Elite trees of evergreen oaks (Quercus glauca, Quercus acuta, Quercus salicina, and Quercus gilva) were selected from Jeju Island and Wando Island. Elite trees were carried out by modifying the tree selection criteria. Elite trees were selected by height, DBH, clear length, crown diameter, leaf length, and leaf depth. Regarding height, Q. acuta was the highest, and the other three tree species were similar. Clear length showed the same trend as height. In the case of Q. glauca, height showed a positive correlation with DBH, crown diameter and leaf depth. In the case of Q. acuta, positive correlations were shown with all characteristics of DBH, and correlation analysis between DBH and crown diameter, and leaf length and leaf depth also showed positive correlations. In the Pearson correlation coefficient of Q. salicina, height showed a positive correlation with DBH. In the case of Q. gilva, height showed a positive correlation with DBH (0.539). As a result of analyzing the principal components for each of the six growth characteristics, the four species were divided into two principal components with an eigenvalue of 1 or higher, and the cumulative explanatory power was 57% or more. Based on the principal component results, it was possible to confirm the relationship between growth and trait characteristics by species. Still, it was not easy to understand the relationship among each selection tree, so a cluster analysis was performed using the principal component score. Based on the distance levels 5.0 and 6.0 of the selection tree of each species, they were classified into 4-5 clusters. It is judged that the above results can be used as data for the selection of elite trees of evergreen oaks.

The antifungal activity of cork tree extract against three plant pathogenic fungi (Colletrotrichum gloeosporiodes (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., Pythium ultimum Trow. and Botrytis cinerea Pers.) was investigated antifungal active substances were identified. Cork tree extract showed concentration-dependent antifungal activity against three plant pathogenic fungi. The cork extract had antifungal activity in a concentration-dependent manner, and in particular, showed the most vigorous antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. In cork tree extract, the incidence of strawberry powdery mildew fungus after 7 days of treatment was significantly lower as the treatment concentration increased. Control value against strawberry powdery mildew fungus was 49% of cork tree extract, 69% of berberine chloride, and 67% of berberine bromine, which was lower than 80.5% of Rifzol, a representative antifungal compound, but showed strong antifungal activity. The isolated compound and berberine derivative showed similar effects to Rifzol at the treatment concentration (75 μg/ml), and a concentration of at least 10 μg/ml of fresh weight showed a preventive effect against strawberry powdery mildew fungus. Fractions showing antifungal activity were obtained by TLC, and each fraction was examined for the antifungal activity to obtain fractions showing antifungal activity against three types of pathogenic fungi. The compound isolated through TLC analysis was analyzed by HPLC equipped with an ODS column to obtain the main peak presumed to be berberine, which was confirmed as a berberine through 1H NMR analysis. The results of this study are expected to be utilized as biological pesticides with strong antifungal activity against plant powdery mildew etc.

This study was carried out determination of characteristics of leaf and fruit of 13 astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars cultivated in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. In leaf size, Deabonggam was smaller than that of other astringent persimmon cultivars, however, Dansungsi and Bansi were largest compared to other persimmon cultivars. Fruit width size of Sancheong Deabonggam and Bansi were the biggest. And fruit width size was the biggest in Sancheong Deabonggam. When same cultivars as Dansungsi and Godongsi were cultivated at other regions, it was not somewhat different in fruit weight. The size of fruits of the cultivar varied depending on the maturation of the fruits. In immature fruit, Curigam and Susi cultivars were the biggest and these cultivars were also were the biggest in mature-green fruit. In full ripe fruit, Hamyang Daebonggam and Hadong Daebonggam and Daeheakmu were bigger than that of other cultivars. When the astringent persimmon varieties collected in July were divided into three clusters, group A had a higher leaf area and the lightest fruit weight than the other clusters. In cluster C, the leaf area was small, but the fruit weight was classified as heavier than the other clusters. This study is expected to be widely used for breeding, conservation and processing of sweet persimmons.

The evergreen oak tree, Quercus myrsinaefolia Blume, is not only economically important for wood, medicine, landscape trees, etc., but also becoming more important in terms of ecology due to climate change. However, asexual reproduction was difficult, so this study was conducted to establish the optimum conditions for micropropagation by shoot multiplication. The surface sterilized seeds of Q. myrsinaefolia were successfully germinated in WPM basal medium. BAP (1.0 mg/L) treatment was most effective for inducing multiple shoots. The highest induction rates of adventitious roots from the multiple shoots was shown in the treatment of 1.0 mg/L NAA. Both MS and WPM medium were most effective for growth of multiplied plantlets. For ex vitro acclimatization, the survival rates of multiplied plantlets were 100% in vermiculite and commercial soil. The results of this study can be used for proliferation and supply, and establishment of ex situ conservation of Q. myrsinaefolia elite trees.

