Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important staple food of over half the world’s population. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible impact of transgenic rice cultivation on the soil microbial community. Microorganisms were isolated from the rhizosphere of GM and non-GM rice cultivation soils. Microbial community was identified based on the culture-dependent and molecular biology methods. The total numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycete in the rhizosphere soils cultivated with GM and non-GM rice were similar to each other, and there was no significant difference between GM and non-GM rice. Dominant bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere soils cultivated with GM and non-GM rice were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The microbial communities in GM and non-GM rice cultivated soils were characterized using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The DGGE profiles showed similar patterns, but didn’t show significant difference to each other. DNAs were isolated from soils cultivating GM and non-GM rice and analyzed for persistence of inserted gene in the soil by using PCR. The PCR analysis revealed that there were no amplified protox gene in soil DNA. These data suggest that transgenic rice does not have a significant impact on soil microbial communities, although continued research may be necessary.

Drought is a one of the most serious abiotic stresses limiting rice production. However, little progress has been made in the genetic analysis of drought tolerance, because it is a complex trait controlled by a number of genes and affected by various environmental factors. The most efficient method for drought tolerance breeding is using drought tolerance genetic resources. We used a doubled-haploid (DH) population consist of 101 lines derived from a cross the drought tolerant cultivar ‘Samgang’ and the drought sensitive cultivar ‘Nagdong’ for QTL analysis. Drought stress was treated by withholding water for 6 weeks, and then rewatered for 7 days. After rewatering visual phenotype was observed according to the standard evaluation system for rice, IRRI. Drought sensitive parent ‘Nagdong’ was almost died, while tolerant parent ‘Samgang’ showed slightly leaf tip dring phenotype. The qdr11 detected on chromosome 11 with flanking markers RM26755-RM287 and accounted for 19% phenotype variation with a LOD score of 3.7.

The global rice reduction due to drought averages 18 Mt, especially, 23 Mha of rice fields in Asia are drought-prone. However, rice breeding programs focusing on drought resistance have made little progress to date. Because proper screening approaches with large scale were not developed to evaluate the drought tolerant degree. In here, we have developed of leaf water loss rate with plastic ware in dark conditions for large screening. Through this bioassay system, we examined drought phenotype degrees of 650 rice varieties. To validate whether this optimized bioassay system is corelated with drought phenotype, we chose 14 varieties having the lowest or highest of the water loss rate. We observed the visual drought phenotype and agricultural traits in green house and field conditions. Apo and Samgang having the lowest of leaf water loss rate showed drought tolerance phenotype, whereas Yeolbaeg and Milyang254 having the highest of leaf water loss rate showed drought sensitive phenotype. Apo displayed proper root length trait and Samgang showed good root dry trait in the greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that a simple screening procedure with water lose rate of leaves is effective to perform large scale screening for drought phenotype in rice.

Transgenic potatoes expressing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), isolated from the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju, had increased tolerance to salt stress (Jeong et al. 2001). To examine the physiological mechanisms enhancing salt tolerance in GPD transgenic rice plants, the salt tolerance of five GPD transgenic rice lines (T1–T5) derived from Dongjin rice cultivar was tested in a fixed 150-mM saline environment in comparison to two known wild-type rice cultivars, Dongjin (salt sensitive) and Pokali (salt tolerant). Transgenic lines T2, T3, and T5 showed a substantial increase in biomass and relative water content compared to Dongjin. Stomatal conductance and osmotic potential were higher in the GPD transgenic lines and were similar to those in Pokali. The results are discussed based on the comparative physiological response of GPD transgenic lines with those of the salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant rice cultivars.

