The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic values of whale watching. The data used in this study were collected with 1,599 coastal tourists and the questionnaire included contingent valuation method questions. The results show that coastal tourists obtained the benefits of about KRW 15,970 from whale watching. Further analyses were conducted to check the differences of willingness to pay for whale watching based on the three variables as follows: previous experience of whale watching and participation intention in whale watching tourism, and previous experience of cruise trips. The results indicate that the respondents, who already participated or intended to participate in this type of tourism activity, were willing to pay higher than those, who did not participated or had no intention of participation, respectively. These results imply that whale watching could be a feasible alternative to the direct consumption of whale meat. Based on the study results, we provide policy and management-related implications for whale watching programs.

수의사 보조원은 동물병원에서 동물에 대한 처치, 접수, 보호자 안내, 수납 업무 등을 통해 수의사를 지원하고 보조한다. 이러한 역할을 수행하기 위해서는 적극적 경청과 원활 한 의사소통 능력을 갖춰야 한다. 이것과 관련하여 조사와 분석을 통해 도출된 결과로 인 식의 함양이 필요하지만 현재 이와 관련된 선행연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 동물 병원 서비스 이용 경험이 있는 전라북도 반려인의 이용 만족도 현황과 정도를 파악하고 이에 수의사 보조원의 언어적, 비언어적 의사소통 능력이 미치는 영향의 유무를 규명하고 자 한다. 또한, 전반적인 의사소통 능력의 중요성과 영향력을 인식하는 데 목적을 둔다. 2022년 4월 30일부터 2022년 5월 29일까지 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 응답 결과 의 데이터는 빈도 분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관 분석을 사용하여 인구통계학적 기준으로 분석 하였다. 첫째, 수의사 보조원의 언어적, 비언어적 의사소통 능력의 개념을 정리하기 위한 신뢰도 분석 결과 Cronbach’s alpha 계수는 모두 0.8 이상으로 나타나 신뢰도가 검증되 었다. 둘째, 수의사 보조원의 언어적, 비언어적 의사소통 능력이 동물병원 이용자의 만족 도에 미치는 영향의 여부와 정도를 파악하기 위해 상관분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 모두 정(+)의 상관관계로 나타났다. 하여, 본 연구는 수의사 보조원의 언어적, 비언어적 의사 소통 능력의 영향력 인식을 통해 중요성 함양하고자 하는 데 의의가 있다.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a sugars intake reduction program (SIRP) that was designed to increase the knowledge, attitude, and skills of Korean children aged 5 years regarding sugars intake reduction. A total of 101 children aged 5~6 years from 6 preschools participated in SIRP. SIRP consisted of 4 sessions including 10 activities (e.g., story-telling, arts, experiment, checking nutrition facts, pledge), delivered to children at preschools by nutritionists over a one-month period. Three letters were sent to parents throughout the program to inform them of the children’s activities at the preschools and to provide additional information on reducing children’s sugars intake. A total of 90 children completed the program; 83 parents of these children completed the SIRP evaluation survey. The children’s sugars intake reduction score was significantly increased after attending SIRP. Teachers (n=6) who participated in this program agreed to improve their students’ attitudes on reducing sugars intake and to decrease students’ behaviors related to sugars intake. Parents agreed to improve their children’s attitude on reducing sugars intake and to decrease children’s behaviors related to sugars intake. The outcome showed SIRP improved participants’ attitudes towards sugars reduction and increased the skills to reduce the sugars intake of children aged 5~6 years. Future studies should examine whether SIRP reduces actual sugars intake among children.

This study investigated the current status and needs for nutrition education to help reduce children’s sugars intake at the Center for Children’s Foodservice Management (CCFM, n=115), and Child Care Facilities (CCF, n=646) through an online survey conducted from October 5th to 30th 2015. A total of 14.8% of CCFM respondents and 31.9% of CCF respondents provided nutrition education on sugars intake to young children as a main topic (p<0.001). A higher percentage (CCFM 47.8%: CCF 42.4%) delivered nutrition education on sugars intake to young children as a sub-component (p<0.001). Over 90% of the CCFM and CCF participants agreed on the necessity of providing nutrition education on sugars intake to children. The most common reasons given for delivering nutrition education on children’s sugar intake were “there are many more urgent nutrition education topics” for CCFM, and “insufficient nutrition education information and materials” for CCF. The percentage of nutrition education on children’s sugar intake provided to the children’s parents was low showing about 20% in the both groups. The percentage of CCFM participants providing nutrition, education on children’s sugar intake to the teachers in CCF was also low, showing about 14.8%; however, 68.0% of the CCF participants wanted to received teacher's education on guiding children’s sugar intake. Regarding ideas about a nutrition education program on children’s sugar intake for young children, most respondents in both groups answered “sugar intake and dental cavities or obesity” for appropriate education contents, “story telling or puppet show” for appropriate education methods, and “dietitian from CCFM and class teacher together” for appropriate educator. For appropriate education time, there was a significantl difference between the CCFM responses (average 2.7 times) and the CCF responses (average 4 times). Based on the above results, we found that implementing nutrition education on children's sugar intake at the CCFM and CCF, was low; however, awareness of the need for nutrition education on children’s sugar intake and the program development and supply was very high. Also, the opinions of CCFM and CCF participants about a nutrition education program on children’s sugar intake for young children can provide foundation data to develop and implement the CCFM-based nutrition education program.

