Bacterial phytopathogen Pectobacterium causes soft rot disease in several vegetable crops globally, resulting in heavy agricultural losses at both the pre and postharvest stages. The present work was carried out to screen Kimchi cabbage genetic resources conserved at the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea, for resistance against the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum KACC 21701 over a period of three years (from 2020 to 2022). Infection of the phytopathogen was carried out at four-leaf stage and for each accession, twenty-five plants per germplasm were infected with KACC 21701. Kimchi cabbage cultivars Wangmatbaechu, Seoulbaechu, and CR Kiyoshi were used as control. Seven-days post-infection, the Disease Index (DI) values were manually recorded from zero to four, zero matched perfectly heathy plants and four completely dead plants. The 682 accessions of Kimchi cabbage exhibited varying degrees of disease resistance to KACC 21701 and thirty accessions, exhibiting a DI≤2, were considered for replication studies. During the replication studies, four landrace germplasms (IT102883, IT120036, IT120044, and IT120048) and one cultivar (IT187919) were confirmed to be moderately susceptible to KACC 21701. Results of the preliminary screening as well as replication studies were documented for the all the 682 germplasms. Addition of such information to the passport data of stored germplasms might serve as potential bio-resource for future breeders and researchers to develop resistant varieties or study the mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to such phytopathogen.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2018년 오리엔탈-트럼펫(OT) 종간잡종나리 ‘Pink Bella’를 개발하였다. 2008년 연노란색 OT 종간잡종나리 ‘Valparadiso’와 붉은색의 오리엔탈나리 ‘Scalini’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 화주 절단 수분법과 주 두교배법으로 각 3화를 인공교배하였고, 교배 후 미숙한 3개의 꼬투리를 수확하여 배가 형성된 배주를 기내에서 배양하여 잡종을 획득한 후 재배하였다. 육묘한 배양묘로부터 2011년 분홍색의 OT 종간잡종 나리 ‘OTO-11-43’ 계통을 개체 선발하였다. 2012년부터 2017년까지 선발된 계통은 자구와 인편번식, 조직배양을 이용하여 번식 및 양구한 후 1, 2차 생육특성 검정을 실시하였다. 2018년 3차 생육특성검정 및 소비자 기호도 평가를 수행한 결과 화색 및 화형에 대한 기호도가 높은 분홍색(RHS, RP62C)의 조기개화성 절화용 OT 종간잡종 나리 ‘Pink Bella’를 육성하였다. 3배체의 OT 종간잡종 나리로 초장은 131.7cm로 초장신장성이 우수하였다. ‘Pink Bella’의 화폭은 18.6cm이며 대조품종 ‘Table Dance’의 18.4cm와 유사한 크기였으며, 내화피의 폭, 길이 역시 대조품종과 통계적인 차이가 없었다. ‘Pink Bella’의 개화기는 6월 15일로 대조품종 ‘Table Dance’의 6월 28일에 비교하여 개화기가 13일 단축된 것으로 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의하였다.

