현재 많은 산업에서 구조물의 온도환경 유지를 위한 단열재로 폴리우레탄 폼이 사용되며, 수명 동안 정적 및 동적의 다양 한 하중이 이에 부과된다. 폴리우레탄 폼은 고분자재료로써 다공성이며, 단열성능은 내부기공의 크기에 크게 의존한다. 또 한, 폴리우레탄 폼의 기계적 거동은 변형률 속도 및 온도에 대한 의존성이 큰 동시에 압축에 대하여 큰 비선형 연성거동을 보인다. 이러한 비선형 연성 압축거동 중에 폴리우레탄 폼은 변형률의 증가에 따라 기공율과 탄성계수의 감소를 보인다. 따 라서 본 연구에서는 상기 특성들을 포함한 폴리우레탄 폼의 변형률 속도 및 온도 의존 비선형 압축거동을 모사하기 위하여 온도 의존 손상 점소성 구성방정식이 개발되었다.

경상북도 구룡포 해역에서 하계 냉수 발생 특성과 어류 폐사를 유발하는 냉수대 강도를 파악하고자 2007년 8~11월 멍게양식장에 수온로거를 설치하여 수층별 수온을 측정하였으며, 2015년과 2016년은 국립수산과학원 실시간어장정보시스템의 표층수온 자료를 이용하였다. 동해 남부해역의 냉수대 발생 원리와 부합하게 남~남서풍이 강하게 불 때 용승으로 표층수온이 급격히 하강하였으며(2007년 8월 하순, 9월 20~22일, 2015년 7월 13~15일), 반대로 북~북동풍이 우세할 때 저층수온이 급상승하는(2007년 9월 5~7일, 9월 16~18일) 것으로 나타났다. 그 외에도 7~8월 구룡포 해역에 나타나는 약한 강도의 표층수온의 하강과 상승은 바람 방향과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 구룡포 해역에서 최대풍속이 5 m/s 이상인 남~남서풍이 최소 이틀 이상 유지되면 표층수온이 약 10 이하로 하강하는 강한 냉수대가 발생하고 이로 인해 어류 폐사가 발생하는 것으로 파악되었다. 이를 바탕으로 포항기상대의 최대풍속과 최대풍속 풍향을 이용하여 냉수발생지수(Cold Water Index)를 정의하고 계산한 결과, CWI2d(CWI 2일 평균)가 100 이상일 때 어류 폐사가 주로 발생하였으며, CWI4d(CWI 4일 평균)는 7~8월 구룡포 표층수온과 높은 음의 상관성을 나타내었다(R²=0.5). 2007년 10월 30 m 수층의 수온 일변화(7~23 )는 조석변화와 일치하는 주기와 스펙트럼을 보였으며, 이는 북한한류수 영향인 것으로 파악된다. 이와 같이 조석과 북한한류수로 인한 일변화가 어류 가두리가 설치된 수심에도 영향을 미친다면 어업 피해로 이어질 수 있으므로 정밀한 조사가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

CDK2 inhibition plays a central role in DNA damage–induced cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. However, whether CDK2 also influences early porcine embryo development is unknown. In this study, we examined whether CDK2 is involved in the regulation of oocyte meiosis and early embryonic development of porcine. We found that disrupting CDK2 activity with RNAi or an inhibitor did not affect meiotic resumption or MII arrest. However, CDK2 inhibitor-treated embryos showed delayed cleavage and ceased development before the blastocyst stage. Disrupting CDK2 activity is able to induce sustained DNA damage as demonstrated by the formation of distinct γH2AX foci in nuclei of day 3- and day 5-embryos. Inhibiting CDK2 triggers a DNA damage checkpoint by activating of the ATM-P53-P21 pathway. However, the mRNA expression of genes involved in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) pathways for double strand break (DSB) repair reduced after administering CDK2 inhibitor to 5-day-old embryos. Furthermore, CDK2 inhibition caused apoptosis in day 7 blastocysts. Thus, our results indicate that an ATM-P53-P21 DNA damage checkpoint is intact in the absence of CDK2; however, CDK2 is important for proper repair of the damaged DNA by either directly or indirectly influencing DNA repair-related gene expression.

Results of this study appeared chicken breeding households nationwide in 3,323 households. Local broiler breeding two numbers are Jeonbuk>Chungnam>Jeonnam> Gyeonggi>Gyeongbuk>Chungbuk>Gyeongnam>Gangwon>Jeju appeared in other net. Local chicken breeding numbers are Chungnam>Jeonbuk>Gyeongbuk>Jeonam> Chungbuk>Gyeongnam>Gangwon appeared in order. Livestock mortality is 482,000 numbers in 2012, and 911,000 numbers in 2014 and 2.494,000 numbers in 2015, a significant increase year by to 4.298,000 numbers in 2016. Insurance 11.2 billion in 2012, 49.8 billion in 2013, 21.2 billion in 2014, 74.5 million won was paid in 2015 is expected to be paid in 2016, 128.4 billion won. A study on the future, preventing livestock damage caused by high temperature will have to continue.