Plant regeneration from stems and leaves was carried out for the growth of biomass, hybrid poplar(Populus alba x P. glandulosa)clone, which has various uses for plant purification. Callus was well induced when stem and leaf tissues were cultured in 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D containing MS medium. Shoot regeneration was best induced by zeatin among growth regulators, and Plant regeneration was more regenerated in leaf-derived callus than in stem-derived callus. The growth of regenerated shoots at high and low concentrations of zeatin was similar to that of the control at low concentrations. As the concentration of growth regulators increased, the growth of regenerated shoots showed a big difference among individuals. Hybrid poplar showed color variation of plant stem in medium containing high concentration of growth regulator. Regenerated individuals were in vitro rooted in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L IBA after 2 weeks of culture. and transferred to the greenhouse for acclimatization. The study is believed to be widely used for the induction of in vitro variants through organogenesis.

The ability of plants to endure environmental stress factors, which are going to be more severe due to global warming, is important especially for forest plants. Because obtain trait of resistance to temperature using conventional breeding for woody plants is a time consuming way. In this study, chloroplast-localized OsHSP26 gene was overexpressed in Populus alba L. to breed tolerant transgenic poplar to temperature stress. The plantlets of OsHSP26-overexpressed transgenic poplar showed more heathy phenotypic response than wild-type plants under both prolonged low- and high-temperature stress. While the SPAD value, which refers chlorophyll content, in wild-type plants decreased depending on the exposure time to the temperature stress, higher SPAD value were shown in the transgenic plants. The contents of total phenolic compounds in the transgenic plants were lower than those of the wild-type plants, and not significantly changed except in the treatment of prolonged low-temperature. However, the total flavonoids contents of the transgenic plants were dramatically increased under prolonged temperature stress. The DPPH scavenging activities of the transgenic plants were higher than those of the wild-type plants under temperature stress. Consequently, it was revealed that overexpressing OsHSP26 allow for P. alba to be tolerant to temperature stress.

This experiment was designed to assess the physical and chemical properties of growing media substituted with a range of increasing concentrations of pretreated wood and to relate these properties to plant growth responses. For preparing the growing media, each material was combined with rural soil, peat, perlite and pretreated wood. Physicochemical properties studied were similar to ideal substrate ranges for plant growth on growing media, including pretreated wood. Physical properties were also well maintained over time. In comparison to plants growing in 100% rural soil, tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea) in the prepared growing media achieved better growth, especially when using the 50% rural soil + 50% PPW(peat + perlite + pretreated wood, 3:1:6(w/w/w)) and 30% rural soil + 70% PPW (peat + perlite + pretreated wood, 3:1:6(w/w/w)), and showed improved germination percentage. We confirmed the potential use of growing media, including pretreated wood. Furthermore, our results show a correlation among the physicochemical properties of tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea); physical properties were significantly influenced by germination and aerial parts. The root length of physicochemical properties was correlated with bulk density and organic compound (p<0.01).

미치광이풀 부정근으로부터 탈분화 및 재분화에 미치는 세포소기관의 형태 및 tropane alkaloids의 함량 변화를 TEM과 HPLC를 사용하여 조사하였다. Scopolamine and hyoscyamine 및 세포 소기관의 형태변화는 세포분화 및 탈분화 단계마다 차이를 보였다. 부정근은 배양 20일후에는 캘러스가 형성되었고, 배양 60일부터 줄기원기가 발생하였으며, 이후 완전한 줄기로 발달하였다. 부정근 정단부 조직을 TEM 분석 결과 핵, 액포, 전분체, 미토콘드리아, 골지체, 세포벽 등 다양한 세포소기관들이 형성되었으나, 배양 20일후부터는 소기관들이 적게 관찰되었다. 그러나 분화가 시작되는 배양 40일 후 callus 세포에는 다수의 전분체 등 다양한 세포소기관들이 다시 관찰되었고, 배양 60일 이후에는 다시 전분립의 수가 감소하였다. 배양 80일째 세포는 전분립이 거의 관찰되지 않았으나, 미토콘드리아, 골지체 등 다양한 세포소기관들이 다시 관찰되었다. 한편, scopolamine과 hyoscyamine 함량은 배양 60일부터 다소 증가하다가 이후 90일까지 급격히 증가하였고, 이후에는 급격한 감소를 보였다. 본 연구 결과 tropane alkaloid 생합성은 탈분화 및 분화 과정에 영향을 받으며, 세포 내 전분립 생성은 기관분화와 더불어 물질생합성과 매우 밀접한 관련성이 있을 것으로 추정된다.