This experiment was conducted to assess the high antioxidant activity varieties of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) from the 55 accessions. The antioxidant activity of Chinese cabbage were determined by the TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and chlorophyll, carotenoid contents. The TPC and TFC showed a range of 1.21~4.61 mg GAE/g DW, 0.18~3.09 mg CE/g DW. The DPPH and ABTS assay were in the range of 0.65~4.36 and 1.42~6.91 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE)/g DW, respectively. The UPLC analysis was performed quantitatively to identify chlorophyll and carotenoid in the Chinese cabbage extract. The levels of the total chlorophyll and total carotenoid were 86.60~1,235.91, and 75.86~490.11 μg/g, respectively. The comprehensive differences in the total and individual chlorophyll contents have also been observed among different varieties. These results will be valuable as basic data for the standardization of Chinese cabbage.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2013년 오리엔탈-트 럼펫(OT) 종간잡종나리 ‘Milky Way’를 개발하였다. 2005년 노 란색 OT 종간잡종나리 ‘Avocado’와 백색의 오리엔탈나리 ‘Cordoba’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 화주 절단 수분법과 주두교 배법으로 14화를 인공교배하였고, 교배 후 미숙한 8개의 꼬투리 를 수확하여 배가 형성된 배주를 기내에서 배양하여 잡종을 획 득한 후 재배하였다. 육묘한 배양묘로부터 2008년 상향개화형 이며 아이보리색의 OT 종간잡종 나리 ‘OTO-08-1’ 계통을 개체 선발하였다. 2009년부터 2012년까지 선발된 계통은 자구와 인 편번식, 조직배양을 이용하여 번식 및 양구한 후 1, 2차 생육특 성검정을 실시하였다. 2013년 3차 생육특성검정 및 소비자 기 호도 평가를 수행한 결과 화색 및 화형에 대한 기호도가 높은 아이보리색(RHS, W155A)의 절화용 OT 종간잡종 나리 ‘Milky Way’를 육성하였다. 3배체의 OT 종간잡종 나리로 초장은 122.7cm로 초장신장성이 우수하였다. ‘Milky Way’의 화폭은 19.0cm이며 대조품종 ‘Yelloween’의 14.3cm에 비하여 통계적 으로 유의하게 크다. 또한 꽃잎과 잎의 폭과 길이가 대조품종에 비하여 길게 나타났다. 개화구의 구근이 22.0cm로 대구성의 특 성을 보인다. 구근의 인편번식 처리 후 인편 생성 능력을 살펴보 면 ‘Milky Way’의 경우 11.0개로 대조품종 14.0개에 비하여 낮 았으나 생성된 자구의 총 무게는 차이가 없어 자구의 개수는 작으나 개별 인편자구의 크기가 큰 것으로 판단된다.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2013년 신나팔나리(Lilium×formolongi)와 아시아틱 나리 간의 교잡종(FA종간잡종 나리) ‘Lime Glow’를 개발하였다. 2002년 연한 노란색 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘FA97-1’과 노란색의 아시아틱 나리 ‘Carthago’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 화주 절단 수분법으로 20화를 인공교배하였고, 교배 후 미숙한2개의 꼬투리를 수확하여 배가 형성된 배주를 기내에서배양하여 잡종을 획득한 후 재배하였다. 육묘한 배양묘로부터 2006년 상향개화형이며 밝은 노란색의 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘FA06-200’ 계통을 개체 선발하였다. 2007년부터 2012년까지 선발된 계통은 자구와 인편번식, 조직배양을 이용하여 번식 및 양구한 후 1, 2차 생육특성검정을 실시하였다. 2013년 3차 생육특성검정 및 소비자 기호도 평가를 수행한 결과 화색 및 화형에 대한 기호도가높은 밝은 노란색(RHS, Y3C)의 절화용 FA종간잡종 나리‘Lime Glow’를 육성하였다. 3배체의 FA종간잡종 나리로초장은 113.6cm로 초장신장성이 우수하였다. ‘Lime Glow’의 화폭은 16.0cm이며 소화수는 본당 5.3개였다.‘LimeGlow’의 자연개화기는 6월 17일로 중생종이었으며 통계적 유의 차는 없었으나 대조품종 ‘Royal Fantasy’의 6월22일에 비교하여 빨랐다. ‘Lime Glow’의 경우 아구수가1개로 분구가 일어나지 않는 특성을 가졌으며 개화구의구근 둘레는 14.8cm로 일반적인 나리에 비하여 소구개화성의 특성을 가지며 대조품종 ‘Royal Fantasy’ 16.5cm에 비하여 작은 구근에서 개화한다. 인편번식 처리 후 인편 생성 능력을 살펴보면 ‘Lime Glow’의 경우 19.5개로대조품종 5.5개에 비하여 높았으며 생성된 자구의 총 무게도 역시 높았다.

