This paper presented experimental results for photocatalytic air cleaner removal performance for malodorous compounds generated from rest room. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency was up to 80∼ 90% for NH₃ in chamber, 29.3% for H2S, 79.6% for CH3SH, 58.8% for DMDS individually. PCO efficiency for DMS(Dimethy Sulfide) and DMDS(Dimethyl Disulfide) were relatively lower than that of NH₃ and CH3SH, this results indicate that DMS and DMDS removal process were effected by by-products of photocatalytic oxidation and humidity. Ozone was relatively low (below 5ppb) under the test conditions through photocatalytic oxidation. It is necessary to test a reliability of the air cleaner for a longtime under the various indoor conditions. But, prototype photocatalytic air cleaner will promise useful air cleaner for indoor air quality applications.

In this study the real situation of apartment house in seoul is reproduced with multi-zone modeling program CONTAM2.4. This model include disinfection system which is consist of dilution, filtration, UVGI(ultra violet germicidal irradiation). It's energy consumption was also analyzed through the linked model of CONTAM and TRNSYS according to the combination of components. The comparison of total energy consumption through energy analysis revealed that adjusting the air change rate of the UVGI air sterilizer to maintain the same indoor microbe removal capability was more advantageous in terms of energy consumption.

Indoor Lighting can be improved by using a refractive lens. This lens is a flat-plate, and patterns are engraved on its surface. The engraved patterns are designed to refract sun's rays. In this study, two patterns have been suggested. The one is designed to refract sun's rays in one direction. The another is designed to refract sun's rays in 4 directions. The designed patterns were machined with a diamond tool and engraved on an experimental Poly Methyl Meta Acrylate flat-plate. Optical experiments have been done by using a laser rays and natural sun's rays. The results showed that sun's rays refracted in one or 4 directions effectively. The refracted rays also improved indoor lighting.

The purpose of this study are to examin the level of temperature, relative humidity and pollutants at stock rooms in National Archives and to provide fundamental data in order to protect damage of archives. The survey of indoor air quality(IAQ) in stock rooms was performed in Busan National Archives in August and December 2007, and collected basic data, on level of them at stock rooms in National Archives that were published. The temperature and relative humidity in stock rooms were within the terms of national law of the public archives administration. The concentration of PM10 in stock rooms in National Archives exceeded 50 ㎍/m³, which is the guideline of national law for the public archives administration. The concentration of CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and Formaldehyde in stock rooms did not exceeded the guideline of national law. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds was shown to exceed the guideline of natioanl law. Therefore, we suggest that a national plan for the management of IAQ at stock rooms in National Archives should be established through a long-term, continuous investigation

The hybrid cooling system of vapor compression system and naturally circulating coolin system using R-410a for indoor mobil tele-communication center(IMTC) is developed and its performance is experimentally studied. Its results are summarized as follows. First, cooling capacity of naturally circulating cooling system is proportional to indoor and outdoor temperature difference and it has max. 4,550 kcal/h at indoor and outdoor air temperature difference 15℃. Second, heat exchangers of evaporator and condenser should be designed and constructed to be able to get maximum refrigerant capacity by naturally circulating force and to enhance heat transfer by refrigerant. Third, cooling capacity of hybrid cooling system has optimum operating point according to refrigerant charging capacity and refrigerant charging capacity of naturally circulating cooling system is 30~50% more than vapor compression refrigeration system.

본 연구에서는 국내 돔경기장을 해석대상공간으로 선정하여 기존 공조방식과 국외 돔경기장에서 사용한 공조방식을 적용하여 겨울철 실내기류 및 온도분포를 분석하고, 열고온층을 해소하기 위한 방안으로 설치된 기류유인팬의 적절성을 검토하였다.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can produce adverse health effects. Various indoor and outdoor combustion sources make NO₂ the most ubiquitous pollutant in the indoor environment. Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. In the present paper, we used a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements with 10 houses. Subsequently, mean contributions of indoor and outdoor sources were 28.86% and 81.09%, respectively, suggesting that both indoor and outdoor sources had contributions to indoor concentrations of NO₂.

