This study investigated the properties of lightweight foamed concrete by using surfactant and synthetic foaming agent, lightweight aggregate. The effects of foaming agent types and replacing ratio of lightweight aggregate on the compressive strength, density and pore structure of the concrete were investigated. This study showed the improvement of important properties of lightweight foamed concrete. Lower pore distribution and correspondingly higher compressive strength values were reached. Also, synthetic foaming agent had more positive effect on the strength of foamed concrete.

Recently, a method of using blast furnace slag to reduce the amount of cement which generates a large amount of carbon dioxide during the manufacturing process has been studied. Blast furnace slag is a latent hydraulic property material and requires the use of alkali activator. However, alkali activator is expensive and have problems in use. Therefore, in this study, an alkali aqueous solution was used instead of an alkali activator. The alkaline aqueous solution used in this study was obtained by electrolysis of pure water and has strong alkalinity of pH12. As a result, we found that the use of alkali aqueous solution is effective in improving the reactivity of blast furnace slag.

본 연구에서는 다공성 매질의 공극율과 투수능 그리고 유체의 동점성 계수와 같은 물리적 특성에 따른 유체흐름의 비선형 거동에 대한 수치적 분 석을 수행하였다. 적용된 수치모형은 ANSYS CFX 3차원 유동해석 모형이며, 모형의 검증은 기존의 물리적 실험 결과 및 수치모의 결과의 적용을 통해 수행되었으며, 적용된 압력경사와 유속과의 관계 그리고 마찰계수와 레이놀즈 수와의 관계에 대해 비교적 잘 일치하였다. 다공성 매질의 공극 율과 투수능 그리고 유체의 동점성 계수의 값을 변화시키면서 모의한 결과 유체의 동점성 계수가 다공성 매질의 유체흐름의 비선형 거동에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data for using Aronia as a functional food material. The composition of anthocyanin was characterized and quantitated by LC-MS/MS, HPLC, and UV-VIS spectrophotometer techniques, respectively. The anthocyanin content was analyzed by temperature, time, pH, and the addition of citric acid. The UV-VIS spectrophotometer used for analysis of anthocyanin is less accurate than the LC-MS/MS method used in recent years. In the past, cyanidin-3-Glucoside was reported to be a major anthocyanin that contains Aronia. However, LC-MS/MS analysis in this study confirmed cyanidin-3-galactoside to be the major compound. The anthocyanin content of the Aronia powder began to decrease sharply at a temperature of 65 ℃ or higher when heated for 24 hours. In an aqueous solution of Aronia, the anthocyanin content was reduced by 50% at 65 ℃ for 10 hours and decreased by 85% at 85 ℃ within 10 hours. Above pH 8, the anthocyanin content was reduced by more than 50%. The results of this study will provide useful information to maintain anthocyanin content in the manufacturing process of Aronia. It could also be used to ensure the stability of anthocyanins in similar species of berries.