프리지아 ‘Pink Rain’은 2005년 농촌진흥청 국립원예특 작과학원에서 구근부패병에 약한 백색 반겹꽃 품종 ‘Teresa’ 에 키가 작고 만생인 자주색 겹꽃 품종 ‘Purple Rain’을 교 배하여 획득한 종자로부터 2006년 밝은 연분홍빛의 겹꽃 다화성 프리지아 계통을 선발하였다. 2007년부터 2010년까 지 특성검정 및 기호도 평가를 수행하여, 2010년에 직무 육성품종심의회를 거쳐 ‘Pink Rain’으로 명명하였다. ‘Pink Rain’은 연분홍색(RHS RP62A)의 밝은 반겹꽃 절화용 프리지아 품종으로 초장이 94.7cm(대조품종 ‘Teresa’ 81.1, ‘Purple Rain’ 85.5), 화수장 9.5cm(11.4, 8.0), 소화수 11.2개(13.3, 10.4), 화폭 61mm(59.3, 55.7)이다. 분지수는 6.8개(4.3, 5.8), 로 대비품종에 비해 수확량이 높고 바 이러스 및 구근부패병 발생율은 각각 3.5%(5.6, 10.4), 2.6%(15.0, 7.1)로 대조품종에 비해 1.6-3.0 및 2.1-5.7배 더 적으며 자구 증식력은 6.4개로 대조품종에 비해 1.2배 높다.

아시아틱 나리 ‘Orange Sunup’은 2012년 농촌진흥청국립원예특작과학원에서 육성된 절화용 품종이다. 2001년절화용 나리를 육성하기 위하여 오렌지색의 국내육성 품종인 ‘Mirr’와 도입품종 ‘Prato’를 주두수분법에 의해 교배를 실시하였다. ‘Mirr’는 ‘Hyehwa’ 품종의 짧은 초장을 보완하기 위해 육성된 품종으로 초장이 길고 꽃수가많으나 꽃의 크기가 작고 꽃잎이 뒤로 젖혀져 있다. 부본으로 선정한 아시아틱 나리 ‘Prato’는 외국 도입 품종으로 국내 재배 시 개화기가 늦고 초장이 짧은 편이나꽃이 큰 편이고 초세가 강건한 품종이다. 인공교배 후 22개의 종자를 획득하여 파종하였으며 2004년에 화색이 선명하고 개화시가 빠른 ‘A04-10’ 계통을 선발하였다. 선발된 계통은 인편번식과 자구를 이용하여 번식 및 양구후 특성 검정을 수행하였다. 2012년 이 계통을 ‘WongyoC1-116’으로 명명하고 3차 생육 특성 검정 및 소비자 기호도 평가를 수행하였다. 그 결과 초장 신장성이 우수하고 개화시기가 빠르며 화색 및 화형에 대한 기호도가 높은 오랜지색(RHS, O30A)의 절화용 아시아틱 나리 ‘OrangeSunup’를 육성하였다. 개화기는 6월 11일이었으며 평균 초장은 109.3cm였다. 화폭과 화피장과 화피폭은 15.8 cm,10.5cm, 4.6cm였다. 구근 특성은 개화구의 분구수는 1.0개였으며 구주는 16.0cm이다.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2000년 연한 노란색 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘Sinavro’ 와 밝은 노란색의 아시아틱 나리 ‘Bomi’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 화주 절단 수분법으로 인공교배하였고, 교배 후 미숙한 꼬투리을 수확하여 배가 형성된 배주를 기내에서 배양하여 잡종을 획득한 후 재배하였다. 육묘한 배양묘로부터 2004년상향개화형이며 약한 향기가 있는 아이보리색 FA종간잡종 나리‘FA04-52’ 계통을 개체 선발하였다. 2006년부터 2007년까지 1, 2차 생육특성검정을 실시하였으며 2008년 3차 생육특성검정 및 소비자 기호도 평가를 수행한 결과 초장 신장성이 우수하고 화색 및화형에 대한 기호도가 높은 아이보리색(GW157D)의 절화용 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘Cream Star’ 를 육성하였다. 3배체의 FA종간잡종나리로 화폭과 초장은 각각 14.2cm와 141.0cm이며 잎의 길이는 14.1cm이다. 개화구의 구주는 17.1cm로 소구 개화성의특징을 가진다.

