Bottom sediment pollution with heavy metals of the Sventoji River in Ukmerge, Lithuania using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is analyzed in this article. During the research, qualitative and quantitative parameters of heavy metal concentrations and their distribution were investigated. This article presents obtained results of study, where bottom sediment samples were examined from both shores of the river of Sventoji. During this research, received data was treated using GIS software, which helped to interpolate the data of concentrations into the research polygon of the river. GIS software also helped to evaluate the urban runoff influence to the bottom sediment quality and exclude sources of pollution. The runoff dischargers which transport surface wastewater to the river were registered before sampling. At the mouth of streams, flowing into the river of Sventoji, additional samples were taken. After comprehensive river bottom sediment research there is a possibility to assess the extent of anthropogenic activity and its impact on the river ecosystem and human health.

본 연구에서는 폐금속 광산에 특화된 인체위해성평가 방법을 제시하고, 국내 폐금속 광산지역 으로부터 도출된 다양한 노출인자 값을 적용하여 폐금속 광산지역의 주민(성인 남자, 성인 여자, 어린 이)에 대하여 인체위해성평가를 수행하였다. 또한 인체위해성평가의 결과로부터 중금속 오염에 의한 주민의 건강이 우려되는 경우, 위해성에 기반한 각 매체(토양, 지하수, 지표수)별 복원기준을 제시하고 자 하였다. 본 연구 결과, 발암위해도와 비발암위해도를 지시하는 총 초과발암위해도(TCR)와 위험지 수(HI)는 지하수섭취와 농작물섭취에 의한 경로로 노출되는 비소에 의해 각각 허용 가능한 수준인 1.00E-6과 1을 크게 초과하는 것으로 나타나서 연구대상 지역의 인체위해성이 큰 것으로 평가되었다. 위해도 저감을 위한 복원농도 산정 결과, 발암위해도 기준 계산 시 As 6.83~6.85 mg/kg, Pb 18.41~18.46 mg/kg, 비발암위해도 기준 계산 시 Cu 17.38 mg/kg, As 9.13 mg/kg의 수준으로 토양정 화가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

서울과 대구 및 울산, 구미, 여수 산업단지 내 지하수의 휘발성 유기화합물(VOCs) 오염 특성을 살펴보았다. 모든 지역에서 염소계 유기용매와 트리할로메탄이 가장 빈번하게 검출되는 휘발성 유기화합물이였다. MTBE는 도시 지역에서만 빈번하게 검출되었으며, 사염화탄소와 클로로포름은 산업단지에서 빈번하게 높은 농도로 검출되었다. 서울 지하수를 대상으로 휘발성 유기화합물로 인한 지하수 오염 실태를 좀 더 정밀하게 조사하였다. 그 결과, 염소계 유기용매 및 염소계 유기용매의 탈염소화 과정에서 생성되는 중간물질로 인한 오염이 심각한 것을 알 수 있었다. 검출빈도, 농도규모, 상관관계 분석을 통해 cis-1,2-DCE는 TCE의 분해 과정에서 생성되었으며, 1,1-DCE는 1,1,1-TCA의 분해 과정에서 생성된 것임을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 일부 VOCs는 자주 함께 검출되었으며, 기준치를 초과하는 VOCs의 농도도 일부 시료에서만 관찰되었는데, 이는 여러 가지 VOCs를 다량으로 사용하는 특정 오염원이 지하수 오염을 야기하였다는 것을 의미한다. 이들 오염원의 영향을 확인하기 위해 지하수 시료를 채수 지점의 토지 이용 특성과 채수 지점 주변의 토지 이용 특성을 기준으로 각각 구분하여 통계분석을 실시하였다. 통계 분석 결과, 운수업체, 스포츠센터와 같은 시설이 지하수 수질 오염과 밀접하게 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. MTBE의 검출 빈도는 자동차 이용과 상관관계가 높았고, 톨루엔과 클로로포름의 경우, 제조활동 및 하수처리시설과 상관관계가 높았다. PCE의 경우, 지정폐기물의 배출량과 상관관계가 높았다. 지하수 내 VOCs의 농도는 시간에 따라 변화하는 양상도 보였는데, 우기 시 발생하는 희석효과, 오염원의 유입과 자연적인 분해 과정이 복합적으로 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.