Five empirical farmhouses were selected to reduce the high temperature damage in oak mushroom cultivation using bed-logs. The cultivation facilities were categorized as follows: those having two blackout curtains or one blackout curtain and outdoor oak mushroom cultivation. The inequality of the indoor condition, oak mushroom hyphae rampant ratio, and fruit body production in each test condition was evaluated. 3oC was lower in indoor temperature of cultivation facility having two blackout curtains than one blackout curtain. Specifically, the indoor air humidity average of cultivation facilities having one or two blackout curtains was 10% lower than that of outdoor oak mushroom cultivation. This condition is not ideal for oak mushroom cultivation as continuous indoor humidity control is essential for producing good fruit bodies. The Inoculated bed-log surface and oak mushroom hyphae rampant ratio of bed-logs cultivated with two blackout curtains was superior to other tested conditions. The mushroom production ratio observed in facilities with two blackout curtains was 117-204% higher than those cultivated in facilities with only one blackout curtain. Furthermore, the mushroom production ratio increased in based on these findings, we recommended five cultivation facility models to reduce high temperature damage in oak mushroom cultivation using bed-logs.

Determining of the shape in the process of design for natural draught cooling tower is very important, because the shape of hyperbolic shell is respond sensitively to dynamic behavior of the whole cooling tower against wind load. In engineering practice, the geometric parameters have been determining based on the natural frequency. This study analyses influence of the tower shell geometric parameters on the structural behavior. For three representative models were selected, they were analyzed based on evaluation of damage by means of nonlinear FE-method. As a result, a hyperbolic rotational shell with the small radius overall was the lowest damage index induced by sufficient capacity of the stress redistribution and thus a wind-insensitive structure.

In this study, i machined micro hole to PCB(Printed circuit board) with ultra precision spindle system for mechanical micro drilling. For this i utilized 0.4∼0.6 ㎜ micro drill and observed cutting edge and hole. Results are as follows; in case of drilling with 0.4∼0.6 ㎜ micro drill, micro hole was made specific range of diameter up to 300 times drilling and micro drilled diameter was bigger than micro drill’s diameter at 300 times over. Error ratio of drilled diameter and damaged hole diameter was within 5 % and 17 %. I observed 0.4 ㎜and 0.6 ㎜micro drill’s cutting edge after 500 times drilling and confirm cutting edge width variation and damage, same result found 1000 times drilling with 0.5 ㎜ micro drill.

The quantity of imported beef has increased since import liberalization in 2001 and continued agreements on FTAs. To obtain competitiveness in domestic Hanwoo industry, the industry has tried to make a high-quality beef and Hanwoo meat has a high price premium compared with imported beef or domestic Yukwoo as a result. Therefore there exists always economic incentive for non-Hanwoo meat to be sold as Hanwoo meat. Several research data supports this inference. This paper calculates the economic welfare loss on the domestic Hanwoo breeding farms caused by violating labelling originality using a simulation model. To estimate the welfare loss, this paper uses an EDM model based on various scenarios which assume different values on several key variables. The simulation results show that the welfare loss of the Hanwoo breeding farms varies from many billions wons at least to more than one trillion wons at maximum. We have to make an effort to eradicate the violating labelling originality to develop domestic Hanwoo industry.

This study carried out fiber damage detections of laminated GFRP plate structures using a modified bi-variate Gamma function. The effects of different layup sequences of composites on the fiber damage detection are studied using the finite element commercial package and genetic algorithm. Four unknown parameters are considered to determine the shape of the damage distribution, which is a modified form of the bivariate Gamma density distribution function. The sample studies show the excellence of the proposed method from the standpoints of its computation efficiency as well as its ability to determine the complex shape of an arbitrary stiffness degradation distribution.

In this paper, we study the calculation for the damage area of the tension specimens using image processing techniques. This study was able to calculate the area of the damage region on the basis of original image. Generally, to extract the area in the original image, we have to use opening operation, close operation, the Hit-or-Miss operation and bottom hat filter, top hat filter, etc. In particular, to extract the area of the composite specimen discussed in this study, we have to use the combination of the operations and filters because it is non-isotropic material, or should develop a new algorithm based on it.

Unlike accidents on land, marine accidents can not be supported rapidly from the outside. For this reason, The initial response and damage control system are critical. Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) reported the necessity of the damage control system to IMO in the early 2000s. Even though the installation of these systems is not compulsory, the damage control system is installed and operated in about 60 cruises. The key component of damage control system is supporting the decision-making using 'KILL Card'. The purpose of study is to develop the shipboard training scenario for the foundation of 'KILL Card'. We made scenarios for fire and flooding through the analysis on existing scenarios, marine accident case and relative regulation. The suggested shipboard training scenario based on damage control system enables the crew to response with rapid decision-making to damage in emergency situations.

