This study was carried out to investigate the effect of modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality change of “Tabor” tomatoes during long-term exportation periods. Hydroponics tomatoes were harvested at the turning stage, sorted, and box packed and then packaged in nylon film with a pallet. The packaged pallet was filled with a gas composition (5% O2, 1% CO2, and 94% N2) and stored at 10℃ for three weeks. The quality changes in weight loss, firmness, color, acidity, soluble solids, and microorganism growth were measured every 7 day interval. During the initial storage, the pallet-scale MAP showed slightly higher weight loss and firmness changes when compared to the conventional pallet. The total color change (ΔE) during ripening was delayed 10% under MAP storage. Acidity, soluble solids and phenolic compound contents decreased with increases in storage time regardless of the storage method; however, the quality changes of tomatoes were delayed in the MAP pallet. Furthermore, the decay rate of the pallet-scale MAP stored for 14 days was less than that of the conventional pallet, and the number of microorganisms was approximately 30% lower in the pallet-scale MAP, showing a positive effect on marketability. These results suggested that the pallet-scale MAP of tomatoes could ensure higher quality and longer storage periods than conventional pallet storage.

This study was carried out to design New Certification of Floral Arrangement based on the National Competency Standards to Using Competency Map. Currently the industrial base certification systems, not academic base, are emphasized. Because the industrial base certification system were derived by job analysis of industrial sites. The data were gathered by direct survey on industrial fields and internet homepages of HRD Korea and Q-net etc. and verified by brainstorming on the expert FGI and interview on the flower design industries. Certification events were 2 items such as ‘Unit Floral Arrangement L2’ and ‘Unit Floral Arrangement L4’, and critical duties and optional duties, and levels and required study time were derived. And Competency Map and lifecycle certification development paths were conducted, and the objectives and subjects, required time of education and training for expert and qualification of technical certification. In this study result, the certifications upto level 5 were suggested, if social and legal system would be served the certification level 8 or below could be developed and suggested. Finally news jobs, such as spatial floral arrangement and eco-friendly floral arrangement, are needed to be suggested and competency maps inked into unit flower design and certification events were developed.

스마트 폰의 확산으로 인해 인간은 언제 어디서나 쉽고 편하게 정보를 얻을 수 있게 되었다. 그 중에서도 위치기반서비스 는 자신의 위치에 따라 다양한 피드백을 제공받을 수 있어 여러 분야에서 활용가치가 크다. 이러한 위치기반 서비스를 대 표하는 애플리케이션이 지도를 활용하여 나의 위치와 장소의 거리 및 도착시간들을 검색해주는 지도 애플리케이션이다. 국 내에서 사용빈도가 높은 지도 애플케이션은 네이버지도, 다음지도, 구글맵이 대표적인데, 각자 차별성을 내세워 시장을 선 점하고자 노력하고 있다. 이는 사용자의 동선과 인지에 가장 많이 신경 써야 하는 부분으로 사용성과 가장 밀접하게 관계 되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 지도애플리케이션 사용성 측정을 위하여 닐슨이 제시한 5가지 항목 중 학습용이성에 중점을 두고 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 조사결과 학습용이성은 다음지도>구글맵>네이버지도 순으로 나타났으며 비교 · 분석 을 토대로 개선방향을 제시하면, 첫째, 서브 메뉴를 줄여 depth를 최대한 줄여야 하며, 둘째, 초기화면에 제시된 버튼은 학 습용이성이 높으므로 자주 사용하는 버튼은 초기화면에 제시하는 것이 효과적이다. 마지막으로 아이콘 형식의 버튼을 제시 할 시 모호한 내용의 아이콘보다는 정보를 명확하게 담고 있는 타이포 형식의 버튼이 학습용이성에 도움이 된다.

Purpose: This study has two purposes; (a) to advance the understanding of rhythmic gymnastics’ attractiveness factors perceived by female elementary school students and their mothers, and (b) to discuss similarities and differences between the attractiveness factors. In this study, a concept-mapping method was used for a research methodology. A concept-mapping method is useful in that it can deal with both quantitative and qualitative research issues and compensate limitations. A concept-mapping method enables researchers to directly explore the frames of participants’ experiences and/or ideas, rather than to explore those frames based on researchers’ hypotheses or direction of the study. Results: This study collected data (original N=10/10) from female rhythmic gymnastics students and their mothers. All students participated in the study were children at the age between 8 and 11, who have been learning rhythmic gymnastics more than 12 months in Seoul, South Korea. This study collected participants’ statements using an open-ended survey. Among total of N statements, 51 of the children’s statements and 49 of the mothers’ statements were confirmed through a clarification process. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were conducted to investigate the purposes of the study. A concept map of rhythmic gymnastics’ attractiveness was derived as a result. Test results showed that children and mother groups presented 5 and 3 clusters, respectively, on a two-dimensional axis diagram. Conclusion: This study revealed the attractiveness factors of rhythmic gymnastics perceived by female students and their mothers. The tested results have implications for both academia and instructional method. The results would be a basic reference source for developing measurement scale for testing rhythmic gymnastics students’ pleasure and interest levels. The results of this study also could be applied to designing effective teaching and learning strategies of rhythmic gymnastics, and developing various programs.