현재 국내에는 약 4만여 종의 화학물질이 유통되고 있으며, 매년 약 400여 종의 화학물질이 새로 진입되면서 화학물질의 사용이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 구미 불산 누출사고(2012.09), 화성 불산 누출사고(2013.01), A사 지하배관 파손 유독물질 유출사고(2014.02) 등 화학물질 관련 사건이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 하지만 현행 토양법 상에는 사고신고 외에 토양사고관련 사항은 부족한 상태이며, 화학물질의 안전관리제도 또한 미비한 상태이다. 토양지하수매체에서 토양법상의 토양사고 대비 능력을 향상시키기 위해서는 실질적인 사전관리체계 제도화가 시급하다. 본 연구는 유해화학물질 누출 시 토양·지하수오염 예방을 위한 위해도 기반 사전관리체계 개발 연구의 1단계 과정으로 오염물질 선정 및 오염취약성 평가체계 framework를 도출하였다. 오염물질 선정은 ‘토양·지하수오염 국가인벤토리 구축기법 개발 연구’ 과제(환경부, 2012)를 통해 제시한 52개의 토양·지하수관련 물질을 대상으로 하였으며, 국내 유해화학물질 목록, 오염물질 유통량 및 배출량 현황 그리고 외국사례 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 평가체계 대상 오염물질을 최종적으로 선정하였다. 대부분의 화학물질 누출사고는 누출, 화재, 폭발 등으로 인해 대기와 토양으로 유입되고 대기로 비산된 물질은 시간이 지남에 따라 해당 범위 내의 토양으로 다시 침적되어 토양오염을 유발한다. 이렇게 충적된 오염물질은 강우 등에 의해 토양 내로 유입되어 지하수까지 오염시키게 되며, 기준노출점에서 토양과 지하수 매체의 오염농도를 산정한 후 인체 및 생태 노출 특성에 따라 오염물질을 등급화 할 수 있다. 이러한 개념을 바탕으로 대상 물질별 사고 시 토양·지하수오염 취약성평가체계 framework를 도출하였다.

Strawberries are among the leading ready-to-eat agricultural products that have superior taste and nutrition. Thus, consumer concerns about the safety of eating strawberries are growing. To evaluate the contamination levels of strawberries according to their cultivation methods (nutriculture, pesticide-free culture and organic farming) and parts [fruit (flesh), stalk (pedunle) and leaf (calyx)], 1,020 parts of strawberry samples were collected at 12 farms in Nonsan-si and quantitatively or qualitatively examined for the indicators of food safety and food poisoning bacteria. The total aerobic bacteria count in the whole samples was 2.3~6.8 log10 CFU/g, and coliform bacteria were detected in 14.2% of the whole samples with a contamination level range of 2.1~4.5 log CFU/g. E. coli were detected in 0.9% of the whole samples with a contamination level range of 2.1~2.8 log CFU/g. The analysis of the bacterial levels according to the cultivation methods showed that the total aerobic bacteria and coliform counts were higher in the strawberries that were grown via organic farming than in those that were grown via nutriculture and pesticide-free culture. However, the E. coli counts of the strawberries that were grown via organic farming and via pesticide-free culture were similar and differed from that of the strawberries that were grown via nutriculture. The analysis of the contamination levels according to the parts of the strawberries showed that the total aerobic bacteria, coliform and E. coli counts of the fruits, stalks and leaves of the strawberries did not significantly differ. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in two organically grown strawberries, but Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in the whole samples. These results show that the bacterial contamination levels of the strawberries differed based on their cultivation methods. Thus, a suitable method of reducing the bacterial contamination levels of strawberries according to their farming methods is needed