In this study, hydration heat, autogenous shrinkage and compressive strength of the specimens has been verified with moisture supply on the hardened cement paste depending upon the difference in moisture condition of the fine aggregates. The result showed that, autogenous shrinkage was significantly reduced and also the compressive strength was improved due to the continuous moisture supply regarding on fine aggregates.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of no-tillage on sequential cropping supported from recycling of first crop ridge on the productivity of crop and physical properties of soil under green house condition. This study is a part of “No-tillage agriculture of Korea-type on recycled ridge”. From results for distribution of soil particle size with time process after tillage, soil particles were composed with granular structure in both tillage and no-tillage. No-tillage soil in distribution of above 2 mm soil particle increased at top soil and subsoil compared with tillage soil. Tillage and one year of no-tillage soil were not a significant difference at above 0.25 mm~below 0.5 mm, above 0.5 mm~below 1.0 mm, and above 1.0 mm of water-stable aggregate. Two years of no-tillage soil was significantly increased by 8.2%, 4.5%, and 1.7% at above 0.25 mm~below 0.5 mm, above 0.5 mm~below 1.0 mm, and above 1.0 mm of water-stable aggregate, respectively, compared with one year of no-tillage. Bulk density of top soil was 1.10 MG m3 at tillage and 1.30 MG m3 at one year of no-tillage. Bulk density of top soil was 1.14 MG m3 at two years and 1.03 MG m3 at three years of no-tillage, respectively. Bulk density of subsoil was a similar tendency. Solid phase ratio in top soil and subsoil was increased at one year of no-tillage compared with tillage soil, while soil phase ratio decreased at two and three years of no-tillage. Pore space ratio in tillage top soil (58.5%) was decreased by 8.5% at compared with no-tillage soil (51.0%). Pore space ratio was 56.9% and 61.2% at two and three years of no-tillage soil, respectively. Subsoil was a similar tendency. Gaseous phase ratio was decreased at one year of no-tillage soil, and increased at two and three years of no-tillage soil compared with tillage soil. Liquid phase ratio in top soil was increased at one year of no-tillage (28.3%), and decreased at two years (23.4%) and at three years (18.3 %) of no-tillage soil compared with tillage soil (24.2%). Subsoil was a similar tendency. Liquid phase ratio in subsoil was increased than top soil.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of no-tillage on sequential cropping supported from recycling of first crop ridge on the growth of pepper plant and physical properties of soil under green house condition.1. Degree of crack on soil by tillage and no-tillageSoil cracks found in ridge and not found in row. At five months of tillage, crack number and crack length in length ridge were 3 and 37~51 cm in tillage. Maximum width and maximum depth in length ridge were 30 mm and 15.3cm in tillage. Crack number and crack length in width ridge were 7.5 and 7~28 cm in tillage. Maximum width and maximum depth in width ridge were 29 mm and 15.3 cm in tillage. At a year of no-tillage, crack number and crack length in length ridge were 1.0 and 140~200 cm in tillage. Maximum width and maximum depth in length ridge were 18 mm and 30 cm in a year of no-tillage. Crack number and crack length in width ridge were 11 and 6~22 cm in a year of no-tillage. Maximum width and maximum depth in width ridge were 22 mm and 18.5 cm in a year of no-tillage. Soil crack was not found at 2 years of no-tillage in sandy Jungdong series (jd) soil. Soil crack was found at 7 years of no-tillage in clayish Jisan series (ji) soil.2. Penetration resistance on soilPenetration resistance was increased significantly at no-tillage in Jungdong series (jd). Depth of cultivation layer was extended at no-tillage soil compared with tillage soil. Penetration resistance of plow pan was decreased at 1 year of no-tillage compared with than tillage soil. Penetration resistance was linearly increased with increasing soil depth at tillage in Jisan series (ji). Penetration resistance on top soil was remarkably increased and then maintained continuously at no-tillage soil.3. Drainage and moisture content of soilMoisture content of ridge in top soil was not significant difference at both tillage and no-tillage. Moisture content of ridge in 20 cm soil was 14% at no-tillage soil and 25% at tillage soil.4. Change of capacity to retain water in soilCapacity to retain water in top soil was not significant difference at 1 bar both tillage and no-tillage. Capacity to retain water in soil was slightly higher tendency in 1 year and 2 years of no-tillage soil than tillage soil. Capacity to retain water in soil was increased at 15 bar both tillage and no-tillage. Capacity to retain water in subsoil was slightly higher tendency at 1 bar and 3 bar in 2 years of no-tillage than tillage soil and a year of no-tillage soil.