본 연구는 Amaryllidoideae속 수선과에 속하는 수선 품종 중 우리나라에서 중부지역의 화단용으로 지속적인 이용이 가능한 품종을 선발하기 위해서 실험을 실시하 였다. 피복의 유무에 따라 생육상태나 자구의 형성이 받 는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 수원소재 국립원예특작과학 원 노지 포장에 2010년 10월과 2011년 11월, 짚피복처 리구에는 생짚을 20cm 두께로 덮어주어 피복을 해주었 고, 무피복처리구에는 피복을 하지 않아 차이를 두었다. Tender III에 속하는 ‘tazetta. Shiro Busa’ 품종은 무피 복처리포장에서 모두 고사하였고 Hardy I에 속하는 ‘Cum Laude’, ‘Texas’ 품종과 Hardy II에 속하는 ‘Apotheas’ 등 14품종은 90-100%의 생존율을 나타내는 등 품종간 생존율에 차이를 보였다. 생존율에서는 차이를 보였지만, 생육상에 차이는 미비하였으며 화색과 부관의 색, 향기의 차이는 없었다. 그러나, Hardy I에 속하는 ‘Cum Laude’ 품종과 Hardy II에 속하는 ‘Apothease’, ‘Ice Follies’, ‘Orange Ice Follies’, ‘Replete’, ‘White Lion’는 초장, 부관의 폭, 화폭 등에서 평균간 유의성을 나타냈다. 자구의 수는 품종간 차이를 보이며, 연간 0-2 개 증가하였음을 확인하였다. 도입 수선품종에는 일반적 으로 사용되던 황색 수선 이외에도 백색, 오렌지색 의 화색을 지니고, 향기가 풍부한 수선도 있었다. 연구 의 결과, 도입수선 26품종 중 수원을 중심으로 한 중부 지방의 무피복상태에서도 화단용으로 지속적인 이용이 가능한 수선 품종은 RHS 분류체계 Hardy I에 속하는 ‘Cum Laude’ 및 ‘Texas’ 와 Hardy II에 속하는 ‘Apothease’, ‘Barrett Browning’, ‘Changing Colors’, ‘Dutch Master’, ‘Eastern Dawn’, ‘Garden Giant’, ‘Ice Follies’, ‘Obdam’, ‘Standard Value’으로 총 11품종이었다.

본 연구는 저장온도가 수출용 오리엔탈 나리 절화‘Casa Blanca’, ‘Medusa’, ‘Siberia’의 수명과 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 나리 절화를 2, 5, 15, 25οC에 5일 동안 저장하였다. 2οC와 5οC에 저장된 절화의 1, 2번화는 수명과 품질이 향상되었지 만 25οC 저장 시에는 절화 수명이 크게 감소하고, 화 경 등의 품질이 현저히 저하되었다. ‘Casa Blanca’와 ‘Siberia’는 5οC 저장시 1번화의 수명이 15οC보다 약 1.5일 정도 길어졌다. 세 품종 모두 2οC 저장시 5οC 보다 본당 절화 수명이 줄어 들었는데, 특히 ‘Casa Blanca’ 경우에는 1.6일 정도 짧아졌다. 수출용 오리엔 탈 나리 절화의 품질을 유지하고 수명을 연장시키기 위해서는 ‘Casa Blanca’와 ‘Siberia’는 5οC에 저장하 는 것이 좋으며, ‘Medusa’는 15οC에 저장하는 것이 적합하다고 판단된다.