｢일본영역참고도｣는 샌프란시스코 대일평화조약의 조인(1951.9.8) 직전에 일본정부에 의해 제작(1951.8.)되어 조약조인 후 비준승인 과정에서 일본국회에 제출되었다. ｢일본영역참고도｣는 한일간을 가로지르는 경계선과는 별도로 독도의 동편에 반원을 그려, 독도를 한국령으로 표기하고 있는 점에서 그 이전의 ｢연합국최고사령부 관할지역도｣ (SCAP Administrative Areas: Japan and South Korea, 1946.2.)와 같다. 일본국회에 제출된 만큼, 당시 ｢일본영역참고도｣에 관해 논의한 내용은 일본의 국회회의록에 자세히 기록되어 있다. 일본 국회 회의록 중, 조약의 비준 승인 당시 기록으로는 1951 년 10월 22일 중의원 ‘평화조약 및 일미안전보장조약 특별위원회’ 회의록이 있으며, 조약 비준 2년 후인 1953년 11월 4일 중의원 외무위원회 회의록 및 1970년 3월 24일의 참의 원 예산위원회 회의록에도 기록되어 있다. 다케시마(竹島)문제연구회에서도 ｢일본영역참고도｣의 국회제출은 부인하지 않고 있다. 샌프란시스코 대일평화조약은 조약의 간략화 방침에 따라 개별 섬의 영유권귀속을 명확히 하지 않은 채 조인되었다. 그런데, 샌프란시스코조약 조인 후 조약비준 과정에서 일본 정부는 ‘독도를 한국령’으로 그린 ｢일본영역참고도｣를 조약의 비준 승인을 위한 국회에 제출하고, 일본 국회는 조약조문과 ｢일본영역참고도｣를 근거로 하여 조약을 승인했다. 결과적으로 조약의 비준과정에서 일본 정부와 국회는 ‘독도 한국령’을 승인한 것이 된다. 또한, 조약 발효 직후 ‘독도를 한국령’으로 표기한 또 다른 지도｢일본영역도｣가 마이니치(每日)신문사에 의해 제작 배포되었다. 일본 정부에서 ‘독도 한국령’을 인정했다는 것은, 조약 발효 후의 ｢일본영역도｣에 의해서도 간접적으로 증명된다.

본 연구의 목적은 이중편파 레이더 강우자료와 격자기반 분포형 강우-유출 모형인 KIMSTORM (KIneMatic wave STOrm Runoff Model)을 이용하여 유출해석을 수행하고, 침수실적자료와의 비교를 통해 레이더 강우자료의 효용성을 검토하는데 있다. 남강댐 유역(2,293 km²)을 대상으로, 2012년 4개의 강우 이벤트(집중호우, 카눈, 볼라벤, 산바)에 대하여 비슬산 레이더 강우자료를 사용하였다. 분포형 모형은 28개 지점 강우와 레이더 강우를 이용하여 보정되었으며, R² (coefficient of determination), ME(model efficiency), VCI (volume conservation index)를 이용하여 적용성을 평가하였다. 모형의 보정결과, R², ME, VCI의 평균이 지점강우 를 이용한 경우 각각 0.85, 0.78, 1.09, 레이더 강우를 이용한 경우 각각 0.85, 0.78, 0.96의 결과를 보였다. 태풍 산바에 의한 하천범람 침수실적자료의 두 침수지역(신연지구와 문대/신기지구)과 레이더와 지상강우에 의한 유출분석 결과를 비교하였다. 신연지구와 문대/신기지구 두 침수지역에서 레이더강우가 지상강우보다 더 많은 지역강우를 발생시켜 지표유출량을 더 크게 모의하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 수위관측소가 존재하는 문대/신기지구의 경우, 지점강우보다 레이더 강우가 침수지역내 수위관측소의 실제 첨두유량에 가깝게 모의하였으며, 하천수위도 0.72 m 높게 모의하였다.