As increased the cultivating areas of several minor crops for medicine such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Taraxacum platycarpum, Gynanchum wilfordii, and Purple granadilla, the occurrence of major pests and their damages were severed. Primarily occurred pests on five minor crops were observed small in size pests such as whiteflies, aphids and thrips, but the other pests are insignificantly infest. Whiteflies showed higher density in G. uralensis but its damage was insignificant level. Aphids were showed higher density at June in all minor crops and then sharply decreased the density with lower degree of damage. The high damage on initial growth stage will be judge to affect on the yield. Thrips on T. platycarpum showed higher density with 44.1%, compare to other crops, sharply increased the density in late-June and optimal peak in mid-July and decreased in late-Aug. Conclusively, major pests on crops, green peach aphid, mites species on A. membranaceus and G. uralensis, olender aphid, mites species and thrips on G. wilfordii were damaged. Detailed investigation and analysis for economic value of the damaged pest for the continual production will be promoted and then followed the procedure the registration of agrochemicals.

본 연구의 목적은 NIH3T3와 HepG2 세포에서 에탄올유도 세포독성 및 유전독성에 대하여 녹차엑기스(GTE)와 epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)의 보호작용을 평가하는데 있다. 세포생존율은 MTT assay를 실시하였으며 DNA 손상도는 Comet assay로 실시한 결과 에탄올은 농도의존적인 세포독성과 유전독성을 나타내었다. 한편 GTE와 EGCG는 에탄올 유도 세포독성 및 DNA 손상에 대하여 유의성 있는 억제효과를 나타내었으며 DPPH시험과 LDL oxidation 및 8OH-2``dG 생성시험에서 항산화효과를 나타내었다. 한편 녹차성분 함유 시판 리큐르주도 순수 에탄올에 비하여 세포독성억제 및 DNA 손상억제효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 시험결과 GTE와 함유 EGCG는 항산화성 유전독성억제기전을 통한 에탄올독성저감 물질로 판단된다.

In this study, a fluorescent silica nano particle is used as the surrogate for challenging test of membrane surface integrity. The particles are functionalized by a fluorescent dying agent so that as an ultraviolet light is imposed a bright fluorescent image from the particles can be taken. If a membrane surface is damaged and has a compromised part larger than the size of surrogate the fluorescent particles would pass through and contained in the permeate. An operator can directly notice whether the membrane surface is damaged or not by detecting a fluorescent image taken from the permeate. Additionally, the size of compromised part is estimated through analysing the fluorescent image in which we surmise the mass of particles included in the permeate by calculating an average RGB value of the image. The pilot scale experiments showed that this method could be applied successfully to determine if a membrane surface had a damaged parts regardless of the test condition. In the testing on the actual damaged area of 4.712 mm2, the lowest error of estimating the damaged area was –1.32% with the surrogate concentration of 80 mg/L, flux of 40 L/m2/hr for 25 minutes of detection. A further study is still going on to increase the lowest detection limit and thus decrease the error of estimation.

본 연구에서는 산림생태계 훼손 유형별 표토의 이화학적 특성 비교와 식재기반 조성 재료로서의 활용 여부를 평가하 였다. 표토는 산림생태계 훼손 유형별 훼손지역 12개 지역, 36개 지점과 각 훼손지 주변에 위치한 자연지역 12개 지역, 36개 지점, 총 72개 지점에서 채취하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 자연지역의 토성은 식양토~사양토, 용적밀도는 0.95~1.10 Mg/㎥, 고상률은 35.7~44.0 ㎥/㎥, 공극률은 56.0~64.3 ㎥/㎥, 내수성입단율은 8.4~35.8%, 토양경도는 5~13 ㎜, 토양산도는 5.3~6.1, 전기전도도는 0.14~0.65 dS/m, 전질소량은 0.28~0.42%, 양이온치환용량은 14~22 cmol+/㎏, 치환성칼륨함량은 0.15~0.31 cmol+/㎏, 치환성칼슘함량은 2.07~2.84 cmol+/㎏, 치환성마그네슘함량은 0.45~1.97 cmol+/㎏, 유효인산함량은 17~96 ㎎/㎏, 유기물함량은 3.2~5.6%의 범위를 나타냈으며, 훼손지역의 토성은 식양토~양질사토, 용적밀도는 1.54~1.75 Mg/㎥, 고상률은 52.8~58.0 ㎥/㎥, 공극률은 42.0~47.2 ㎥/㎥, 내수성입단율 은 4.2~22.5%, 토양경도는 13~25 ㎜, 토양산도는 4.8~5.5, 전기전도도는 0.13~0.62 dS/m, 전질소량은 0.02~0.12%, 양이온치환용량은 5~15 cmol+/㎏, 치환성칼륨함량은 0.11~0.18 cmol+/㎏, 치환성칼슘함량은 0.45~2.36 cmol+/㎏, 치 환성마그네슘함량은 0.39~0.96 cmol+/㎏, 유효인산함량은 15~257 ㎎/㎏, 유기물함량은 0.4~2.2%의 범위를 나타냈다. 자연지역과 훼손지역 표토의 이화학적 특성 비교를 통해 훼손지역 표토가 자연지역 표토에 비해 이화학적 특성이 악화되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 향후 표토 재활용을 위한 보전 및 관리 대책이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.