To select genes associated with the high-temperature tolerance from Brassica, two transcriptomic analyses have been used: microarray and RNA Seq. Using two contrasting inbred lines of B. rapa, Chiifu and Kenshin, version 3 microarray (135 K microarray) was conducted to RNA samples extracted from series of 45℃-treated leaves and 29 genes were selected for genomic DNA cloning of cabbage. Of 29 genes, 8 genes contain 40 SNPs, 11 SSRs and 23 In-Del markers that distinguish high-temperature tolerant and susceptible cabbages, BN1 and BN2. These 8 genes include a unknown gene, AP2, SMP, FBD, SKP2B, IAA16, HSP21 and OLI2-2. We also selected 16 cabbage genes from RNA Seq analysis using two inbred lines, BN1 and BN2: 5 genes for BN1-high expression, 5 genes for BN1-specific expression, 5 genes for BN2-specific expression, and BoCaMB. Using RNA sequences, genomic DNAs corresponding to 16 genes have been clones and analyzed to find out molecular markers. Markers were further transformed into PCR-based marker and confirmed with additional cabbage genetic lines. We are currently transforming PCR-makers into SNP markers. To examine function of high-temperature tolerant genes, we also transformed 5 genes into Arabidopsis plants. We will describe detailed methods and results in a poster. [This work was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (the Next-Generation Genomics Center No. PJ009085), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea]

The perturbation of the steady state of reactive oxygen species due to biotic and abiotic stresses in a plant could lead to protein denaturation through the modification of amino acid residues, including the oxidation of methionine residues. Methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs) catalyze the reduction of methionine sulfoxide back to the methionine residue. To assess the role of this enzyme, we generated transgenic rice using a pepper CaMSRB2 gene under the control of the rice Rab21 promoter with/without a selection marker, the bar gene. A drought resistance test on transgenic plants showed that CaMSRB2 confers drought tolerance to rice, as evidenced by less oxidative stress symptoms and a strengthened PSII quantum yield under stress conditions, and increased survival rate and chlorophyll index after the re-watering. The results from immunoblotting using a methionine sulfoxide antibody and nano-LC-MS/MS spectrometry suggest that porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), which is involved in chlorophyll synthesis, is a putative target of CaMSRB2. The oxidized methionine content of PBGD expressed in E. coli increased in the presence of H2O2, and the Met-95 and Met-227 residues of PBGD were reduced by CaMSRB2 in the presence of dithiothreitol. An expression profiling analysis of the overexpression lines also suggested that photosystems are less severely affected by drought stress. Our results indicate that CaMSRB2 might play an important functional role in chloroplasts for conferring drought stress tolerance in rice

Crops are exposed to various environmental stresses. These have been affecting the growth of crops, resulting in the severe loss of agronomic production in many countries. Therefore, development of new varieties of resistant crops is required to assure the desired productivity of crops in stress conditions. In this study, a putatively stress-related gene BrTSR53 was isolated from Brassica rapa. The BrTSR53 is 481 bp long and contains ORF region of 234 bp. The expression of BrTSR53 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. After 3 hr, the highest quantities of mRNA were revealed in cold and salt stress treatments. In drought stress treatments, there was the highest expression after 36 hr. Therefore, it was confirmed that the ORF in BrTSR53 should be a gene that confer increased resistance to B. rapa growing in different stress conditions. The ORF region of BrTSR53 gene was cloned into an expression vector, pYES-DEST52, and a new protein with molecular weight of 13 kDa was detected by western blot analysis. Also, stress tolerance tests showed that BrTSR53-ORF transgenic yeast exhibited increased resistance to the salt stresses compared with the control. In conclusion, the present data predicts that novel ORF in BrTSR53 can serve as an important genetic resource for abiotic stress resistance.

Rice cultivation by direct seeding allows reduced labour and production costs in addition to other benefits. However the success of this rice production method can be limited by uneven fields with poor drainage or heavy rainfall at sowing leading to early flooding conditions slowing germination and hindering crop establishment. Hence, the need to improve tolerance to anaerobic conditions in both rainfed and irrigated rice ecosystem after direct seeding. In this study QTL analysis was performed to identify QTLs associated with tolerance derived from Vietnamese variety Tai Nguyen (TN) under anaerobic conditions during germination. The population derived from a cross between TN (tolerance indica lines) and Anda (susceptible japonica), was used for collection of phenotypic data based on the survival rates of the seedlings at 21 days after sowing under 10cm of water. A total of 286 F2:3 families of the population were used for QTL mapping and the genotyping was carried out with the infinium 6K SNP-chip based on the illumina infinium platform. Two significant QTLs associated with the AG trait were detected on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. In Particular, the QTL on chromsome 1 had an LOD score of 7.45 and R2 of 14.21%. We plan to confirm the identified QTLs in further studies and develop varieties with improved anaerobic germination ability using advanced backcross lines.