산업화 발전으로 인한 전력사용량 증가로 석탄발전소 부산물인 석탄회는 지속적으로 증가하여 배출되고 있다. 석탄회는 포집되는 장소에 따라 Fly ASH, Bottom Ash, Cinder Ash, Cenosphere 4가지 형태로 나누어진다. Fly ASH는 석탄연소 후 발생되는 먼지를 집진기에 포집하여 미분말 형태의 부산물로 현재 콘크리트 혼화재로 널리 사용 되어지고 있다. 하지만 Fly ASH를 제외한 부산물은 재활용 되지 못하여 해안 또는 육상에 매립되어지고 있다. 이는 매립지확보에 대한 경제적 손실 및 해안 침출수 환경을 크게 훼손시키고 있어 석탄회 활용 방안문제에 대한 대책이 시급한 상태이다. Bottom Ash는 연소될 때 괴상 또는 입자 크기가 큰 회 성분이 보일러 하부로 떨어진 부산물로 석탄회의 약 20%를 함유하고 있지만 Bottom Ash 부산물을 재활용하여 사용하는 연구개발이 매우 미비한 상태로 활용방안에 대한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 초속경, 초기 고강도, 고부착력, 무수축등의 우수한 특성을 가지고 있는 인산 마그네슘 시멘트(Magnesium Phosphate Cement)라는 신 건설 재료를 사용하여 석탄회 부산물인 Bottom Ash를 10%, 20%, 30% 함유량별 대체하여 KS F 2476에 의거하여 인산 마그네슘 모르타르의 물리적 특성을 비교 실험하였다. 실험결과 압축강도와 부착강도를 3시간, 1일, 3일, 7일을 측정한 결과 인산 마그네슘 시멘트에 Bottom Ash를 10%, 20% 대체하여 배합하였을 때 기존 인산 마그네슘 시멘트보다 초기 및 장기강도 성능이 향상된 것을 확인하였다. 하지만 Bottom Ash를 30%를 첨가하였을 때 초기강도 및 장기강도 성능이 저하 되었다.

This study investigated physical properties of high intelligent concrete(HIC) using the Garnet and SMA(Shape Memory Alloys) under actuated by SMA wires. After activation of the SMA, its appearance, failure mode, ductility, crack width and other physical properties of concrete, it was mixed with nylon, polypropylene. The SMA-NP specimen showed the most excellent capacity among the tested HIC.

In this study, the recycling water that produced during remicon manufacturing was activated by desulfurization gypsum, and then mortar with activated-sludge was made. As a result, possibility of activated-sludge in remicon was verified via flow and compressive strength test.