21세기 들어 인자원 확보에 대한 연구가 다방면으로 진행되고 있다. 인의 대표적인 사용처는 비료로, 축산분뇨 등과 같이 인과 질소를 포함한 폐기물을 비료로 자원화하여 회수하는 방법이 연구되고 있으며, 그중 퇴비화와 액비화가 널리 쓰이고 있다. 하지만 퇴비화의 경우 처리공정이 간편하지만 오랜 안정화 기간이 소요될 뿐만 아니라 부지 면적, 악취 발생 등의 문제를 가지고 있어 국토면적이 작은 우리나라 실정에는 적합하지 않은 방법이며, 액비화의 경우 퇴비화 처리에 비해 처리기간이 짧으며 혐기성 소화공정을 사전 배치 가능해 에너지 회수 측면에서 효과적이지만 액비는 토지에 머무는 시간이 짧아 대부분이 작물에 흡수되지 못하고 주변 수계로 유출되어 환경오염의 문제가 야기 되고 있으며 퇴비 또한 크게 다르지 않다. 이를 타개하기 위한 방안으로 MAP 합성 등의 입제 비료화 방안이 제시되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 축산분뇨의 MAP 합성 시 인과 질소의 회수 효율을 향상시키기 위해 zeolite를 seed로 활용하는 한편 비료의 용출 특성을 비교하여 완효성의 강화를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 축산분뇨에 no seed, MAP seed, natural zeolite Seed를 각각 투입하여 질소 및 인의 회수율의 변화를 비교하였다. 만들어진 각각의 MAP를 액비와 용출실험을 진행하였고 그 결과 액비의 경우 11일에 암모니아와 인산염의 용출이 종료되었다. MAP의 경우 암모니아 28일, 인산염이 44일, zeolite seed를 넣은 축산분뇨 MAP는 37일, 64일에서 종료되었으며, 이를 비교하였을 때 MAP 합성시 zeolite seed의 투입은 비료의 완효성 강화에 효과적이다.

The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy is now placing emphasis on the importance of a new and renewable energy resource map service as an essential means of promoting the dissemination and adoption of renewable energy and other related industrial activities. To raise satisfaction with the new and renewable energy resource map service and promote its utilization, a survey was conducted on a sample group with an academic research background, i.e. employees of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) who have a thorough understanding of the technological concepts behind the new and renewable energy resource map. Statistical analysis of the survey results showed a high level of overall satisfaction with the web service for the new and renewable energy resource map. Therefore, it was concluded that the development of practical contents rather than the enhancement of web service convenience is required. A statistically significant trend was also observed whereby, the longer the professional career of the survey respondents, the greater their perception and utilization of, and satisfaction with, the enhanced service, which indicates that their level of understanding and utilization of technological concepts corresponds to their research experience record. In addition, the results obtained from the questionnaires regarding the evaluation of the utilization value of the resource map service indicated that use of the service was equally high in terms of political, business and academic applications. The results confirmed the need to develop multidimensional resource map contents that can be applied to as many fields as possible, rather than focusing on a specific terrain.

Recently, many breeders have preferred to use molecular markers for introgression backcross programs enabling foreground and background selection to cope with rapid cultivar changing of seed markets. In accumulation of target traits with marker-assisted selection, larger numbers of markers should give better resolution. For the analysis of quantitative traits, a high-density genetic map with a large number of markers is required for discovering more accurately linked markers with traits. Watermelon is a recalcitrant plant to generate a high-density genetic map with conventional molecular markers including simple sequence repeats (SSRs), since watermelon has narrow genetic diversity background and severe segregation distortions of those SSR markers. Thus, we have developed efficient and valid way to assemble genetic map and markers by next-generation sequencing coupled with genotyping by sequencing in F2 generation. After crosses between Citurullus lanatus ssp. citroides (PI254744 and PI189225) and C. lanatus ssp. lanatus (TS34, Korean cultigen), 163 of F2 progeny were sequenced through Illumina's Hi-Seq GAII platform. From sequence information of those variant call files, the SNPs were indexed and filtered by sequencing depth with genotype converter (SNP Genotyper), and optimized by heuristic physical bin mapping to construct more reliable genetic linkage map. Reliable SNP loci were determined and compared to sequences of physical reference map. Using the genetic map, we determined QTLs in F2:3 population and found major loci corresponding to seed size and powdery mildew race1 resistance in watermelon.