In order to select a rice population with useful trait such as arsenic tolerance for crop improvement, we have developed 3000 M7 Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) lines by gamma ray (GR) irradiation treatment to a rice variety (cv. Donganbyeo). A total of 2 M7 lines exhibited the arsenic (AsV) tolerant phenotype (hereafter, named Arsenic Tolerant TILLING line 1 and 2, and designed as ATT1 and 2), in which the shoots and roots length of ATT lines were significantly longer than those of wild type (WT) during As(V) treatment. To survey the DNA polymorphism of these plants, we conducted the Whole genome resequencing with 10x coverage in ATT lines. By comparative analysis among ATT lines, we have identified the common DNA polymorphism such as 11,817 SNPs (49.83% in ATT1 and 48.35% in ATT2) and 30,618 InDels (86.72% in ATT1 and 86.23% in ATT2). Also, these mutants were showed the close relationships more than WT. To further study the changed amino acids of genes, we commonly identified the 758 genes for non-synonymous SNPs and 249 genes for changed codon InDels. These genes were mainly exhibited the enriched GO functions such as catalytic activity, nucleic acid binding and transferring phosphorus-containing groups. To determine the genes associated with arsenic-related mechanism in DNA polymorphism of ATT lines, we have retrieved the two structurally altered genes (Os11g47870 and Os03g19900) for metalloid As(V) detoxification toward induced genes in response to arsenic treatments by public microarray datasets. We suggest that As(V) tolerant phenotypes of ATT lines are certainly affected by structurally altered genes associated with phosphorus transferring and As(V) detoxification during GR treatment

Soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr] is one of the most important legumes in the world. However, soybean varieties are sensitive to flooding stress and their seed yields are substantially reduced in response to the flooding stress. 192 soybean germplasm collection was screened to identify flooding tolerant germplasm at an early vegetative growth stage (V1). Soybean plants at V1 stage were waterlogged for 4 to 10 days. To evaluate flooding tolerance, survival rate were investigated as a time dependent manner. Jangbaegkong, Danbaegkong, Sowonkong, Socheong2 and Suwon269 showed flooding tolerance, while Shillog, T201, T181, NTS1116 and HP-963 showed flooding sensitivity. We also investigated effects of flooding stress on soybean morphology. The adventitious root development was greatly increased in flooding tolerant plants compared to it in flooding sensitive plants. In addition, root length and root number were analyzed. The significant reduction of root length and root number was observed in flooding sensitive plants. Thus, these results indicate that the morphological changes in roots are important for acclimation to flooding stress. Taken together, the relationship between the morphological changes in the roots and flooding tolerance may be useful in selecting a flooding tolerant soybean germplasm.

UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. To understand the biological function of UGE from Brassica rapa, the gene hereinafter referred to as was cloned and overexpressed into Japonica rice cv. Gopum. Transcriptional profiling showed that the is specific to stem of rice plant. Morphological evaluation of the overexpression lines revealed altered phenotype characters particularly in panicle length, number of productive tillers and filled spikelets which account for an increase in yield. This remarkable agronomic performance was ascribed to higher photosynthetic rate complemented with higher CO2 assimilation. Interestingly, BrUGE1 did not only improve plant fitness under optimal condition but also under water deficit stress. The enhanced drought tolerance may be due to the induction of soluble sugar which may act as osmolyte to compensate dehydration during drought stress.