This study analyze the synoptic meteorological cause of rainfall, rainfall intensity, drop size distribution(DSD), fall velocity and oblateness measured by the 2D-Video distrometer(2DVD) by comparing two cases which are heavy rainfall event case and a case that is not classified as heavy rainfall but having more than 30 mm h-1 rainrate in July, 2014 at Gimhae region. As a results; Over the high pressure edge area where strong upward motion exists, the convective rain type occurred and near the changma front, convective and frontal rainfall combined rain type occurred. Therefore, rainrate varies based on the synoptic meteorological condition. The most rain drop distribution appeared in the raindrops with diameters between 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm and large particles appeared for the convective rain type since strong upward motion provide favorable conditions for the drops to grow by colliding and merging so the drop size distribution varies based on the location or rainfall types. The rainfall phases is mainly rain and as the diameter of the raindrop increase the fall velocity increase and oblateness decrease. The equation proposed based on the 2DVD tends to underestimated both fall velocity and oblateness compared with observation. Since these varies based on the rainfall characteristics of the observation location, standard equation for fall velocity and oblateness fit for Gimhae area can be developed by continuous observation and data collection hereafter.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic vegetable cultivation on the soil physical properties in 33 farmlands under plastic greenhouse in Korea. We were investigated 5~8 farms per organic vegetable crops during the period from August to November 2014. The main cultivated vegetables were leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens var. Japonica Hara), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon spp.). We have analyzed soil physical properties. The measured soil physical parameters were soil plough layer, soil hardness, penetration resistance, three soil phase, bulk density and Porosity. The measurement of the soil plough layer, soil hardness and penetration resistance were carried out direct in the fields, and the samples for other parameters were taken using the soil core method with approximately 20 mm diameter core collected from each organic vegetable field. Soil plough layer was average 36 cm and ranged between 30 and 50 cm, and slightly different depending on the sorts of vegetable cultivation. The soil hardness was 0.17±0.15~1.34±1.02 in the topsoil, 0.55±0.34~1.15±0.62 in the subsoil. It was not different between topsoil and subsoil, but showed a statistically significant difference between the leafy and fruit vegetables. Penetrometer resistance is one of the important soil physical properties that can determine both root elongation and yield. The increase in density under leafy vegetables resulted in a higher soil penetrometer resistance. Soil is a three-component system comprised of solid, liquid, and gas phases distributed in a complex geometry that creates large solidliquid, liquid-gas, and gas-solid interfacial areas. The three soil phases were dynamicand typically changed in organic vegetable soils under greenhouse. Porosity was characterized as range of 54.2±2.2~60.3±2.4%. Most measured soils have bulk densities between 1.0 and 1.6 g cm-3. To summarize the above results, Soil plough layer has been deepened in organic vegetable cultivation soils. Solid hardness (the hardness of the soil) and bulk density (suitable for the soil unit mass) have been lowered. Porosity (soil spatial content) was high such as a well known in organic farmlands. Important changes were observed in the physical properties according to the different vegetable cultivation. We have demonstrated that the physical properties of organic cultivated soils under plastic greenhouse were improved in the results of this study.

The purpose of this study was to perform a functional components analysis and investigate the physical properties of powders made from the stems or fruit of freeze-dried Cheonnyuncho cactus (Opuntia humifusa). The functional components analysis showed that the stem and fruit powders han vitamin C levels of 42.14 mg and 105.21 mg, respectively. The stems powder contained more lutein than the fruit powder. The fruit powder contained more vitamin C than the stem powder. The SDF (soluble dietary fiber) and IDF (insoluble dietary fiber) in the stem powder were 45.24% and 22.15%, respectively, which were higher then the values for the fruit powder. The stem and fruit powders contained 19.30 mg/g and 25.10 mg/g of crude saponin, respectively. The pH of the stem and fruit powders was 5.34 and 5.07, respectively, both indicating low acidity. The L, a and b values of the stem powder color were 78.28, –3.71, and 19.19, respectively. The L, a and b values of the fruit powder color were 55.56, 24.84, and –3.18, respectively. The stems powder had a higher bulk density, water holding capacity, and swelling power than those of the fruit powder, but water-retaining capacity of the stem powder was lower than that of the fruit powder. In addition, the stems powder had a higher viscous material content and water uptake compared to the fruit powder. Based on the above results, we determined that Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) powder had potentially useful functional components and physical properties.