Map-based cloning is a basic method for identifying the mutated gene in plants. We selected the gametophytic mutant, named as AP-26-09, in activation-tagging pool. Mutant plant showed various kinds of pollen phenotype, such as the different number of nucleus or abnormal shapes. For the map-based gene cloning, we conducted phenotypic analysis of F2 mapping population through the screening of DAPI-stained pollen using fluorescence microscopy. Genomic DNA of F2 plants is prepared from leaves of approximately 1000 plants. In order to define chromosomal region where mutation is located, we designed SSLP markers and performed PCR amplification. In this study, we characterized gametophytic mutant and determined the chromosomal location using map-based approach.

Although the overall structure of the chloroplast genome is generally conserved, a number of sequence variations have been identified, which are valuable for plant population and evolutionary studies. Here, we constructed a chloroplast variation map of 30 landrace rice strains of Korean origin, using the Oryza rufipogon chloroplast genome (Genbank: NC_017835) as a reference. Differential distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels across the rice chloroplast genome is suggestive of a region-specific variation. Population structure clustering revealed the existence of two clear subgroups (indica and japonica) and an admixture group (aus). Phylogenetic analysis of the 30 landrace rice strains and six rice chloroplast references suggested and supported independent evolution of O. sativa indica and japonica. Interestingly, two “aus” type accessions, which were thought to be indica type, shared a closer relationship with the japonica type. One hypothesis is that “Korean aus” was intentionally introduced and may have obtained japonica chloroplasts during cultivation. We also calculated the nucleotide diversity of 30 accessions and compared to six rice chloroplast references, which shown a higher diversity in the indica and aus groups than in the japonica group in lower level substitution diversity.

sy-2 (Seychelles-2) is a temperature sensitive natural mutant of Capsicum chinense and native to Seychelles Island in Africa. Previously we showed that sy-2 leaves were irregularly shaped and defective in chlorophyll development at temperatures below 24℃. A segregation test revealed that the sy-2 gene is controlled by a single recessive gene. To identify the sy-2 gene, we performed a map-based cloning approach using a total 600 individual F2 plants derived from crossing sy-2 and the wild type C. chinense ‘No.3341’. Fine-mapping of the locus allowed us to position sy-2 to an approximately 170-kb region flanked by markers IN2-1-1 and SNP-3-7 on chromosome 1. Among the approximately 36 hypothetical genes in this region several candidate genes including: HSP90-like ATPase family proteins, lipid-transfer proteins, calmodulin-domain protein kinases, and zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) were identified. RT-PCR and sequencing of the hypothetical genes are under way to identify sy-2.

In the course of map-based cloning, mutant genes are identified through linkage to specific region on genetic map. Here, we demonstrated gametophytic mutant line, named as AP-28-23, in which mutant gene was mapped on chromosome 2. Based on phenotypic analysis of mature pollen, mutant phenotype of AP-28-23 was classified into three classes, wild-type showing 2-4%, moderate 35-53% and severe type 97-100% on aberrant pollen frequencies, respectively. The severe type is completely sterilized with 100% unfertilized ovules. We also revealed that the transmission was reduced through male gametophyte in the AP-28-23 line. The transmission efficiency (TE) through the male gametophyte is only 0.67%, whereas in the female gametophyte is 89.87%.

Based on double pseudo-testcross theory, a population of 76 F1 clones, which were derived from a cross of China type tea plants (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) with a Korean tea cultivar, ‘Kemsull’ for female parent and a Japanese tea cultivar, ‘Houshun’ for male parent, was used to construct a genetic linkage map with AFLP markers. Totally, 2,360 markers were detected by 26 pairs of primers and 90.8 markers for each pair on average. Among these, 481 markers (20.3%) were polymorphic, 392 markers (81.5%) of which showed Mendelian segregation ratio (p=0.01). Of these Mendelian segregated markers, 139 (35.5%) were segregated in 3:1 ratio and 253 (65.5%) were segregated in 1:1 ratio. The construction of AFLP molecular marker based linkage map were carried out by Joinmap 4.0 version. The linkage map of ‘Kemsull’ contained 227 markers which distributed into 18 linkage groups. The linkage map of ‘Kemsull’ covered 1,382.2 cM with the average distance between two markers of 6.0 cM. The linkage map of ‘Houshun’ contained 154 markers which were distributed into 17 linkage groups and were spanned with the total map length of 1,540.9 cM and the average distance between two markers of 10 cM. However, these AFLP markers were not distributed evenly and further even saturation is additionally required.