본 연구는 이란 등 5개국에서 수집한 홍화자원을 대상으로 하여 천연항산화제로써 홍화종자의 항산화 활성을 평가하고, 세로토닌 유도체인N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin과N-feruloylserotonin의 함량을 측정하여 항산화 활성과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 총폴리페놀함량은 28.25 ~ 90.53 ㎍ GAE/㎎ DE의 범위를 나타내었고, 색소화합물인 DPPH 라디칼과ABTS+을 이용한 유리라디칼소거능을 측정하는 DPPH assay와 ABTS assay 의 값은 18.76 ~ 93.98 및 48.91 ~ 163.73 ㎍ ASCE/㎎ DE의 범위를 나타내었다. 시료의 환원능을 측정하는 방법인 FRAP assay 과 RP assay는 3.80 ~ 132.29 및 26.32 ~ 80.08 ㎍ ASCE/㎎ DE의 범위로 나타내었다. UHPLC를 이용하여 CS와 FS를 분석한 결과, CS 함량은 2.56 ~ 64.99 ㎎/g DE이고, FS 함량값은 1.92 ~ 65.36 ㎎/g DE이었다. 5개국 중 이란 원산종은 다른 나라에 비해 세로토닌 유도체 함량과 항산화 활성의 평균값이 높게 측정되었다. 항산화 활성과 세로토닌 유도체 함량 간의 상관관계 분석 결과, CS는 TPC와 ABTS, DPPH와 높은 상관성을 보였고(r = 0.673, 0.727, 0.820), FS는 DPPH와 높은 상관성을 보였다(r = 0.740). RACI를 통하여 선발된 IT321214과 IT321215는 항산화 활성이 높은 자원으로 천연항 산화제 소재 탐색 및 개발에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Background : The purpose of this study is to select potential genetic resources from safflower germplasm collected from India based on their oil compositions and agronomic characteristics. Methods and Results : The agronomic characteristics were measured during the growing period of the safflower. Total oil contents were recovered by Soxhlet extraction and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by using gas chromatography. The mean of plant height, leaf length and leaf width were 100.19 ㎝, 20.49 ㎝, and 7.29 ㎝, respectively. The percentage of leaf margin with serration was 95%, and 2% of the total resources didn’t have spines on the involucral bract. K185681 had no spines on the involucral bract and the plant height was the smallest. 73% of the flower of safflower was yellow. 68% of safflower germplasm changed flower color from yellow to red. Total oil contents of 267 safflower accessions showed a significant variability among the entire domain of collections and ranged from 5.81 to 38.91%. Palmitic and stearic acid were ranged from 4.98 to 6.65%, and 1.82 to 2.73%, respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid showed a wide variation which ranged from 10.53 to 22.27%, and 69.46 to 81.26%, respectively. Linolenic acid was ranged from 0.06 to 0.13%. K185639 and K185639 had the highest total oil contents and linoleic acid, respectively. Cluster analysis based on oil composition and agronomic characteristics data divided the germplasm collections into three groups. Group Ⅲ having 114 accessions contained accessions with taller plant height than the other groups. Group Ⅱ having 68 accessions, the main color of flower was white but the other groups were yellow. Oleic acid showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.9691**) with linoleic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the oil compositions and agronomic characteristics data revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) together explained 36.28% total variation. Conclusion : These results showed that K185681, K185639 and K185639 could be useful to develop breeding and functional food.

Background : To select potential plant resources as natural antioxidants and functional materials, e valuation of N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) in 43 safflower accessions collected from South Asia was conducted. Method and Results : CS and FS were analyzed by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). The mean CS content was 32.74 ㎎/g dried extract (DE) with a range from 3.44 to 83.30 ㎎/g DE, and the FS content ranged from 1.43 to 34.53 ㎎/g·DE with a mean of 12.69 ㎎/g DE. The mean of TPC of 43 safflower accessions was 55.22 ㎍ GAE/㎎·DE. The average values of antioxidant activities based on DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP assay showed 48.77 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 97.62 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 70.22 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, and 50.01 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, respectively. The 43 safflower accessions were classified into two groups based on the complete linkage cluster analysis using their CS, FS, TPC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP. Group Ⅱ showed higher CS, FS and antioxidant activity than Group Ⅰ (p < 0.05). K185245 and K185247 were included in Group Ⅱ, K185245 had the highest CS and FS, and K185247 was the highest in TPC, DPPH, and ABTS. CS had significant positive correlation with FS (r = 0.849**). Significantly high correlation coefficients were recorded between TPC and antioxidant assays including DPPH, ABTS, and RP. The first two principal components had accounted for the 80.46 % of the total variance. Conclusion : These results showed that K185245 and K185247 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials and could be useful to develop new functional materials.

