The canine parvovirus (CPV) causes clinical signs, such as severe enteritis, dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, leukopenia, and hair loss, which may lead to death. Vaccination is still the most important approach, as no specific treatment exists to prevent CPV. Monoclonal antibodies are valuable tools to study the pathogenic mechanisms of CPV and develop effective diagnostic reagents and pharmaceuticals. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against CPV-2a were obtained through hybridoma technology by fusing myeloma cells and B cells from the spleens of mice immunized with CPV type 2a (CPV-2a). Two MAbs (CPV-330 and CPV-620) were studied on the reactivity of vaccine (CPV-2a) and field strains (CPV-new 2a, -2b, and -2c) by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), virus neutralization test (VN), and inhibition of virus growth test. Two MAbs showed similar antibody titers for HI and VN. On the other hand, CPV-330 inhibited the viral replication in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells better than CPV-620. These CPV MAbs may provide valuable biological reagents to study the CPV pathogenic mechanisms and work as therapeutic antibodies.

Pleurotus ostreatus is a globally cultivated mushroom crop. Cap color is a quality factor in P. ostreatus. However, cap color can spontaneously mutate, degrading the quality of the mushroom on the market. Early detection and removal of mutant strains is the best way to maintain the commercial value of the crop. To detect the cap color mutant Gonji7ho, molecular markers were developed based on insertion/deletions (InDels) derived from the comparison of mitogenomes of Gonji7ho and Gonji7hoM mushrooms. Sequencing, assembly, and comparative analysis of the two mitogenomes revealed genome sizes of 73,212 bp and 72,576 bp with 61 and 57 genes or open reading frames (ORFs) in P. ostreatus Gonji7ho and Gonji7hoM, respectively. Fourteen core protein-encoding genes, two rRNA, and 24 tRNA with some OFRs were predicted. Of the 61 genes or OFRs in the wild type, dpo, rpo, and two orf139 were missing (or remnant) in the mutant strain. Molecular markers were developed based on the sequence variations (InDels) between the two mitogenomes. Six polymorphic molecular markers could detect the mutated mitochondria by PCR. These results provide basic knowledge of the mitogenomes of wild-type and mutant P. ostreatus, and can be applied to discriminate mutated mitochondria.

국내의 주요 산느타리 품종인 호산47(일핵, 산타리 배우자), GB19(일핵, 산타리 배우자), 호산, 여름느타리1호, 삼복, 강산, 약산, 자산, 향산, 여름느타리2호의 유전체를 Hiseq을 이용하여 해독하였고 이 서열 정보에서 SSR을 분리하여 특성구명을 하였다. 일핵균사인 호산 47, GB19 의 유전체의 크기는 각각 37.3와 37.2 Mbp이고, 이핵균사인 나머지 산느타리 품종의 유전체 크기는 47.1~61.1 Mbp인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 품종별 총 SSR의 수는 HS47이 711개로 가장 적고, 강산이(GS)이 1.5배 많은 1,106개로 최다를 기록하였다. SSR의 repeat motif 중에서 hexanucleotide 와 octanucleotide가 가장 많은 빈도로 관찰되었고, 가장 많이 관찰되는 반복서열은 CGA/TCG, A/T, CTC/GAG이었다. SSR의 길이는 모든 품종에서 변이가 많아 유용성이 높은 20~30 nt가 가장 높은 비중인 70%를 차지하였다.

느타리 품종구분을 위한 마커의 개발을 위하여 곤지7호 의 어버이 일핵 균사중의 하나인 MT07156-97의 전체 유전자 염기서열을 바탕으로 제작한 251개의 SSR 프라이머를 제작하였다. 우선적으로 수한1호, 곤지7호, 흑타리 품종에 다형성 여부를 관찰하여 20개의 SSR을 선발하고, 이를 10개 품종에 적용하였다. 단일의 프라이머로는 일부 품종이 구분되지 않았으므로, 선발된 프라이머 간의 다양한 조합(multiplex 방식)을 적용한 결과 모든 품종을 판별 할 수 있는 분자마커 다형성을 보인 프라이머 "166+115" 조합을 선발하였다. 별도로 프라이머 115와 166가 만들어 낸 산술적인 유전자좌(loci) 31개보다 12개 많은 40개의 유전자좌가 증폭되어 다양한 품종에 특이적인 분자마커를 제공할 수 있었다. 개발된 분자마커는 종균의 품질관리, 품종의 판별, 신품종 보호에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