The purpose of this study was to establish a system for plant fluorescence image acquisition and to verify the possibility of plant fluorescence image analysis as a non-destructive method to screen the salt tolerance of soybean (Glycine max). Two-weeks-old seedlings of soybean at the V1 growth stage were treated with 0, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl for salt stress and plant fluorescence images were taken by CCD camera (EOS-600D, Canon, Japan) equipped with band pass filter (XNiteBPB, LPD LLC, USA) at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 second after blue light exposure at 1 day after treatment. Red color intensity was extracted using MatLab 8.1 (The MathWorks Inc., USA) for estimation of plant fluorescence intensity. Red color intensity of soybean image decreased 0 (F0-10) to 240 (F240-250) second after blue light exposure irrespective of NaCl concentration, while F0-10/F240-250 decreased with NaCl concentration, resulting in significant relationship with plant fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and salt stress intensity. Therefore, our results suggest that our plant fluorescence image acquisition and analysis methods can be a part of high-throughput screening system for salt tolerance of soybean varieties

Since global climate changes drastically, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is expected to pose serious problems in rice production. CBL-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases (CIPKs) have been implicated to play important role in regulating various abiotic stresses such as cold, salinity and drought. In this study, to understand the function of this gene under pre-harvest sprouting in rice, a cDNA clone encoding CBL-interacting protein kinase 15 (CIPK15) was isolated from rice flowers. This gene is 2,818 bp long with 1,332 bp coding region that encodes a polypeptide of 443 amino acids. We constructed a recombinant vector carrying the OsCIPK15 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and Tnos terminator and transformed into rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Insertion of the gene was verified in transformants using HPT resistance test and genomic PCR. Transcriptional profiling using tissues of wild type, Gopum, revealed expression of the gene in whole plant tissues with level of expression highest in the seeds suggesting possible role in dormancy. Comparative expression analysis of the gene in transgenic and wild type through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed higher expression in transgenic rice lines. Moreover, screening in the mist chamber showed overexpression lines that were resistant to the PHS. This result suggests the involvement of OsCIPK15 in the regulation of pre-harvest sprouting.

To obtain a better insight into a possible common regulatory mechanism shared in response to heat and cold stresses in model monocot plant, expression profiling for several selected transcripts of rice (O. sativa L.) was examined from meiotic stage panicle samples of a number of different cultivars including both heat/cold tolerant and susceptible varieties. Induction of several of these genes in response to heat stress treatment was observed across all different rice varieties tested, but no differential induction kinetics between the heat-tolerant and susceptible varieties was discernable for these genes. On the other hand, a few genes that are known to be involved in ROS signaling showed different induction kinetics between the tolerant and susceptible varieties, suggesting that these genes might be playing a key role in conferring the heat/cold stress tolerance at reproductive stage of tolerant rice varieties. This approach was also augmented by comparative gene expression data analyses, utilizing expression data of other monocots and dicots model plants available in the database. Based upon these results, a preliminary gene pyramiding effort to estimate contributing factor of several selected alleles after putting these genes together is underway. This work was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (Plant Molecular Breeding Center No.PJ009076), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Drought stress is one of the major stress affecting growth and productivity in rice. Drought tolerance is a complex trait governed by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) making it difficult to understand mechanisms underlying it. We generated a set of 55 introgression lines via a backcrossing using Milyang23, a Korean Tongil-type rice variety as the recurrent parent and O. glaberrima (IRGC Acc. No. 103544), an exotic collection from Mali, West Africa as donor parent. 141 SSR markers were used to genotype 55 introgression lines. The 55 introgression lines with the Milyang23 were evaluated for physiological traits such as Fresh shoot weight (FSW), Fresh root weight (FRW) and Dry shoot weight (DSW) under control and 20% PEG-treated condition. Three lines (IL9, 12, 55) showing significant difference with Milyang23 were selected. The genetic background of the three lines were similar to Milyang23 and it has four, four and two O. glaberrima homozygous segments, respectively. IL9 performed better than Milyang23 in all traits measured in the 20% PEG-treated condition. IL9 possessed four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 1, 2, 6 and 7. IL12 performed better than Milyang23 in FSW and FRW. IL12 contains four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 3 and 6. And IL55 contains two O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 2 and 6. O. glaberrima segment delimited by markers OSR19-RM225 at chromosomes 6 was commonly present in these three lines. This region corresponds to the QTL region for drought tolerance reported by other previous studies. A set of introgression lines are being developed containing only few chromosomal segments from O. glaberrima in the Milyang23 background. These would be useful not only in developing drought tolerant lines in the breeding program but also in fine-mapping the genes/QTLs for drought resistance.