The indoor level of phthalates in children-facilities was assessed in this study. The samples of house dust were collected at various children's facilities (40 day-care houses, 42 child-care centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor playgrounds) in summer (Jul~Sep, 2007) and winter (Jan~Feb, 2008) periods, and analyzed by GC-MS. The DEHP was detected in almost every sample (detection rate : 99%) and the detection rate of DnBP and BBzP was more than 80%. The average concentrations of DEHP, DEP, DnBP, and BBzP in house dust were 388 ㎍/g dust, 37㎍/g dust, 108㎍/g dust and 349㎍/g dust, respectively. The relationship between construction period and DEHP level was statistically significant. But, other factors such as flooring material, construction period and water leakage were not statistically significant relationship with phthalates levels. The Phthalate levels were similar or more higher than other the European country.

In this work, pellet type sorbents were prepared to control the low level indoor carbon dioxide with various physical compositions. In order to enhance the adsorption capacity, a few additives including alkali hydroxides were added to a commercial zeolitic sorbent by impregnation of alkali cation - Ca²⁺ through physical mixing and ion exchange. It was found that the binding materials such as dextrin or bentonite facilitating to form the granular sorbents would assist the adsorption capacity of sorbents. The ion exchange was more efficient for impregnation of alkalies, which showed better adsorption of gaseous CO₂.

the less-reported gaseous studies have primarily dealt with chemical process stream concentrations than indoor air quality (IAQ) concentration levels. Accordingly, the current study was conducted to establish the feasibility of applying visible-light-induced TiO₂ doped with sulfur (S) element to cleanse toluene and ehtyl benzene at IAQ levels. The S-doped TiO₂ was prepared by applying two popular processes and two well-known methods. For both target compounds, the two coating methods exhibited different photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency. Similarly, the two S-doping processes showed different PCO efficiency. These results indicate that the coating method and doping process are important parameters which can influence PCO efficiency. Meanwhile, it was found that the PCO efficiency of ethyl benzene was higher than that of toluene. In addition, the degradation efficiency of the target compounds increased as the relative humidity (RH) decreased. The PCO efficiency varied from 44% to 74% for toluene and from 68% to 95%, as the RH decreased. Consequently, it is suggested that with appropriate RH conditions, the visible-light-assisted photocatalytic systems can also become an important tool for improving IAQ.

Test methods of Korea Air Cleaning Association (KACA) and Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) for particle cleaning capacity performance of an indoor air cleaner were compared in terms of the conditions of the test particle generation, the range of particle measurement and the calculation methods for particle cleaning capacity, and types of the test particles. The performance test was conducted in a 30 m³ chamber with the same test specimen and the test particles of each test were generated until the number concentration of 0.3 ㎛ particles reached 2.2 × 108 #/m³. The performance test results showed that the cleaning capacity with the particles of higher surface area and volume density, regardless of the type of test particles, was higher than with those of lower and the capacity from calculation with 0.3～1 ㎛ particles was higher than with 0.3 ㎛ particles. Moreover, the cleaning capacity with the calculation of KACA method was lower than with that of AHAM method in spite of using the same test specimen.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is one of major public health threats in morbidity and mortality. Several national and regional comprehensive smoke-free regulations have been implemented to prevent public health exposure, but not in Korea. The purpose of this manuscript was to review impacts of the national or regional smoke-free legislations on indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Indoor air quality has been improved significantly after smoke free policy. Such improvement was measured by fine particulates and urinary cotinine. Respiratory and cardiovascular health effects were significantly improved after smoke free policy. This is an indirect evidence of association between secondhand smoke exposure and the health effects. Respiratory symptoms were improved as short as one month after smoke free policy. Smoke free policy was also associated with improved perception of danger of secondhand smoke. Reduction of smoking prevalence was also unexpected benefit of smoke free policy. As reviewed in this paper, smoke free policy can be beneficial to indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Since Korea does not have comprehensive smoke free policy yet, it is strongly recommended to implement national comprehensive smoke free policy.