The influence of the culture media on the growth and catechins and caffeine production was investigated in adventitious root cultures of tea tree. The growth rate of adventitious roots was higher than that of solid medium. Growth rate of adventitious roots was noted to be optimal in N6 liquid medium. Yields of (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and caffeine were the highest when adventitious root cultures were maintained in Nitsch and B5 liquid medium, respectively. The production of (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from adventitious roots was maximal when cultured in 1/2MS liquid medium. The adventitious root extracts of tea tree produced on catechins as EC (20.77 mg/g) and EGCG (1.84 mg/g) in 1/2MS medium; EGC (24.39 mg/g) and caffeine (12.97 mg/g) in B5 medium and (-)-epigallocatechin (ECG) (2.16 mg/g) in Nitsch liquid medium.

지리산 구상나무 개체군의 보존과 효율적인 관리방안을 제시하기 위한 기초자료 제공을 위하여 해발고별 구상나무 개체군의 식생구조와 생육환경을 분석하였다. 지리산 거림계곡의 해발 1,000m에서 1,500m까지 6개의 조사구(400㎡)를 설치하여 분석하였다. 중요치 분석 결과, 교목층에서 구상나무는 site Ⅴ, Ⅵ에서 가장 높은 중요치를 나타냈으며 그 외 조사구에서는 신갈나무의 중요치가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 아교목층에서는 site Ⅵ에서 구상나무가 가장 높은 중요치를 나타냈으나 다른 조사구에서는 신갈나무를 중심으로 하는 낙엽활엽수의 중요치가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 흉고직경급(10cm 이하, 11-20cm, 21-30cm, 31cm 이상) 분포에서 구상나무는 전 직경급에서 고르게 분포하는 J자형의 분포곡선을 나타내고 있다. 2000년 이후 구상나무의 연륜생장량은 site Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ에서 각각 1.002, 0.996, 1.752, 1.850, 1.198, 0.984 mm/yr로 site Ⅲ을 제외하고는 전체 연륜생장량보다 줄어든 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, 160 tea tree (Camellia sinensis L.) lines were classified by caffeine content using colorimetric methods. Among them, caffeine-rich lines (HR-78, HR-137, HR-82 and HR-123) and poor lines (HP-85, HP-88, HP-19, and HP-131) were selected. To know the difference in morphological and genetic characters between caffeine-rich and poor lines, we used leaf/shoot growth and RAPD methods. Cluster pattern of morphological characters (leaf width, leaf length, leaf area and shoot length) showed that shoot length was longer in caffein-rich lines than in -poor lines. In genetic analysis, amplified DNA bands having various sizes were detected in RAPD analysis where 30 random primers were used. However, the discriminated primer set that distinguish caffein-rich tree line from -poor lines was not found. These results can be used as the basic data to determine the morphological and genetic differences among caffein-rich and -poor lines

본 연구는 순천지방에 재배되고 있는 밤나무 품종의 과실 특성을 파악하여 품종 육성을 위한 기초정보를 제공함에 목적이 있다. 품종별 밤송이의 착과수는 축파가 평균 122.5개로서 가장 많은 착과수를 나타내었고, 품종별 변이가 심한 것으로 나타났다. 품종별 밤송이당 평균 함과수의 범위는 1.3 (국견)~2.4 (평기)로 품종에 따라 많은 차이가 있었다. 입중은 17.5 (출운)부터 28.1 g (국견)까지로 품종간 변이가 컸다. 밤나무 과실 수확량은 상림의 1,000.4 g부터 축파의 5,479.5 g까지 품종간 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 건전과의 비율이 가장 높은 품종은 창방감율 (90.8%)이었으며, 80% 이상의 건전과 비율을 나타낸 품종은 국견, 단택, 축파, 대보, 평기, 신이평의 6품종이었다. 열과율은 0.0~26.1%로 품종에 따라 차이가 있었는데, 창방감율이 0.0%로 가장 낮았으며 광덕이 26.1%로 가장 높았다.