The global population increase causes various problems as food and energy shortage and environmental change. As for food problem, innovative agricultural system is required to double food production for 10 billion people in the mid of this century. We introduced the genome or chromosomes of related wild species to the common wheat by interspecific crosses and evaluated their characters. Some alien chromosome addition wheat lines showed better bread-making quality, kernel mineral contents, or phosphorus-use efficiency. The lines with a chromosome of Leymus were found to secrete a substance to inhibit nitrification, which may increase nitrogen-use efficiency. In addition, we produced multiple synthetic derivative (MSD) populations in the genetic background of several practical cultivars. The morphology of each plant in the population was similar to that of the common wheat variety and relatively regular with each other, which enabled to find QTLs to elucidate tolerance of abiotic stresses. We are cultivating these lines in the North African countries and evaluating.

청다옥은 다수성 사료용 옥수수 품종 개발을 목표로 2010년에 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 자식계통 KS159과 KS155의 교잡으로 육성된 다수성인 단교잡종이다. 청다옥의 종피색은 황색이며 입질은 마치종이다. 2006～2007년까지 생산력검정시험을 거쳐, 2008～2010년까지 3년간 4지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 청다옥의 출사일수는 광평옥보다 1일 빠르고 간장은 광평옥보다 다소 짧고 착수고율은 광평옥보다 낮다. 도복은 광평옥과 비슷한 정도로 강하다. 후기녹체성은 광평옥과 비슷하며 이삭비율은 광평옥과 같다. 깨씨무늬병 저항성은 중정도이고, 그을음무늬병에는 강한 편이다. 검은줄오갈병, 이삭썩음병 및 조명나방 저항성은 중정도를 보인다. 청다옥의 건물수량(20.24 톤/ha)은 광평옥과 비슷하였으며, TDN수량(13.80 톤/ha)도 광평옥과 비슷하였다. 청다옥의 종실수량(8.51 톤/ha)은 장다옥보다 많았다. 4∶1(모본:부본) 재식비율로 동시 파종하여 채종시험한 결과 모본의 출사기와 부본의 화분비산기간이 일치하였으며 채종수량은 1.8 톤/ha이었다. 청다옥은 전국적으로 재배가 가능하다.

본 연구는 우리나라 기상여건을 고려하여 콩 생육초기에 습해 저항성 자원을 선발하여 내습성 콩 품종의 조기육성 및 유전적 요인을 구명하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1.국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원 등 192점에 대한 담수처리에 의한 생존율에 따라 습해 저항성과 감수성으로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 장백콩, 단백콩, 소원콩, 소청2호, 수원269는 습해 저항성 자원으로 선발되었다. 신록, T181, T201, NTS1116, HP-963은 습해 감수성 자원으로 선발되었다. 2.습해처리에 의해 발현이 증가된다고 보고된 유전자들 APX1, APX2, Adh의 발현을 분석한 결과 유전자들의 발현이 증가하였으며, 이로 미루어 습해처리가 정상적으로 처리되었음을 알 수 있다.3.1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 습해를 처리하였을 때, 저항성 자원은 생존율이 71% 이상, 감수성 자원은 25% 이하의 생존율을 나타내었다. 1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 대한 재현성을 확인하였다.4.부정근은 습해 저항성 자원에서 17.3~41.3개, 감수성 자원에서 0~9개를 나타내었다. 습해 감수성 자원에 비해 습해 저항성 자원에서 부정근이 상대적으로 많이 발달함을 확인할 수 있었다.5.주근의 길이는 저항성 자원에서는 0~25% 정도 감소한 반면 감수성 자원에서는 44~60% 감소한 것으로 조사되었다. 측근의 수는 감수성 자원에서는 37~65%로 감소하였지만 저항성 자원에서는 8~67% 증가하였다.