본 연구는 2011년 일본 후쿠시마 원자력 발전소 방사능 누출사고가 방사능 오염으로 인한 유아안전에 대한 유치원교사의 인식에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 유아안전 대책마련을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 의의가 있다. 본 연구는2013년 2월 C도의 공 사립유치원 교사 197명을 대상으로 설문지를 배부하여 회수된 134명의 자료를 분석하였다.본 연구의 결과, 일본 원전사고는 방사능 오염으로 인한 유아안전에 대한 교사의 불안감에 영향을 미쳤으나, 방사능오염으로 인한 유아안전에 대한 유치원 교사들의 안전지식과 대처방안은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 방사능 오염으로부터 유아안전을 위한 하나의 방안으로 유아교사교육이 요구되며, 유아안전을 위한 대책 마련이 시급하다.

Sediments samples were collected at Busan South harbor where dredging has been initiated since 2010 to clean up the bottom of harbor. In this study, we tried to determine physico-chemical properties and heavy metal contents of sediments for the purpose of deciding contamination levels of the sediments. From the total organic carbon, XRD, and XRF analyses, all samples showed similar elements, oxides, and minerals. In general, moderately high concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in the samples. Heavy metal contents of sediments were compared with USEPA sediment quality standards and ontario sediment quality guidelines. Ignition losses of the samples were greater than 8%, which is a value indicating whether the sample is heavily polluted or moderately polluted. All the samples were classified as heavily polluted. Therefore, sediments obtained from dredging should be carefully treated to avoid other adverse environmental effects.

Is backcrossing a good strategy for improving elite lines for quantitative traits in general? Results reported here demonstrate the effectiveness of a backcrossing program for improving quantitatively inherited disease resistance traits, which are strongly influenced by the environment. Through backcross breeding, we were able to improve an important commercial inbred line, FR1064, for ear rot and fumonisin contamination resistance without significantly lowering its yield potential, even with the use of a donor line with poor agronomic potential. Following one generation of selection on advanced backcross-derived lines, gains were observed for the primary trait of interest in advanced inbred generations. Following two generations of selection, we improved potential performance for ear rot resistance and reduced fumonisin accumulation in the 19 selected lines without significantly affecting important agronomic characteristics such as plant height, ear height, or flowering time compared to the recurrent parent, FR1064. The 19 selected lines were also significantly more resistant to ear rot under inoculated conditions than the FR1064 topcross without exhibiting significant reductions in topcross grain yield or other agronomic traits. Several individual lines were identified that were not statistically different from GE440 for ear rot or fumonisin content as inbreds or from the GE440 topcross for ear rot. These lines exhibited topcross yields comparable to the FR1064 topcross, although they were not competitive with commercial check yields. Thus, from a practical standpoint, the backcrossing method was effective at improving quantitative disease resistance in an elite commercial line using an unadapted donor parent. We also genotyped selected lines at DNA markers linked to ear rot and fumonisin resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified in the BC1 generation of this cross to determine which QTL demonstrated allele frequency shifts due to selection.

Is backcrossing a good strategy for improving elite lines for quantitative traits in general? Results reported here demonstrate the effectiveness of a backcrossing program for improving quantitatively inherited disease resistance traits, which are strongly influenced by the environment. Through backcross breeding, we were able to improve an important commercial inbred line, FR1064, for ear rot and fumonisin contamination resistance without significantly lowering its yield potential, even with the use of a donor line with poor agronomic potential. Following one generation of selection on advanced backcross-derived lines, gains were observed for the primary trait of interest in advanced inbred generations. Following two generations of selection, we improved potential performance for ear rot resistance and reduced fumonisin accumulation in the 19 selected lines without significantly affecting important agronomic characteristics such as plant height, ear height, or flowering time compared to the recurrent parent, FR1064. The 19 selected lines were also significantly more resistant to ear rot under inoculated conditions than the FR1064 topcross without exhibiting significant reductions in topcross grain yield or other agronomic traits. Several individual lines were identified that were not statistically different from GE440 for ear rot or fumonisin content as inbreds or from the GE440 topcross for ear rot. These lines exhibited topcross yields comparable to the FR1064 topcross, although they were not competitive with commercial check yields. Thus, from a practical standpoint, the backcrossing method was effective at improving quantitative disease resistance in an elite commercial line using an unadapted donor parent. We also genotyped selected lines at DNA markers linked to ear rot and fumonisin resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified in the BC1 generation of this cross to determine which QTL demonstrated allele frequency shifts due to selection.