본 연구는 국내산 침엽수로부터 천연 항균화합물 개발을 목표로 미송 및 편백으로부터 추출물을 확보 하여 푸른곰팡이병의 원인균인 Trichoderma spp. 5종을 대상으로 항균활성을 테스트하고 GC/MS를 이 용하여 항균화합물을 탐색하였다. 미송 추출물은 Trichoderma spp.에 대해 1,000 ppm에서 저해 활성을 나타냈으며, 4,000 pp에서는 T. viride>T. harzianum>T. aggressivum 순으로 70.1, 67.3, 64.7% 의 높은 항균활성을 나타냈다. 편백 추출물도 1,000 ppm에서 항균활성을 나타냈고 4,000 ppm에서 T. viride>T. harzianum>T. aggressivum 순으로 63.2, 59.3, 59.1%의 높은 항균활성을 나타냈다. 그러나 1,000 ppm의 미송추출물과 1,000 ppm의 편백추출물을 각각 9:1, 8:2, 6:4, 2:8 (w/w) 비율의 혼합제 제로 만들어 Trichoderma spp.에 처리하였을 때 미송추출물 1,000 ppm 및 편백추출물 1,000 ppm 각 각의 단일추출물보다 낮은 항균활성을 나타냈다. Trichoderma spp. 5종에 대해 높은 항균활성을 나타 내는 미송추출물에서는 2-Isopropoxy-ethylamine 46.5%, epifluorohydrin 8.6%, trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane 7.6%, (IR)-(-)-Myrtenal 6.0%, 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol 3.9%, benzaldehyde 2.8%가 함유되어 있었고, 편백추출물에서는 α-Terpinenyl acetate 14.9%, Sabinene 10.9%, dl-Limonene 9.6%, α-Terpinolene 7.5%, α-Pinene 7.1%가 함유된 것이 확인되었다.

밤나무 품종개량을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 남부지방에 재배되고 있는 밤나무 주요 품종의 과실 특성을 2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간 조사하였다. 품종별 착과수는 37.7 (광주조율)～183개 (주옥)로 품종 간에 현저한 차이를 보였다. 밤송이 내에 들어 있는 평균 함과수는 1.2～2.0개로 품종에 따라 많은 차이가 나타났으며, 이대 (Idea)는 1.2개였고, 산대와 광은은 2.0개였다. 입중도 품종간 차이가 많았는데, 광덕이 31.3 g으로 가장 무거웠으며, 광주조율은 14.1 g으로 가장 소립품종이었다. 건전과의 비율이 가장 높은 품종 은 창방감율 (89.9%)이었으며, 건전과 비율이 80% 이상인 품종은 국견, 유마, 축파, 광은, 평기 5품종이었 다. 부패과에 있어서는 신이평과 출운이 각각 10.8, 16.8%의 비율을 나타내어 수확 후 저장에 유의해야 할 것으로 나타났다. 열과율에 있어서는 0 (창방감율)～20.6% (세일)로 품종별로 많은 차이가 나타났으며, 산 대, 이평, 주옥, 광덕, 세일은 15% 이상이었으나 국견, 유마, 축파, 만성, 창방감율, 축파변이, 출운은 3% 이 하로 나타났다.

본 연구는 밤나무 품종개량을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 남부지방에서 재배되고 있는 31품종 의 개엽 및 개화특성을 조사하였다. 개엽시기는 품종 간에 약간의 차이가 있었으며, 2008년과 2009년에 비해 2010년에 늦게 개엽되었다. 개엽 1단계부터 4단계까지 소요되는 기간은 2008년과 2009년은 약 8 일 정도였지만, 2010년에는 약 14일 정도가 소요되었다. 개화특성에 있어서 2008년과 2009년의 경우, 암꽃의 개화개시와 개화완료는 각각 5월 초순과 6월 초순이었으나 2010년에는 늦은 개화개시와 개화완 료를 나타내었다. 개화특성에 있어서는 수꽃도 암꽃과 동일한 경향이었으나, 개화개시는 수꽃이 암꽃보 다 20일 정도 빠르게 나타났다.