‘대보’는 국립식량과학원 영덕출장소에서 2002년 하계에 밥맛이 뛰어난 최고품질 벼 품종을 육성할 목적으로 우량 선발 계통인 ‘YR21247-68-1’를 모본, ‘영덕35호’를 부본으로 인공교배하고, 2002/2003년 동계에 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부 온실에서 26개체의 F1 식물체를 양성하여 YR23940의 교배번호를 부여하였다. 2003년 하계포장에 F2 집단 양성 선발하여 2004년 하계에 F3세대를 집단양성하고 57계통을 F4 계통 전개 후 F5, F6, F7 세대를 계통육종법으로 선발하여 2007년 생산력검정예비시험, 2008년 생산력검정본시험을 실시한 후 YR23940-B-17-1-2 게통을 선발하여 ‘영덕51호’로 명명하였다. 2009년～2011년까지 3년간 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 중생종이면서 쌀알이 아주 둥근 단원형 이면서 품위가 좋고 밥맛이 뛰어나며 내병성과 내도복성을 갖춘 것으로 평가되어 2011년 12월 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 국가품종목록으로 등재 할 것을 결정하고 ‘대보’로 명명하여 적응지역인 동남부 해안지, 중부 및 남부 평야, 남부중산간지에 보급하게 되었다. 출수기는 보통기 재배에서 평균 8월 14일로 ‘화성벼’보다 1일 늦은 중생종 품종이다. 직립 초형이고 탈립은 잘되지 않고 이삭추출은 양호 하고 까락이 거의 없다. 수당립수는 ‘화성벼’보다 많으며 현미천립중도 22.8 g으로 ‘화성벼’보다 약간 더 무겁다. 도정특성은 ‘화성벼’보다 약간 좋은 편이고 쌀알 모양이 아주 둥근 단원형이며 맑고 투명하며 밥맛은 ‘화성벼’보다 우수하다. 불시출수는 안되는 편이고, 위조현상에 강하고 성숙기 엽노화가 느린 편이며 내냉성은 ‘화성벼’와 같은 수준이다. 잎도열병 밭못자리 검정 결과 중도저항성을 보였고 줄무늬잎마름병과 흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3)에는 강하나 오갈병 및 검은줄오갈병에 약하고 벼멸구 등 충해에는 감수성이다. 쌀수량성은 ’09～’11년 3개년간 실시한 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배 7개소에서 5.93 MT/ha로 ‘화성벼’보다 11% 증수되었으며, 이모작재배에서는 5.23 MT/ha로 ‘화성벼’ 대비 14%, 만식재배에서는 4.63 MT/ha로 ‘화성벼’ 대비 21% 증수하여 이모작 및 만식적응성이 높았다.

본 연구에서는 강내한성 강원양파의 건조방법을 달리하 여 건조방법에 따른 이화학적 특성을 비교하였다. FD, HD 40 및 HD 60의 세 가지 분말에 대해 일반성분 분석, 색도, 갈색도, 총 페놀 함량 및 DPPH free radical 소거능을 측정 하였다. 일반성분 분석의 결과 FD의 조단백질 및 조지방의 함량이 각각 10.99%, 0.84%로 HD 40 및 HD 60 보다 유의적 으로 높게 나타났다. 색도의 경우, Hunter's value로 L값 (lightness), a값(redness), b값(yellowness)으로 나타내었다. FD의 L값이 77.19±0.01로 가장 높게 나왔으며, 나머지 a값 및 b값은 각각 6.09±0.01과 24.60±0.03으로 HD 60이 높게 나왔다. 갈변도의 경우에도 HD 60이 0.200으로 제일 높은 값으로 나타나 건조 온도가 높아질수록 양파의 갈변정도가 커진 다는 것으로 사료된다. 총 페놀 함량의 경우에 HD 40과 HD 60이 FD 보다 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. DPPH radical 소거능은 시료의 농도를 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/mL로 처리하 여 측정한 결과 농도에 따라 유의적으로 항산화 활성이 증가되었으며, FD 보다 HD 40 및 HD 60에서 유의적으로 더 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다.