This study quantitatively analyzed the ecological niche breadth (ENB) of 27 freshwater mollusk species (11,406 occurrence records) in Korea based on macroenvironmental gradients, including climate, topography, and land cover. We combined Levins’ index values (B: niche breadth, BA: equitability) with optimum-tolerance analysis (optimum value and tolerance range, t95-t05) to determine species-specific habitat strategies and environmental responses. The analysis revealed a distinct dichotomy in the habitat strategies of Korean freshwater mollusks, separating cold-water, lowdisturbance types in upstream areas from warm-water, disturbance-tolerant types in downstream areas, mainly structured by thermal and land-cover gradients. Species, such as Semisulcospira libertina, Radix auricularia, and the alien species Physa acuta, were identified as generalists, showing high B values but low BA values, suggesting that they are capable of inhabiting diverse environments but concentrate their presence in certain environmental conditions. Conversely, Koreoleptoxis nodifila and Clithon retropictum were classified as specialists with low B values and intermediate to high BA values, indicating stable and equitable distribution within restricted environmental limits. Urbanization appeared to be an influential limiting factor, showing low BA values for most species, whereas agricultural areas showed higher BA values, suggesting a comparatively broader habitat possibility. Notably, K. nodifila, a critically endangered and endemic species, showed optimal habitat conditions of low temperature (10.65°C), low urbanization (4.82%), and high forest cover (57.34%), confirming its status as a cold-water indicator species adapted to forested upstream systems. The study findings provide a quantitative framework to assess the environmental tolerance, vulnerability, and conservation priorities of Korean freshwater mollusks.

As the unmanned aerial vehicle industry grows, unexplained multirotor crashes continue to increase, and existing preventive maintenance methods have limitations in managing multirotor safety. Safety must be the top priority in multi-copter operations. To address this, real-time monitoring of the multi-copter's flight status during operation is required, along with anomaly detection and immediate response based on flight log information. However, limitations exist in processing anomaly data for each flight control log, necessitating the development of standardized technology to overcome this challenge. In this paper we propose a standardized process for collecting multi-copter flight control logs in real time, classifying the log information by message sets, and extracting key defect detection indicators contained in each message set. Furthermore, the extracted defect detection indicators were validated using various supervised learning models. In our experimental results, we collected flight logs from a multi-copter equipped with a defective propeller and conducted experiments using three defect detection models. The results show an accuracy rate of 0.99. This is the F1-score for the defect detection rate.

This study examined Korean university students’ ability to distinguish between authentic and modified spoken English texts and their perceptions of each in relation to language learning and content appeal. A total of 125 students completed a questionnaire after listening tasks, assessing their perceptions in three domains: authenticity versus modification, language learning, and content appeal. Questionnaire responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests. The results indicated that participants could distinguish between the two types of texts. Modified texts were rated significantly higher for clarity and fluency, whereas authentic texts were viewed as more reflective of natural speech, including features such as unclear pronunciation and hesitation. Pronunciation clarity, however, was not perceived to significantly influence listening comprehension or difficulty. Participants evaluated modified texts more favorably for supporting language learning, particularly in pronunciation, listening skill development, and content understanding. Both text types were considered similarly effective for comprehending real-life conversations. Regarding content appeal, modified texts were rated as more engaging, though no significant differences emerged in their usefulness for real-life application or new information. These findings highlight the pedagogical importance of using both authentic and modified texts to address diverse learner needs.

The lactic acid bacteria, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU15149 and Levilactobacillus brevis KU15176 were verified through phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Safety evaluation was conducted using multiple assays, including minimum inhibitory concentration assay for nine antibiotics, hemolytic activity, mucin degradation, gelatin liquefaction, urease activity, indole production, β-glucuronidase activity, bile salt deconjugation, cell cytotoxicity, D-/L-lactic acid production, and biogenic amine formation. Genotypically L. plantarum KU15149 and L. brevis KU15176 lacked all virulence and antibiotic resistance genes investigated. Consistent with these results, phenotypic assays showed that both strains were susceptible according to EFSA cut-off values and tested negative for hemolysis, mucin degradation, gelatin liquefaction, urease activity, indole production, β-glucuronidase activity, and bile salt deconjugation. Furthermore, neither strain showed cytotoxicity toward Caco-2 cells at a multiplicity of infection of 250. Production of D-lactic acid and biogenic amines was negligible in both bacteria. Overall, L. plantarum KU15149 and L. brevis KU15176 demonstrated safety and beneficial characteristics and therefore could serve as probiotic strains.

Between July 2024 and July 2025, we collected spleen samples from 119 wild rodents captured across various zoogeographical regions of Gwangju City, Republic of Korea, to screen for major zoonotic pathogens, including Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species. Of these, 13 samples (10.92%) tested positive for Bartonella spp. The positive samples were cultured on blood agar, resulting in eight bacterial isolates. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed all Bartonella-positive samples as B. grahamii. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all B. grahamii isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, cefoxitin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, and showed intermediate resistance to ampicillin. In contrast, the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, gentamicin, amikacin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. These findings provide essential baseline data on the presence and resistance patterns of B. grahamii in wild rodent populations inhabiting peri-urban environments. The detection of MDR Bartonella strains underscores a potential public health concern, particularly regarding zoonotic spillover via ectoparasites such as ticks. Sustained molecular surveillance and antimicrobial resistance monitoring are warranted to mitigate future zoonotic threats.