국내에서 가장 많이 재배되고 있는 버섯은 느타리류로 일반느타리와 큰느타리(새송이) 두 품목이 대부분을 차지한다. 그 중에서 큰느타리는 자동화 시설이 확대되면서 생산량이 크게 증가하였으며, 저장성이 우수하여 수출되는 버섯의 주요 품목 중 하나로 자리잡았다. 그러나, 생산량이 점차 증가하면서 가격이 다소 하락하였고 이에 생산자는 큰느타리를 대체할 수 있는, 소비자는 버섯 시장의 선택의 폭을 넓힐 수 있는 새로운 버섯 품목 개발을 요구해 왔다. 이에 따라, 국립원예특작과학원에서는 중국 등 아시아 에서 맛과 향이 우수하여 고품질로 생산되고 있는 백령느 타리와 아위느타리를 종간교잡하여 ‘크리미’라는 품종을 개발하였다. 기존에 육성된 품종 및 수집된 유전자원을 재배하여 형태적 특성검정을 하였고, 아위느타리 품종 ‘비산2 호(KMCC00430)’ 와 백령느타리 유전자원 ‘KMCC00461’ 을 모본으로 선발한 뒤 각 모본으로부터 단포자를 분리하여 mono-mono 교잡하였다. 약 1,000 조합의 교잡을 하였 고, 그 중 73계통이 교잡이 확인되어 재배시험 및 자실체 특성조사를 수행하였다. 그 중 갓이 밝은 연백색이며 대가 굵고 곧아 품질이 우수한 ‘7773’ 계통을 최종선발하였고 ‘크리미’라고 명명하였다. ‘크리미’의 균사생장 적온은 25~30 ̊C이고, 자실체 생육온도는 16 ̊C이다. 농가에서 대량생산시험 후 현장평가회 및 시식회를 개최해 본 결과, ‘크리미’의 수량이 대조구 ‘백황’보다 약 5% 증수되었고, 기존 아위느타리 품종 ‘비산2호’에 비해 식감과 맛이 더 우수하며, 아위x백령느타리 품종 ‘백황’보다 자실체 형태 가 더 우수하여 고품질로 판매가 가능할 것이라는 평가를 얻었다. 큰느타리와 다르게 밝은 연백색인 갓을 가졌으며, 식감과 향이 더 우수한 아위x백령느타리 신품종 ‘크리미’가 앞으로 버섯 농가의 새로운 소득 창출과 버섯 시장의 품목 다변화에 이바지할 것을 기대해 본다.

The global mushroom industry has grown rapidly in recent years in terms of beneficial effects, market value, and demand. India has a wide range of agro-climatic conditions and is largely an agricultural country with a cultivated area of about 4.37 %, generating about 620 million tons of agro waste annually. Mushroom cultivation not only helps recycle agro wastes, but also fills the nutritional gap prevalent among a large population of India. Recently, government industrial policy and creative innovation has promoted research and other endeavors aiming towards the cultivation of mushrooms. Mushroom cultivation in India was initiated in Solan, in the mid-sixties. Mushroom cultivation has been successful in temperate regions of the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, and the hills of northeast India. Recently, many unemployed people have begun to adopt mushroom cultivation as a means of self-employment. It is high time that Indian mushroom cultivators and consumers became aware of the nutritional and medicinal values of cultivated and wild species of mushrooms. The total mushroom production in India between 2010 and 2017 was approximately 0.13 million tons, accounting for a 4.3% increase in the average growth rate of mushrooms per annum. In particular, the total production of white button mushrooms is the highest, with a share of about 73% of total mushroom production. In this review article, we have analyzed the current scenario of the Indian mushroom industry and its contribution to the economic growth of the country.