An efficient method for the rapid micropropagation of Camptotheca acuminata from axillary buds was established by application of various plant growth regulators. Among various cytokinins, 0.5 mg L-1 BA showed the best performance on shoot multiplication, number average multiple shoots up to 10.8. The propagated shoot cuttings in vitro were elongated on NN basal medium without plant growth regulators. The secondary multiple shoots were induced at the site of initially induced buds. Rooting was induced directly near the base of the shoot on half-strength NN medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 of IBA, whereas high concentration of 1.0 mg L-1 IBA could induce callus at the base of the shoot. The camptothecin content, anticancer compound of the micropropagated plants was contained in various tissues. Camptothecin contents were 1.8 and 2.5 mg g-1 dry weight in stems from propagated in vitro and mother plant, respectively. This result may be used to develop strategies for large-scale propagation of elite C. acuminata trees.

An efficient method for the rapid propagation of Smilax china from axillary buds was established. Plants with thick leafage were selected from Korea native S. china population. Axillary buds of S. china collected from selected plant and were cultured in various culture media (2MS, MS, 1/2MS, WPM, B5 and SH medium). Shoot was induced from axillary bud on MS basal medium after 4 weeks of culture. 1/2MS medium showed a higher growth rate than those of the others, while the lowest shoot growth was obtained in 2MS medium. Among the sucrose concentrations, 5% sucrose was the optimum level for shoots growth from axillay buds. Among cytokinins, 0.5 mg L -1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) treatment showed the best performance on shoot multiplication, yielding average shoot multiplication forming about 2.4. Rooting was induced directly near the base of the shoot on 1/2MS medium containing with three-auxins α-napthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole acetic acid (IAA) and β-indolebutyric acid (IBA) (0.5 and 1.0 mg L -1 ). The 1.0 mg L -1 IBA treatments induced earliest rooting with maximum of root number and root growth. These rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to pots for 4 weeks hardening process, and were transferred to soil with above 90% survival rate.

IPP isomerase (Iso) and Limonene synthase (Limo) are important enzymes in terpenoids biosynthesis pathway. The wild type and each metabolically engineered (Iso and Limo) transgenic spearmint (Mentha spicata Linne) plants were compared for their growth patterns and the contents of essential oil in in vitro culture media. The profile of terpenoid metabolites was obtained from the essential oil of the metabolically engineered transgenic spearmint, which was extracted using a modified SDE method, by GC-MS analysis. The growth of wild spearmint was more profuse in B5 culture medium than in other media. Significant differences in leaf and root growth patterns were observed between metabolically engineered transgenic and wild type spearmint plants. The leaves of the transgenic spearmint plants were slightly elongated but were dramatically narrower than those of wild type spearmints. The content of essential oil of transgenic spearmint was different slightly depending on the target terpenoid genes. The content of essential oils in Limo transgenic plants was higher than that of Iso, except for transgenic plant in B5 medium. The transgenic spearmint produced more terpenoids than the wild type. Iso spearmint extracts showed eleven terpenoids and a phenylpropane, while Limo spearmint extracts contained nine terpenoids. However, extracts from the wild type showed the presence of only four terpenoids.

Effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) on the shoot and bulb growth of wild garlic (Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum) were studied by adopting in vitro culture. These macronutrients influenced the growth of both the shoot and bulb of garlic depending upon their application doses. A minimum of 3% potassium nitrate (KNO3) as a source of nitrogen was found to be critical for shoot elongation while higher concentrations were inhibitory. Garlic bulb growth was profuse on the usual KNO3 strength and sucrose (7%), followed by KNO3 (9.4 mM) supplement. On providing 41.22 mM ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as nitrogen source highest shoot growth was observed while 82.45 mM NH4NO3 as a source of nitrogen supported high bulb growth. With regard to potassium a good shoot growth was observed in medium that contained 0.31 mM KH2PO4 and 3% sucrose, while bulb growth was high on 2.5 mM KH2PO4 and 7% sucrose. These experiments may thus direct the development of excellent growth conditions for the commercial production of edible wild garlic.

This study carried out development of a natural antimicrobial agent from Schima wallichii ssp. liukiuensis. Compound I exhibiting potent antimicrobial activity against Candida spp. was isolated from the methanol extracts of Schima wallichii ssp. liukiuensis. The structure of I identified as a sterol glycoside consisted of a trisaccharide and α1-sitosterol. Trisaccharide composed of L-rhamnose, D-galactose and D-glucose residues. The antimicrobial activity of I was selective on yeast rather than bacteria or other fungi. Compound I was demonstrated to be ineffective against toxicity to mouse liver cells where as protective to human dermal fibroblast cells at low concentrations. Thus, it is reasonable to expect a sterol glycoside (I) as a valuable alternative for synthetic antifungal.