본 논문에서는 양친매성물질인 C12-20 알킬글루코사이드, C14-22 알코올 및 베헤닐알코올로 구성된 액정 에멀젼을 제조하고 그 특성 및 in vitro 피부 투과 연구를 수행하였다. 액정 에멀젼의 배합비 실험 결과, C12-20 알킬글루코사이드 0.8%, C14-22 알코올 3.2% 및 베헤닐알코올 4%에서 선명한 액정 구조가 관찰되었다. 액정 에 멀젼과 비교군으로 O/W 에멀젼의 물리적 특성을 비교한 결과, 액정 에멀젼과 O/W 에멀젼의 점성은 각각 1871.26 ∼ 1.15 Pa⋅s 및 1768.69 ∼ 1.14 Pa⋅s이었으며, 전단응력은 액정 에멀젼은 190.45 ∼ 919.38 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 178.68 ∼ 909.18 Pa로 측정되었다. 저장 탄성률은 액정 에멀젼은 4487.82 ∼ 8195.59 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 3428.53 ∼ 9157.45 Pa, 탄성에 대한 점성의 비인 tan (delta) 값은, 액정 에멀젼은 0.23 ∼ 0.25, O/W 에멀젼은 0.43 ∼ 0.19로 나타났다. 경피 수분 함량 측정 결과, 액정 에멀젼은 O/W 에멀젼에 비하 여 사용 후 1 h부터 6 h까지 유의적으로 더 높은 피부 수분 함량을 나타냈으며, 경피 수분 손실에서는 30 min부터 4 h까지 유의적으로 수분 손실 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 글리시리직애씨드를 이용한 피부 투과 실험 결과, 24 h 동안 피부 투과량은 액정 에멀젼(64.58 μg/cm2), O/W 에멀젼(37.07 μg/cm2), 부틸렌글라이콜 용액(41.05 μg/cm2) 순으로 나타났고, 시간별 투과능 관찰 결과는 8 h 이후부터 액정 제형에서 피부 투과능이 증가하는 것으 로 나타났다. 결론적으로 액정 에멀젼은 피부의 보습 효과를 증진시킬 뿐만 아니라 기능성 소재의 효율적인 피부 전달체로서 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 국내원맥 중 백중밀 및 조경밀의 함수율 9~30%(w.b.) 범위내에서의 물리적 특징 중 산물밀도, 동안 식각, 비중, 천립중, 장축길이, 단축길이, 두께 및 면적을 분석하여 함수율간의 상관관계를 구명함으로써 국내밀의 체계적인 수확 후 관리 중 정선, 선별, 이송, 저장 및 가공 공정에서의 설계공정 및 기초자료로 활용하고자 연구하였 다. 함수율 9~30%(w.b.) 범위내에서의 백중 및 조경밀의 산물밀도는 함수율이 증가할수록 서서히 감소하였으며, 백 중밀은 754 kg/m3에서 664 kg/m3로 감소하였고, 조경밀은 776.1 kg/m3에서 660.0 kg/m3로 감소하였다. 비중 또한 함수 율이 증가할수록 서서히 감소하였으며, 백중밀의 경우 1.2950에서 1.2265로 조경밀은 1.3379에서 1.2671로 측정되 었다. 반면에 천립중 및 동안식각은 함수율이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였으며, 동안식각은 함수율 20%(w.b.)이상부 터는 거의 변화가 없었다. 천립중은 백중밀보다 조경밀이 크게 측정되었으며 그 값은 32.26~41.51 g(백중밀) 및 45.30~63.07 g(조경밀)로 조경밀이 현저히 크게 측정되었 다. 함수율에 따른 장축길이, 단축길이, 두께 및 면적은 함수 율이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였다. 백중밀의 장축길이는 6.42 mm에서 7.20 mm로 조경밀은 8.71 mm에서 9.15 mm로 증가하였고, 단축길이 역시 2.90~3.49 mm(백중밀) 및 4.12~4.43 mm(조경밀)으로 증가하였으며, 두께 2.94~3.20 mm(백중밀) 및 3.29~3.63 mm(조경밀), 면적은 14.13~19.44 mm2(백중밀), 27.75~31.25 mm2(조경밀)로 각각 측정되었 다. 이로써 함수율에 따른 우리밀의 물리적 특징이 구명되 었으며, 이는 우리밀에 적합한 건조저장시설 및 수확 후 관리모델 개발에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

This study investigated physcal properties of high performance concrete(HPC) using the garnet(GA) and Fly-ash(FA) under high temperature. After heating up the concrete, its appearance, failure mode, residual compressive strength, weight reduction ratio and other physical properties of concrete, it was mixed with nylon(Ny), polypropylene(PP), steel fiber(SF). The specimen was exposed to 100~800℃ and its crack control, spalling prevention and other physical characteristics were reviewed.