The Pleurotus tuoliensis is a mushroom named Chinese ‘Bai-Ling-Gu’ from species of Pleurotus nebrodensis. we are mated for selection of cytoplasmic hybrid by mitochondria microsatellite marker and the method of Mon-Mon mating between monokaryotic strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (Beesan No.1) and Pleurotus tuoliensis ASI 0663 (Baekryung 20). The cytoplasmic hybrids were identified 8 strains contained nuclear DNA bands of 'Baekryung 20' and mitochondrial DNA of monokaryon strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (beesan No.1). The KiMB-Plft-15-81 was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new cultivar and designed as 'Baekwhang'. The 'Baekwhang' cab be grown without an extra after-ripening period, can utilize bottle cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. And also the ‘Seolwon’ is similar to the existing Pleurotus tuoliensis in shape and physiological characteristics, formed high stipe. We therefore expect that this new strains will substitutional goods of Pleurotus eryngii.

There are three kinds of Pleurotus eryngii : P. eryngii var. eryngii (P. eryngii), P. eryngii var. ferula (P. ferula : A-Wei-Mo) P. eryngii var. nebrodensis (P. nebrodensis : Bai-Ling-Gu). We bred P. ferula using Di-Mon mating and physiological assay and selected as follow (1) ‘Beesan No.1’ produced high yields, (2) ‘Beesan No.2’ was excellent morphological shape and anti-adipogenic Activit, (3) ‘Ergo’ included high ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (4) ‘GW10-45’ included highest ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (5) ‘Maeksong’ included high ergothioneine and effect of anti-inflammatory. We suggest that there are able to food-medicine materials.

In Korea, oyster mushroom is one of the commonly cultivated mushrooms. In 2013, the cultivation areas and products of oyster mushrooms were 60,039 M/T and 201 ha, respectively. Many species of oyster mushrooms are cultivated in various countries. These include Pleurotus ostreatus, P. florida, P. sajor-caju, P. eryngii, P. citrinopileatus, P. salmoneostramineus and P. cystidiosus. P. citrinopileatus is a yellow oyster mushroom famous for its health benefits such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects. Therefore, a cultivar P. citrinopileatus ‘Jangdari’ was developed to improve yield and the ability to grow well at lower temperatures. Two parent strains ‘Gumbit (KMCC02150)’ and ‘KMCC02145’ were selected based on their morphological characteristics. ‘Jangdari’ was developed by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryons derived from ‘Gumbit’ and ‘KMCC02145’, and finally selected through continuous cultivation tests. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30oC. The cultivar could grow well at high temperatures, especially 16~24oC. Fruiting body production per bottle (850 mL) was about 90.0 g. Stipe length and thickness of ‘Jangdari’ were similar to those of ‘Gumbit’. ‘Jangdari’ was more resistant to low temperature than ‘Gumbit’, and thus it could be cultivated with oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus). In addition, while cultivating ‘Jangdari’, it is not required to scrape out the upper side of bottle’s sawdust medium; hence, its cultivation is expected to save energy and time.

Oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated and consumed in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' is an ideal cultivar for mushroom farmers due to its dark pileus and thick stipe; however, as it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, an alternative cultivar is required. To develop a new cultivar, parental strains 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' and ‘ASI 0665 (Heuktari)’ were selected from various collected strains according to morphological characteristics. P. ostreatus ‘Soltari’ was developed by Di- Mon crossing between the dikaryotic strain ‘Suhan’ and the monokaryotic strain derived from ‘Heuktari’. Thirty-eight of the 100 crossed strains were selected following analysis of mitochondrial genetic characteristics, and 'Soltari' was ultimately selected by continuous cultivation tests. The mitochondrial DNA profile of ‘Soltari’ was found to be the same as that of ‘Heuktari, and a nuclear DNA profile of ‘Soltari’ was similar as those of the parental strains, ‘Suhan’ and ‘Heuktari.’ 'Soltari' mycelium grows adequately in moderate to high temperatures of 12–20oC, although its optimum temperature was found to be 30oC. Fruiting body production per 1.1-L cultivation bottle was approximately 158.8 g. Its stipe length and thickness were comparable to those of diameter and thickness were somewhat lower (42.72 vs. 51.33 mm and 18.18 vs. 22.46 mm, respectively). ‘Soltari’ was found to be more resistant to high CO2 atmosphere than 'Suhan', and the color of the pileus of 'Soltari' was dark gray at high temperature. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar ‘Soltari’ is a good alternative cultivar and will contribute to energy saving in oyster mushroom farms.