In this study, the performance of fast gas chromatography system was evaluated using VOC standards prepared in both liquid and gaseous phase. When the liquid‐phase VOC standards were analyzed by both direct injection and HS‐SPME method, all the chromatographic separation was completed within 4 minutes. The calibration experiments were conducted further using gaseous standard of BTX. The calibration results derived by direct injection method generally showed good linearities, regardless of phases, while it was not the case for HS‐SPME method. In case of liquid‐phase standard, MDL values for direct injection and HSSPME method were calculated in the range of 0.07~0.19 to 0.63~3.76 ng, respectively. In contrast, MDL values for gaseous standard were 0.27~0.45 and 1.94~6.90, respectively. The reproducibility of our method, when expressed in terms RSE, showed above 5 %. When the sensitivity of different techniques is compared, the calibration slope values of BTX decreased on the order: direct injection of liquid‐phase standard > HSSPME method of liquid‐phase standard > direct injection of gaseous standard > HS‐SPME method of gaseous standard. Although fast GC is very efficient to reduce the total running time significantly, extended studies are desirable to improve its reproducibility.

In this study, we attempted to estimate the association between asthma oriented by indoor air sources and personal exposure by comparing the case (asthma-patient) and control (non-asthma-patient) groups. We selected 27 participants who showed positive response on lung function and methacholin provocation test. We performed environmental survey with 15 and 10 cases during May and June 2007, respectively. There was no significant difference between the case and control groups in the level of formaldehyde and TBC (Total Bacterial Count). In the dust allergen test, the case concentration was higher than the control's, without signifiant difference. In the personal exposure assessment of VOCs using OVM (Organic Vapor Monitor) badge, the case concentrations of Benzene, Toluene, and Ethylbenzene were higher than the control's, but there was no significant difference. The personal exposure of Xylene case study was significantly higher than the control's

In this age of information ruled by new technologies and knowledge, the world is interconnected as a single community, and within this trend of globalization, new cultural codes are emerging through temporal fusion between the past and the present and spatial fusion between different regions and countries. In this situation, it seems meaningful to review Korean fusion foods and restaurants serving such foods, as well as to consider their future directions. Thus, the objective of the present study was to survey and analyze Korean fusion restaurants representing Korean culture not only in Korea, but also in foreign cities, and to identify the expression characteristics of such restaurants. Based on restaurants recommended in relevant magazines and on Internet sites, 18 spaces were selected, visited, and surveyed, in which tradition and modernism were well-mixed. Data on the shapes, materials, colors, and patterns of spatial elements and food-related elements, including photographs, were collected and analyzed. The results are as follows. Of the 18 restaurants, 13 (72%) showed temporal fusion in both spatial and food-related elements, 4 showed temporal fusion in spatial elements and cultural fusion in food-related elements, and 1 showed cultural fusion in both spatial and food-related elements. In general, the spaces were mainly designed with modern elements and partially with traditional elements (ceilings, windows, furniture, articles), and the fusion of food-related elements was made in diverse forms that included temporal fusion restructuring traditional menus contemporarily, and cultural fusion harmonizing traditional food with Western cookery.

This study was followed up asthma incidence rate in primary schools indoor air quality. To investigate the history and prevalence rate of allergic diseases(asthma, atopy dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis), the standardized and generally used International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood(ISAAC) questionnaire was used to conduct the symptom survey for all participating subjects. The concentrations of major indoor air pollutants(dust mite allergen, aldehydes , VOCs, TBC, phthalate) were observed from April to May 2007. Sampling was undertaken at 19 primary schools. The sampling sites of air pollutants are classroom’s indoor and hallway. Dust mite allergen part it was detected from the case classroom and infirmary. The exposure quality of aldehyde and the place pollution level was indoor>outdoor>hallway, which whole is disease incidence rate high group appears more highly the low group than. The partially result of formaldehy and VOCs, the concentration of high environmental disease incidence rate showed also high. However, house dust allergen, TBC and phthalate measurement school was not the effect where the comparison of difference.

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, outdoor levels, and removal. Various indoor and outdoor combustion sources make nitrogen dioxide(NO2), which is a by-product of high temperature fossil fuel combustion. Especially, the presence of gas ranges and smoking have been identified as two of the major factors contributing to indoor NO2 exposures. In this study, the relative efficiencies for NO2 removal by a large number of materials are presented. This work has demonstrated that reactions with indoor surfaces represents a significant sink for NO2, and that these reactions currently are effecting a considerable degree of control over indoor NO2 levels. It seems that this control could be enhanced by judicious selection of furnishings and construction materials. Improved understanding of that rates and mechanisms of the removal process will permit optimization of the process for indoor air quality improvement.