The study on physical properties of PHC pile and pile filler using blast furnace slag were evaluated. In the results, it was found that compressive strength and workability of PHC pile concrete with 20% of blast furnace slag adjusted S/a 27% were satisfied with desired properties and it was available to improve flow and compressive strength of file filler with 35% of blast furnace slag and TG as additive.

최근 도시 확장에 따른 무분별한 산지 개발과 기후 변화 등의 다양한 원인으로 인해 산사태, 토석류와 같은 토사재해에 의한 인명과 재산피해가 증가하고 있다. 그 규모도 대형화됨에 따라 토사재해에 대한 잠재적인 위험성은 계속적으로 증가하는 추세이다. 토사재해의 여러 유형중 토석류는 많은 토사를 발생시키며, 유동화된 토사가 이동함으로써 피해를 더 가중시킨다. 토석류 위험에 노출되는 구조물로는 고속도로, 철도, 교량 등과 같은 토목 구조물이 있다. 뿐만 아니라 산지와 인접된 도심지 주거지역의 건물이 포함된다. 이러한 이유로 토석류 재해 유발인자와 구조물의 손상관계에 대한 정량적 분석은 필수적이다. 정량적 평가는 위험 요소, 크기, 구조물의 취약점과 예상되는 손실을 포함해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2011년에 발생한 토석류 재해 지역에 대한 사례를 분석하여 각 재해지역의 토석류 재해 유발인자를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 현장 조사보고서, 수치지도, 위성사진을 이용하여 토석류 발생 지역에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 각 재해지역에서 피해를 입은 건물에 대한 손상 특성을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 현장조사보고서, 피해건물 현장사진, 문헌 등을 종합적으로 분석하여 건물의 손상정도를 파악하였다. 건물 손상정도는 완전 파괴, 심각한 손상, 보통 손상, 경미한 손상과 같이 4가지로 구분하였다. 이를 통해 토석류로 인한 건물 손상정도를 토석류의 높이, 속도 및 충격압력과 같은 토석류 재해 유발인자를 이용하여 건물의 물리적 취약특성을 분석하였다. 이러한 토사재해에 따른 구조물 취약성에 대한 연구는 토사재해 취약지역 관리뿐만 아니라 국가 방재정책의 우선순위를 수립함과 동시에 향후 도시 계획에 대한 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있음을 것으로 기대된다.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) is an ozone-depleting substance that is subject to environmental regulations based on the Montreal Protocol, and in Republic of Korea, which is regarded as a developing country, its use will be restricted in phase starting in 2013 until finally being prohibited in 2030. HCFC is regulated based on the Tokyo Protocol, HCFC is a regulated construction material for carbon dioxide reduction with GWP of 1,700 ~ 2,400 times that of CO2, with a GWP of 1. KS M 3808 than in the reference indicated in the C5 (15 : 15 : 20 : 50%) and C9 (20 : 10 : 20 : 50%) 0.33 mm 0.31 mm Cell size is shown in the analysis, etc. The compressive strength of the insulation, foaming agent mixing ratio according bending failure load, the thermal conductivity (initial and long-term), moisture permeability coefficient, combustible results, showed superior.

The adsorption characteristics of the methylene blue (MB) were studied using three activated carbons such as ACA and ACB with similar specific surface area (1,185 and 1,105 m2/g), and ACC with relatively high specific surface area (1,760 m2/g). The surface chemical properties of these activated carbons were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that ACA had more functional groups (with phenol, carbonyl, and carboxyl etc.) than ACB (with carbonyl and carboxyl) and ACC (with carboxyl). The isotherm data were fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacities of ACA, ACB, and ACC for MB were 454.7 mg/g, 337.7 mg/g, and 414.0 mg/g, respectively. As phenol and carboxyl content of the surface on activated carbon increased, MB adsorption capacity was increased. Although ACA had a smaller specific surface area than ACC, the content of phenol and carboxyl group was abundant, so MB adsorption capacity was found to be higher than ACC.