Oyster mushroom is one of mushrooms that are cultivated and consumed a lot in Korea. P. ostreatus 'ASI 2504(Suhan)' is a preferable cultivar to mushroom farmers because it has a dark pileus and a thick stipe. But it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, so farmers demand an alternative cultivar of ‘Suhan’ continuously. To develop a new cultivar, parental strains ‘ASI 2504(Suhan)’ and ‘ASI 0665(Heuktari)’ were selected from P. ostreatus’s various collected strains according to morphological characteristics. P. ostreatus ‘Soltari’ was developed by the method of Di-Mono crossing between dikaryotic strain ‘Suhan’ and monokaryotic strain derived from ‘Heuktari’. Analysis of the mitochondrial genetic characteristics was performed for primary selection in 100 crossed strains. The mitochondrial DNA profile of ‘Soltari’ was same as that of ‘Heuktari’, when mitochondrial DNA primer MtPo1 was used. And a nuclear DNA profile of ‘Soltari’ was similar as those of the parental strains, ‘Suhan’ and ‘Heuktari’, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP 1, 3 were used. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30°C for ‘Soltari’. ‘Soltari’ was appropriate for middle high temperature to grow, especially 13~18°C. Fruiting body production per bottle (1,100mL) was about 158.6g. When compared to the control strain ‘Suhan’, the stipe’s length and thickness of ‘Soltari’ were similar to those of ’Suhan’. But the pileus diameter of ‘Soltari’ was a little shorter than that of ‘Suhan’, the former was 42.72mm, while the latter was 51.33mm. And the pileus thickness of ‘Soltari’ and ‘Suhan’ were 18.18mm and 25.46mm, respectively. ‘Soltari’ was more resistant at high CO2 concentration than ‘Suhan’ and the color of pileus of ‘Soltari’ was kept dark gray at high temperature. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar ‘Soltari’ be an alternative of ‘Suhan’ and contribute to energy saving effect in oyster mushroom farms.