With the rapid growth of fresh-cut produce market, the South Korean fresh-cut industry is facing the challenge of ensuring food safety. As the estimation of the microbial numbers in fresh-cut produce processing lines (tools, and equipment) using the conventional microbiological techniques takes days, so there is a need for faster and easier monitoring methods. This study was conducted to investigate the use of ATP bioluminescence assay to measure the degree of microbial contamination from three actual fresh-cut processing lines. The samples collected from frech-cut vegetables, and fresh-cut fruits processing plants were tested for the estimation of the bacterial number, using the ATP bioluminescence and microbiological methods. The result of former was transferred to log RLU/100 cm2, and that of the latter was transferred to log CFU/100 cm2. A positive linear correlation between the ATP bioluminescence assay value and aerobic-plate count was found for fresh-cut processing lines, with a correlation coefficient of 0.8772 (n=50). The results of this study indicate that ATP bioluminescence assay can be used to monitor microbial contamination in fresh-cut produce processing plants, and can help improve the hygiene therein.

본 논문은 재난재해와 방사선 오염으로부터 안전한 농작물 관리를 위한 플랫폼, 그리고 식물 생장 모니터링 시스템 을 제안하였다. 또한, 식물생장을 모니터링하여 식물공장 내에서 생장하는 식물의 크기를 효율적으로 측정할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 본 연구에 따른 기대효과는 첫째, 자연재해와 방사능오염 감시를 통해 신속하고 정확한 대처 기능으로 농산물 품질 과 생산성 향상을 가져올 수 있다. 둘째, 식물의 크기 측정 데이터를 유지 관리하는데 소요되는 시간을 절약하여 경비 를 절감할 수 있다. 마지막으로 식물 공장 관리자의 작업 효율을 향상시킬 수 있다.

2011년 3월 11일에 발생한 동일본대지진으로 인해 후쿠시마 원전사고가 발생하여 방사능오염손해에 대한 우려의 목소리가 높다. 특히 방사능오염손해는 선박의 안전항행에 위협이 될 뿐만 아니라, 선원의 안전과 해상운송을 통한 세계 경제의 건전한 발전을 저해시키는 원인으로 작용할 우려가 있다. 선박 또는 화물이 방사능오염손해를 입은 경우에 이러한 방사능오염물질을 제거하는데 상당한 비용이 소요될 것이며, 부득이한 경우에는 선박과 적하를 폐기처분해야 하는 경우도 발생한다. 또한 선원이 방사능에 피복될 경우 이러한 선원에 대한 치료 문제도 발생할 수 있다. 하지만 현재 방사능오염손해에 대한 사후적 대비책으로써 어떠한 방법과 근거에 의하여 보험 보상이 이루어지는지 여부가 명확하게 검토되고 있지 않은 상황이다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 방사능오염으로 인한 피해의 사후적 대비책으로써 방사능오염손해에 대한 해상보험에서의 보상 문제를 검토하고자 한다.

Contamination of butyltin compounds (BTs), namely tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), was evaluated in sediments collected inside Jeju Harbor in 2001. The concentrations of BTs in surface sediments were comparable to those in other sites of domestic and foreign countries. The high correlations between BTs in surface (r2 = 0.83～ 0.91) and core (r2 = 0.70～0.79) sediments and the significant correlations between BTs concentrations and the number of incoming and outgoing vessels indicated that DBT and MBT were mainly degraded from TBT based on antifouling paints of vessels etc. and other sources, such as DBT and MBT, could be ignored. The butyltin degradation indices ([DBT] + [MBT]/[TBT]) in surface sediments were in the range of 2.2～3.6 (mean 2.7), indicating that the parent compound, TBT, was inflowed into the surface sediments a long ago, degraded and deposited. The sedimentation age of BTs contaminated core sediments could not estimated because the content of 210Pb activity was nearly all the same and so the sedimentation rate could not obtained.

