploratory study to investigate the influence of characteristics of local government web-sites on user satisfaction and trust. The objective of this research is to identify the characteristics of local government web-sites influencing on user satisfaction and trust, and determine how they affect user satisfaction and trust. From the literature review, we identify four characteristics which are expected to influence on user satisfaction: technical, information, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics. In addition, we develop research model that the four characteristics are expected to affect user satisfaction and trust via users’ perceived values. The results of the research are as follows. The technical, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics significantly affects perceived values, which significantly affected user satisfaction and trust. Perceived value is partially mediated by user satisfaction in affecting user trust. The characteristics of local government web-sites affecting perceived values differed partially by the purpose of visitor. As for the personal goal, the technical, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics significantly affect perceived values, with the technical and customer-oriented characteristics having more significant effects. As for the business goal, the technical, information, work-performing characteristics significantly affected perceived values, with information characteristics having more significant effects.

이 연구의 목적은 2013 교육강령의 북한 교과서 중 지구과학 내용의 탐구 경향성을 조사하여 향후 북한 지구과학교육의 이해를 위한 기초 자료로 제공하는 것이다. 연구대상은 초급중학교의 자연과학1·2와 조선지리2, 고급중학교의 지리1 교과서이며, 교과서의 지구과학 내용을 Romey 분석법에 따라 본문·삽화·문제·활동지수 측면에서 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대기과학 문제와 천문학 본문은 탐구적 경향을 나타내었다. 둘째, 해양학의 비중은 상대적으로 작았다. 셋째, 비 탐구적 문제가 많거나 탐구적 문제가 과도하여 문제의 균형이 필요하였다. 넷째, 탐구학습을 강조하지 않는 경향을 보였다. 마지막으로 탐구 경향성의 양적 및 질적 수준의 제고가 필요한 것으로 조사되었다. 향후 북한 교과서 중 지구과학 내용의 질적 분석 및 남북한 교과서 중 지구과학 내용의 탐구 경향성 비교 분석 등을 제안하였다.