Background : Carotenoids are pigments that are found in plants, fruits, bacteria, and fungi. β -carotene and canthaxanthin are orange pigments among thousands of carotenoids that possess potent antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to determine β-carotene and cantaxanthin in 55 Kimchi cabbage germplasm using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Method and Results : 55 Kimchi cabbage accessions were sown in plug trays in the end of August, 2016. All the tissue samples were freeze-dried for 1 week and ground into fine powder and stored at -20℃ until analysis. Crude carotenoids from freeze-dried materials (100 mg) were extracted using 1 ㎖ of 100% (v/v) hexane in 10 minutes by using sonication bath followed by centrifugation. The average β-carotene contents was 1.43 ㎎·㎏-1 and ranged from 0.76 (IT 120045) to 2.25 ㎎·㎏-1 (IT 100378). The average canthaxanthin content in the entire domain of sample was 0.59 ㎎·㎏-1 with a range between 0.36 (IT 32746) and 1.08 ㎎․㎏-1 (IT 100386). Canthaxanthin content was significantly positively correlated with β-carotene (r = 0.65**) and leaf length (r = 0.63**). However, canthaxanthin was negatively correlated with cotyledon color (r = -0.41**). Principal component analysis results of the first two components (PC1 and PC2) explained 44.53% of the point variability. Conclusion : The resources with the highest β-carotene and canthaxanthin content are IT 100378, 100386, 100391, and 110828. This study could be useful to select a potential sources of health beneficial carotenoids (β-carotene and canthaxanthin) in Kimchi cabbage germplasm in nutraceutical formulations and for further applications as a breeding material and other research activities.

Background : Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of omega-3 fatty acid and has been reported to be found at a remarkably high content in seeds of perilla (Perilla frutescens). The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid compositions in 45 perilla accessions collected from Russia and recommend the potential genetic resources related to their fatty acid compositions. Methods and Results : The 45 accessions of perilla seeds which were collected from Russia were used for the study. Perilla seed oil was recovered using hexane in a soxhlet extraction method. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography. The total oil content was ranged between 28.39 and 46.89%. The compositions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid ranged from 5.57 to 7.09%, 1.16 to 2.27%, 11.83 to 19.55%, 11.92 to 16.71%, and 59.19 to 67.28%, respectively. Cultivars 'Dayu', 'Daeyu' and 'Anyu' showed lower linolenic acid composition compared to the average value of linoleic acid in perilla germplasms collected from Russia. Cluster analysis based on the fatty acid composition of the 45 perilla accessions segregated into three groups. Group Ⅰ characterized as higher palmitic, stearic and oleic acid compositions compared to other groups. Group Ⅱ which contained 12 accessions had high total oil and linoleic acid composition. Group Ⅲ characterized as a higher linolenic acid composition compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Oleic acid showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.825) with linolenic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 74.4% total variation. Conclusion : Our results indicated that accessions IT235818, IT235820, IT226739 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition could be useful to develop new functional vegetable oil materials.

Background : Sclerotinia rot, caused by a fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the serious and unpredictable yield losses in perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf production in Korea. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is necessary to develop disease-resistant cultivars and conduct related research. Methods and Results : A Total of 150 perilla accessions, including 123 Korean landraces and 27 cultivars developed in Korea, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) using detached leaf inoculation technique. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate KACC40457 was inoculated at the seedling stage (five to six leaves). For detached leaf method, a mycelial plug was placed fungus-side down on the main leaf vain and incubated at 22 ± 1℃ on moistened paper towel in a plastic box. Three Korean landraces, including IT117036, IT117106, and IT117110, and cultivar IT229431 showed 100% of resistance ratio (no. of plants showed below 1 ㎝ of lesion size/total evaluated plants × 100). Seven accessions including five landraces, IT117080, IT117107, IT117048, 117042, 117029, and two cultivaers, IT276225 and IT213781, showed high level of resistance that is higher than 80% of resistance ratio Conclusion : 11 accessions which showed strong and moderate level of resistance to Sclerotinia rot could be possibly used by breeders, farmers, and researchers to produce new disease resistant cultivars and use them commercially. However, research related to the exploration of appropriate materials (accessions) for breeding cultivars with good quality, high functional components, high consumer acceptability, etc. should be continued, considering pathogenicity test was conducted in young stage.