Butyltin compounds in seawater, sediments and organisms inside Jeju Harbor of Jeju Island, Korea, were quantitatively determined to assess the extent of contamination and to evaluate the bioaccumulation in Thais clavigera (gastropod), Liolophura japonica and Cellana nigrolineata. In addition, imposex in T. clavigera was used to assess the sublethal effect of tributyltin compounds and its usage as a specific biomarker for these compounds was also studied. The main species in seawater was tributyltin (TBT) in March and June, monobutyltin (MBT) in August, but in sediments and organisms it was dibutyltin (DBT) and TBT, respectively, irrespective of survey time. TBT, the most toxic to aquatic organisms among BTs, was found at concentrations which were sufficient to have a serous effect on the sensitive organisms upon chronic exposure. The high correlations (r>0.7) between BTs indicated that DBT and MBT were mainly degraded from TBT based on antifouling paints and their sources were negligible. The sedimentary organic matters have little influence on the distribution of BTs in marine environment and the lipid content in T. clavigera showed a significant correlation with TBT concentrations. Measurement of imposex T. clavigera was expected to be a very helpful tool for preliminary survey of BTs prior to trace analysis of those.

파프리카(Capsicum annuum var. angulosum)는 우리나라의 대표적인 수출농산물로서 지속적인 수출확대를 위해서는 안전성 확보가 중요하다. 지금까지 수출과채류의 생물학적 위해요소에 대한 연구는 많이 이루어 지지 않았다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 대표적인 수출 농산물인 파프리카를 대상으로 미생물오염실태를 모니터링하고, 보관온도에 따른 세균오염도 변화를 분석하였다. 파프리카의 평균 총호 기성균 수는 log CFU/g이었으며, 대장균군은

Sediment works as a resource for electric cells. This paper was designed in order to verify how sediment cells work with anodic material such as metal and carbon fiber. As known quite well, sediment under sea, rivers or streams provides a furbished environment for generating electrons via some electron transfer mechanism within specific microbial population or corrosive oxidation on the metal surfaces in the presence of oxygen or water molecules. We experimented with one type of sediment cell using different anodic material so as to attain prolonged, maximum electric power. Iron, Zinc, aluminum, copper, zinc/copper, and graphite felt were tested for anodes. Also, combined type of anodes-metal embedded in the graphite fiber matrix-was experimented for better performances. The results show that the combined type of anodes exhibited sustainable electricity production for ca. 600 h with max. 0.57 W/㎡ Al/Graphite. Meanwhile, graphite-only electrodes produced max. 0.11 W/㎡ along with quite stationary electric output, and for a zinc electrode, in which the electricity generated was not stable with time, therefore resulting in relatively sharp drop in that after 100 h or so, the maximum power density was 0.64 W/㎡. It was observed that the corrosive reaction rates in the metal electrodes might be varied, so that strength and stability in the electric performances(voltage and current density) could be affected by them. In addition to that, COD(chemical oxygen demand) of the sediment of the cell system was reduced by 17.5∼36.7% in 600 h, which implied that the organic matter in the sediment would be partially converted into non-COD substances, that is, would suggest a way for decontamination of the aged, anaerobic sediment as well. The pH reduction for all electrodes could be a sign of organic acid production due to complicated chemical changes in the sediment.

Microbial contamination levels in a fresh-cut leafy vegetable processing plant were evaluated. Total plate counts of samples collected from the walls, equipment, and raw materials ranged from CFU/100 , CFU/100 , and CFU/g, respectively. No coliforms were detected on walls; however, equipment and raw materials contained coliforms in concentrations ranging from ND (not detected)to CFU/100 and CFU/g, respectively. Additionally, total plate counts for falling and floating bacteria in the processing plant were CFU/plate and , respectively. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, or Listeria monocytogenes were not detected on walls, equipment, or raw materials. Overall, the results of this study indicate that hygiene control in the fresh-cut processing plant should be improved.