This study was performed to investigate airborne volatile organic compounds(VOCs), formaldehyde, respiratory particulate for concentration in primary schools. The concentrations of major indoor air pollutants(VOCs , benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, formaldehyde, PM-10) were observed from November to December 2006. Sampling was undertaken at 81 primary schools. The sampling sites of air pollutants are classroom and hallway. VOCs with distribution of most of general environmental contamination material will be able to confirm that it shows the log-normal distribution which is similar exposure distribution. The exposure quality of VOCs and the place pollution level was indoor> hallway>outdoor, which whole is located in the metropolis and the industrial areas is higher than farm village area. It tried to observe the I/O ratio, it appeared highly from the interior of the material of most. The mean concentrations of formaldehyde, respiratory particulate were 22.07㎍/㎥, 88.06㎍/㎥ respectively. Indoor and outdoor ratios(I/O) of formaldehyde and respiratory particulate were 3.6 and 1.4, respectively. The concentration of respiratory particulate is 27.2% higher than guideline for school hygiene(100㎍/㎥). From the comparison in the construction year, the highest concentration of formaldehyde is showed under one year. However, as time passed by the concentrations of formaldehyde become lower.

Recently Korean government introduced and strengthened the environmental polices to manage and enhance indoor air quality as a major assignment. As a result,“Indoor Air Quality Management Act”has been activated since May 2004. However, among many multi-usage facilities, the school environment has been excluded from such regulations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to survey indoor aerosol and CO2 concentrations in a university library which is one of major school facilities. Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were intensively measured every 5 minute interval by means of a dust monitor with light-scattering principle. The mini-volume air samplers were used further to analyze inorganic elemental compositions of PM10 and to inter-compare with the dust monitor. Carbon dioxide was simultaneously monitored by a multi-gas monitor equipped with a non-dispersive infrared system. PM10 concentrations did not exceed the indoor air quality standard(150㎍/㎥) for all the sampling places. However, quick and steep increases of aerosol concentration were observed during the Asian Dust storm period. In addition, the concentration of PM10(74.1㎍/㎥) in the main university office was the highest among the entire sampling places. Although there was no specific pollution source in the library, the levels of aerosol and CO2 increased quickly due to various outdoor sources and human activities. The average CO2 concentration measured in three reading rooms, where ventilation was not fully operated, exceeded the indoor air quality standard of 1,000 ppm. Based on these case studies, effective management and reduction plans for indoor aerosol and CO2 were suggested for the large scale public buildings including university libraries.

본 실험에서는 Ardisia속 자생식물의 온도 및 습도 변화에 따른 온열환경을 조사함으로써 자생식물의 이 용에 가능한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 가로 2m, 세로 1.3m, 높이 1.8m, 총 부피가 4.68m3의 밀 폐된 유리 챔버 내에 온도 조건 변화에 따른 실내공 간의 온도 및 습도변화를 측정한 결과, Ardisia속 식 물에 의한 실내온도의 변화는 24oC 이상의 고온에서 는 식물이 없는 상태에 비해 감온 효과가 있었으며 3 종의 식물 간 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. Ardisia속 식물 중에서 백량금이 온도 변화에 따른 습도 변화가 가장 민감하게 일어나 13%의 습도 변화를 보였고 57.3±3.1%로 비교적 높은 습도를 보였는데, 이에 비해 자금우는 8%, 산호수는 9%의 습도 변화를 보였고 자 금우와 산호수 모두 대부분의 낮 시간 동안 50~55% 의 실내 적정습도 범위를 유지했다. 식물체의 실내 발 열체로서의 열성능 평가 결과, 실내 온도를 28oC에서 26oC로 감온 시에는 식재에 의한 냉방 효과가 비식재 공간에 비해 7.5~13.6배 높았고, 적정온도 이상의 고 온에서는 자금우에 의한 냉방 효과가 백량금과 산호수 에 비해 더 좋았으며 적정온도를 유지하는데 효과적이 었다. 실내 저온 조건에서는 비식재 공간이 식물을 배 치한 경우보다 높은 열량을 나타내 식물이 저온 조건 에서 냉방효율을 낮추므로 적정온도를 유지하는데 효 과적이었다. 이로서 Ardisia속 식물은 고온의 실내에서 주위의 온도를 저하시키고 적정온도를 유지시키는데 효 과적임을 알 수 있었다.