느타리 버섯류의 새로운 품종을 개발하기 위해 고품질 의 흑회색 느타리 신품종을 육성하였다. 2003년부터 2004년까지 느타리 유전자원의 특성을 검정하였고, 2008 년에 수한과 농기201호의 단핵체간 교잡하여 04-154 교 잡주를 육성하여 이를 이용해 구슬, 만추리, 야산을 육성 하였다. 2012년 구슬의 이핵체와 야산의 단핵체를 교잡하 여 몽돌을 육성하였고, 이 몽돌과 곤지7호를 교잡하여 갓 색깔이 우수한 Po 2012-706를 선발하여 특성검정, 확대 재배를 실시하여 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정심의회에서 ‘고솔’로 명명하였다. 주요특성으로 균사 생장 적온이 25~30 o C이며 버섯 원기형성 및 발생온도는 12~18 o C이다. 자실체의 갓 색깔은 흑회색이며 자실체 형태는 옅은 깔때 기형이다. 대길이는 42.4±2.7 mm, 대굵기는 14.6±2.7 mm 로 수한에 비해 자실체 대가 가늘면서 긴 편이다. 자실체 수량은 병 당(850 mL) 124.2±35.2 g으로 수한이 100일 때 고솔은 116이었다. 가변특성으로는 감자배지와 버섯완전배지에서 균사를 배양한 결과 버섯완전배지에서 생장이 양호하였고 대조구 또한 같은 결과를 보였다. 4종류의 primer를 이용하여 새로운 품종 ‘고솔’과 모균주에 대한 DNA profile을 분석한 결과 primer URP1, primer URP2 에서 고솔이 양친의 주요 DNA 밴드를 갖고 있으며 대조 구인 ‘수한’과는 뚜렷하게 구분되었다. 신품종 느타리 ‘고 솔’은 소비자들이 선호하는 흑회색의 갓을 나타났고 저장 성이 좋아 고품질을 요구하는 소비자들을 만족시키는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Oyster mushroom is one of mushrooms that are cultivated and consumed a lot in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan(ASI2504)' is a popluar cultivar because of high quality. But it is difficult for farmers to cultivate, so an alternative cultivar of ‘Suhan’ is demanded continuously. To develop a new variety, parental strains were selected using cultivation characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus collected home and abroad. P. ostreatus 'Gosol' was developed by the method of Di-Mon crossing between dikaryotic strain P. ostreatus 'Mongdol(ASI0633)' and monokaryotic strain derived from P. ostreatus ‘Yasan(ASI0635)' in 2014. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar 'Gosol' showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strain, 'Suhan’ but a similar DNA profile as those of the parental strains, ‘Yasan’ and　'Mongdol’, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP 3 was used. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25°C for ‘Gosol’ and ‘Suhan’. 'Gosol' was appropriate for middle high temperature to grow, especially 13~18°C. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 124.2g. When compared to the control strain 'Suhan’, the stipe was longer and the individual weight was heavier. But the stipe and the pileus were a little thinner than those of the control strain. ‘Gosol’ was more resistant at high CO2 concentration than the control strain. This new cultivar ‘Gosol’ of Pleurotus ostreatus was characterized dark bluish gray cultivar of oyster mushroom in the color of pileus and higer yield compared to those of other cultivar ‘Suhan’. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar ‘Gosol’ be substitute for ‘Suhan’ in oyster mushroom’s farms.

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of collected strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus based on their rDNA ITS sequences. The size of ITS rDNA regions of H. marmoreus strains, collected form various regions. A phylogenetic trees based on the ITS region revealed that the strains could be classified into 4 different groups including Villosiclava virens, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Lepista irina, Lyophyllum Decastes, Lyophyllum shimeji, Pleurotus floridanus.

A new commercial strain “Mongdol” of oyster mushroom was developed by hyphal anastomosis. It was improvedwith hybridization between monokaryotic strain derived from Pleurotus ostreatus ASI 0627 and dikaryotic strain derived from P.ostreatus ASI 2929. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth and fruiting body development were 25~30oC and 12~18oC,respectively. When two different media including PDA (potato dextrose agar medium) and MCM (mushroom complete medium)were compared, the mycelial growth of this mushroom was faster in MCM than in PDA. Similar result was observed with thecontrol strain P. ostreatus ASI 2504. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar “Mongdol” showed a different DNAprofile as that of the control strain ASI 2504, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP3 and URP6 wereused. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 106 g using demonstration farms. The color of pileus was blackish gray andthe stipe was long. Therefore, we expect that this new strain “Mongdol” will satisfy the consumer’s demand for high qualitymushrooms.

UV Psc is a typical RS CVn type system undergoing dynamic chromosphere activity. We performed photometric observations of the system in 2015 and secured new BVR light curves showing well-defined photometric waves. In this paper, we analyzed the light curves using Wilson-Devinney binary code and investigated the orbital period of the system. The combination of our light curve synthesis with the spectroscopic solution developed by previous investigators yielded the absolute parameters as: M1 = 1.104 ± 0.042 Mⵙ, R1 = 1.165 ± 0.025 Rⵙ, and L1 = 1.361 ± 0.041 Lⵙ for the primary star, and M2 = 0.809 ± 0.082 Mⵙ, R2 = 0.858 ± 0.018 Rⵙ, and L2 = 0.339 ± 0.010 Lⵙ for the secondary star. The eclipse timing diagram for accurate CCD and photoelectric timings showed that the orbital period may vary either in a downward parabolic manner or a quasi-sinusoidal pattern. If the latter is adopted as a probable pattern for the period change, a more plausible account for the cyclic variation may be the light time effect caused by a circumbinary object rather than an Applegate-mechanism occurring via variable surface magnetic field strengths.