This study was conducted to develop and validate the Sugar Intake Reduction Test (SIRT) for young children, and included eating behaviors, attitude, and nutritional knowledge about sugars. A draft version of the SIRT was developed after literature review. The final draft of the SIRT was established after two pilot tests of 5 year old children and an expert group’s review, and is comprised of a one on one test between an investigator and a child using picture tools. It contained of 20 questions which included 3 components: eating behaviors (5 items), preference for sugar sweetened food (10 items), and nutritional knowledge about sugars (5 items). The final SIRT was conducted on 181 children 5 (n=100) to 6 (n=81) years old, to examine its item and test adequacies. The passing rate of most items significantly increased with increasing age, and most of the item discrimination also differed significantly between the below and upper score groups. The content validity was given a high score by professionals (mean score 3.9 out of 4). Reliability of all the items in the SIRT was high (Cronbach’s α=0.82). Moreover, the total component and the sub-component scores of the SIRT correlated significantly. Our results indicate that the SIRT is a valid tool to measure sugar intake reduction in young children aged 5~6 years.

The purpose of this study is to compare the perceptions and needs for nutrition education between early childhood teachers and parents. This data will address the effective plans and suggest further nutrition education programs for early childhood education centers. This study was conducted with 200 early childhood teachers and 174 parents in Busan. We collected data through questionnaires from teachers and parents and then computed the frequency and χ2 test to analyze the data. The questionnaire was revised and complemented on the basis of related literatures and previous researches. According to our results in this study, there was a significant difference between the teachers’ and parents’ perceptions on the need of nutrition education and the reason for needing nutrition education. And there were differences among aims, contents, methods, and effective ways of nutrition education for children. In addition, there was a significant difference among the needs from teachers and parents on nutrition education. Finally, the results of this study suggest various implications for developing nutrition education programs in early childhood education centers. These results can be used to develop nutrition education program by considering the teachers’ and parents’ perceptions and needs. These may be useful data when planning for the nutrition curriculum in early childhood education centers.

Virus infections of the honeybee(Apis mellifera) have been increasingly investigated during the last decade. In general, honeybee viruses are widespread and most of them persist as inapparent infections. We screened honeybee colonies for the presence of several bee viruses, including deformed wing virus(DWV), black queen virus(BQCV), Kashmir bee virus(KBV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), sacbrood virus(SBV), acute bee paralysis virus(ABPV), using uniplex RT-PCR. Frequently simultaneous infections with different viruses are diagnosed in seemingly healthy bee colonies. Therefore we developed a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of multiple bee viruses.

Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most destructive honey bee virus. The virus causes failure to pupate and kills honey bee larvae. The infacted larvae`s color is change to brown. At the end, honey bee colony is destructed. Recently Korean Scabrood virus(KSBV) caused a great loss of Korean honey bee(Apis cerena) colonies for short period. Therefore, We need a highly rapid diagnosis method for rapid detection of KSBV. In this study, We need amicro-scale chip-based real-time PCR system (GeneChecker®). This system was developed for rapid, specific PCR based diagnosis. This system has uncommonly fast heating and cooling system. So We was able to detecting of KSBV in Apis cerena in short time. This system needs small reaction volume(total 10ul). This volume include SsoFast™ Evagreen Supermix and serially diluted cDNA templates showed a high sensitivity of 101copies.That machine can setting each PCR stage time. A specific detection primer set (KSBV-123-F/R) was used to amplify a unique 123bp DNA fragment. This PCR assays using serially diluted cDNA templates showed a high sensitivity of 101 copies. When applied to KSBV-positve samples, the result showed high specifity. The minimum diagnosis time was 9m 47s (30cycle). The amplied positive samples appear red fluorescent color. This novel detection method could be used a PCR-based diagnositic tool (GeneChecker®). The results showed high sensitivity and specifity in short time. And this diagnosis method is expected to be applied to rapidly detect various pathogens.

Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most serious honeybee viruses. The virus causes failure to pupate and death in both larvae and adult bees. Recently, Korean Sacbrood virus (KSBV) caused a great loss in Korean honeybee (Apis cerana) colonies. Although KSBV shows high homology with SBV strains, it has unique motifs and causes different symptoms. Therefore, a simple, sensitive and specific method for detecting KSBV is needed urgently. In this study a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and a novel micro PCR-based detection method, termed ultra-rapid real-time PCR (URRT-PCR) were applied for rapid detection for korean sacbrood virus (KSBV) from honeybees (Apis cerana) infected with SBV in Korea. The LAMP could be detect the virus in RT-LAMP reactions containing 102copies of pBX-KSBV within 30 min, which was 10 times more sensitive than a RT-PCR assay. The URRT-PCR showed high sensitivities which were able to detect 10 copies in the standard assays. In the application of URRT-PCR detection to an KSBV-infected honeybee, the shortest detection time was 10 min 12 sec, including reverse transcription. In addition, these methods could be distinguished between KSBV and other closely-related SBV strains, These rapid methods were rapid molecular-based diagnostic tools and useful tool for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of KSBV infection of honeybees.

Sacbrood virus (SBV), a causative agent of larval death in honeybees, is one of the most devastating diseases in bee industry throughout the world. Lately the Korean Sacbrood virus (KSBV) induced great losses in Korean honeybee (Apis cerana) colonies. However, there is no culture system available for honeybee viruses, including SBV, therefore, the research on honeybee viruses is practically limited until present. In this study, we investigated the growth and replication of KSBV in cell cultures. The growth of KSBV was demonstrated by RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, TEM and nucleotide sequence analysis. The results demonstrated that SBVshowed the replication signals in mammalian cell lines, including Vero cells without any signs of cytopathic effect (CPE). The results of RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and in vivo infection with KSBV were also indicated the replication. Phylogenetic tree analysis shows our sequence included in distinct group with other SBV strains from China and Korea. It clearly showed the differenciation between field strain and attenuated strain through cell culture. The results of present study demonstrated for the first time that SBV like other animal viruses could be adapted and attenuated in cells through the sequential passages. The sequential adaptation through cell culture could result in discrepancy of pathogenicity of virus and morphological characterization. For this reason, the present results indicated that the cell adapted SBV could be a valuable tool to study the general properties of this emerging virus, including pathogenicity in the future.

The recycling method of enokitake cultural waste and the potentiality of second flush for enokitake were determined, because this fungus is not as prolific as the more commonly cultivated white rot fungi in the conversion of sawdust to mycelial mass. The mycelial growth of F. velutipes on several substrates, variously treated with rice bran was promoted at ratios of 10-20% (w/w) on all substrates, but suppressed at above ratios, although some difference was there. The mycelial densities generally increased correlated to the supplementation contents of rice bran. It could be concluded that F. velutipes preferred mild acidic to acidic conditions for mycelial growth, considering that the mycelial growth rate was highest on waste of pH 6.01, treated with 0.1 % Ca(OH)2 and on populus mixed waste of pH 6.02, non treated. The ranges of substrate bulk densities, which was pertinent for mycelial linear growth were from B.D. (g/cc) 0.17 to 0.23 on waste and populus mixed waste all. The pertinent contents of rice bran supplementation in bottle cultivation was from 20 to 30% on waste and 20% on populus mixed waste, considering the requried duration for pinheading and fruiting yields. Standard bulk density for filling and utilizing the waste and populus mixed waste for commercial f. velutipes cultivation were B.D.(g/cc) 0.19 ~ 0.23, and 0.23~ 0.25, which could be conversed to 510~ 540g/900m1 and 520~ 570g/900m1, respectively, The second flush of F. velutipes was tried and the re-inoculation by sawdust and liquid spawn showed somewhat good results, indicating the potentiality of second crop and suggesting further research for it.

This study was conducted to obtain the basic breeding information of Colocasia esculenta Schott. Effect of supplemental plant growth regulators and genotype difference were investigated on dormant bud tissue for proliferation. The plant regeneration ratio, plant height and root length were the best upon mixed treatment of 0.8mg/L IAA and 2.0mg/L zeatin. Both leaf weight and root weight were heavy upon culture in a dark condition. The leaf and root weights were heaviest in 6Pie sucrose concentrations. In several collected area the heaviest one was Binnangxin and then in the order of Suwon, Wanju and Puan. Genotype differences of tuber diameter and tuber weight were found in Suwon. Tuber weight was found in the order of Suwon (862mg) >Wanju(723mg) >Puan(649mg) >Binnangxin (424mg).