Background : Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil is known to contain high omega-3 fatty acid than other plant oils. This study was aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition in seeds of 255 perilla accessions from South Korea and recommend the potential genetic resources rel ated to their fatty acid composition. Method and Results : Total oil was extracted by soxhlet extraction apparatus and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GCMS QP2010 ULTRA, SHIMADZU, JP). Total oil contents ranged from 22.41 and 47.62% with an average content of 34.20%. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid contributed 4.46 to 7.67%, 1.64 to 4.11%, 9.15 to 26.39%, 11.89 to 28.76%, and 50.24 to 64.16% to the total oil content, respectively. Seeds from Jeollabuk-do showed the highest average total oil content (41.14%) compared to other regions (p < 0.05), while the linolenic acid composition was the highest in the samples from Chungcheongnam-do (59.48%) (p < 0.05). The cluster analysis segregated the perilla seed accessions into two major clusters. ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (p < 0.05). Group Ⅰ (86 accessions) characterized as higher palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linolenic acid compositions than group Ⅱ (169 accessions). The highest content of linolenic acid were recorded in accessions K126190, K135903, and IT283646 from group Ⅰ, and accessions IT108680, IT208894, and IT111050 from group Ⅱ had high total oil content. Linoleic acid content showed a strong negative correlation with palmitic acid (r = -0.726*) and oleic acid (r = -0.678*) content. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 68.75% total variation. Conclusion : Our results showed that accessions K126190, K135903, IT283646 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition and accessions IT108680, IT208894, IT111050 which exhibited high total oil composition, could be useful to develop new functional oil materials.

Background : Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens) are known to possess antioxidant activity and have long been used to treat a variety of health related issues. The present study was conduct ed to compare the antioxidant activity among perilla accessions collected from Russia. Method and Results : The leaves of a total of 46 accessions of perilla were collected from Russia. Crude extracts were obtained from 2 g of oven-dried perilla leaves using ASE-350 extractor. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (A BTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). TPC was ranged from 88.70 to 148.85 ㎍ gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /㎎ dried extract (DE). DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP were ranged from 59.49 to 94.80 ㎍ ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE) /㎎ DE, 73.01 to 190.59 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 98.73 to 326.39 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 82.58 to 264.88 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, respectively. Cluster analysis based on antioxidant assay results of 46 perilla accessions divided into three major groups. Group Ⅰ (9 accessions) characterized as higher antioxidant activity accessions than other group (p < 0.001). The correlations between antioxidant assays were strong and positive (r ≧ 0.78). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 92.96 % total variation. Conclusion : Among the perilla accessions collected from Russia, group accessions clustered in group Ⅱ showed high antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that accessions IT274300, IT226732 and IT274293 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials.

Background : The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extracts using various solvents. Method and Results : The safflower seed extracts was obtained using methanol (50, 75, 100%), ethanol (50, 75, 100%) and water. Total phenolic content (TPC) w as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities w ere estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). Average TPC of safflower seed extracts were 72.03 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in methanol, 50.16 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in ethanol, and 28.47 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in water. TPC were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the solvents. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP a average activities of methanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity, with value of 62.95 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 123.48 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 171.68 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and 76.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, respectively. Values of Ethanol extracts showed DPPH 32.26 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 81.02 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 159.24 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 34.83 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. There was no significant difference between extracts of ethanol and methanol in FRAP value. The 75% ethanol extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than 50% and 100% ethanol extracts (p < 0.05). The 75% ethanol extracts had TPC 68.98 ㎍·GAE·eq/㎎ DE, DPPH 70.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 166.59 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 208.78 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 82.16 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. Conclusion : Although ethanol extracts had lower antioxidant activity compared to methanol, it was suggested to be more suitable for further studies as it is less toxic and a recommended food grade solvent. It is estimated that the bioactive substance is extracted extensively from 75% ethanol with high antioxidant activity.

Background: To obtain useful safflower resources for breeding and research of functional materials, the present study was conducted to determine fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities of 281 safflower accessions collected from East Asia including South Korea. Methods and Results: Lipid contents and fatty acids compositions were evaluated using soxhlet extraction and gas chromatography, respectively. A antioxidant activities were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The evaluation range of safflower accessions showed very wide variation. In terms of lipid contents, the China accessions were higher than the collection from other regions, whereas antioxidant activities did not differ among regions. The result of the principal component analysis showed that the first and second principal component cumulatively explained 90.6% of the total variation. In clustering the safflower accessions, the tree showed four major clades. Group II (16 accessions) was high in lipid content, oleic acid and linoleic acid, whereas group III (50 accessions) exhibited higher antioxidant activities than other groups. Conclusions: It was recommended that the China collections be utilized as a useful resource for research on functional oil materials. These results provided valuable information for safflower breeders and researchers of functional food.