Clubroot is a devastating disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and results in severe losses of yield and quality in Brassica crops including Brassica oleracea. Therefore, it is important to identify resistance gene for CR disease and apply it to breeding of Brassica crops. In this study, we applied genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technique to construct high resolution genetic map and mapping of clubroot resistance (CR) genes. A total of 18,187 GBS markers were identified between two parent lines resistant and susceptible to the disease, of which 4,103 markers were genotyped in all 78 F2 plants generated from crossing of both parent lines. The markers were clustered into nine linkage groups spanning 879.9 cM, generating high resolution genetic map enough to refine reported reference genome of cabbage. In addition, through QTL analysis using 78 F2:3 progenies and mapping based on the genetic map, two and single major QTLs were identified for resistance of race 2 and race 9 of P. brassicae, respectively. These QTLs did not show collinearity with CR loci found in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) but roughly overlapped with CR loci identified in cabbage for resistance to race 4. Taken together, genetic map and QTLs obtained in this study will provide valuable information to improve reference genome and clubroot resistance in cabbage.

In this study the urban atmospheric environment map in Busan was made and it consist of the atmospheric environment element map and the atmospheric environment analysis map. The atmospheric environment element map covered the topography, the urban climate, the air pollutant emission, ozone and PM10 concentrations in Busan and the atmospheric environment analysis map included the thermal environment and the wind flow by using WRF meteorological numerical simulation. The meteorological elements from 2007 to 2011 in Busan were used in this study. As a result, in the center of Busan and Buk-gu along to the Nakdong river was the temperature high. To analyze the air flow of Busan 3 clusters depending on the wind direction were extracted with the cluster analysis. The results of the analysis on the detailed wind field of each cluster showed that the weak ventilation could be happened locally at the specific meteorological condition.

In this study, enhancement of phosphorus and nitrogen recovery efficiency from livestock manure through Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) crystallization method has been suggested as an alternative to solve the problems of the existing phosphorus resource recovery method. It can become a useful fertilizer. This study focused on improvement of phosphorus resource recovery by changing energy density of ultrasonic dose for MAP crystallization. Solubilization rate (as phosphate/phosphorus) of phosphorus in livestock manure was measured by ultrasonic treatment. The energy density range of 100-50,000 of ultrasonic dose was determined. Optimal ultrasonic energy density was 1,000 dose as 64.5% of phosphate ratio. However, when the higher than 1,000 dose of ultrasonic energy density did not more improve phosphate solubilization ratio. Consequently, when use ultrasonic treatment at 1,000 dose of energy density, the phosphorus could recover approximately 65% from livestock manure by MAP crystallization. Moreover, this MAP becomes more valuable due to its nature as a slow-release fertilizer.

최근 10년 간 기후변화에 의해 일어나는 태풍, 호우 등의 자연재해는 SOC 시설물 관리에 가장 중요한 이슈가 되고 있다. SOC 시설물 관리를 위해 재난·재해에 의해 발생하는 위험성을 줄이고자 이에 관련된 정보는 지속적으로 수집되며, 관련 정보를 통해 만들어지는 Risk Map은 신속한 정보 변화를 모두 포함하는 하여야 한다. 하지만 주기적으로 변화하는 정보의 경우 그 정보의 형태에 따라 대용량이 될 수 있으며, 정보 전송 및 처리 면에서 신속성이 떨어질 수 있다. Risk Map의 경우 정보의 신속성 및 정확성을 요구하기 때문에, 수집 정보 압축 등의 기법 등을 통해 정보 전송의 효율성을 고려해야한다. 또한, 사용자의 요구에 따라 효율적인 압축 및 신속한 정보를 획득할 수 있는 단말기 혹은 플랫폼이 다양할 수 있으므로 이를 고려하여 정보 전송이 가능하도록 해야 한다. 따라서 재난·재해 관련 정보 및 대용량 공간 정보를 효율적으로 결합한 후, 단말기 성능 및 다양성을 고려한 실시간 처리 기법을 개발하여 결합된 정보의 정밀도를 저해하지 않는 자연스러운 처리가 가능한 Risk Map 동적 표현 기술을 개발할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 향후 고용량 정보 처리 되어 정확도가 높은 Risk Map 정보를 신속히 유관기관에 제공하여 의사결정에 지원 할 수 있다.

본 논문에서는 재난재해 정보를 제공할 수 있는 GIS 디지털 맵의 효율적인 압축 기법들의 동향을 살펴본다. GIS 기술의 빠른 발전으로 2D에서 3D로 고차원적 GIS 맵 데이터의 용량이 방대해지고 있으며 이를 빠르고 전송하기 위해서는 데이터 압축 기술이 필요하다. 일반적으로 GIS 디지털 맵의 표현 및 저장 방식에는 아스키(ASCII)와 바이너리(binary) 형식이 존재한다. 벡터 맵 데이터로 이루어진 GIS 벡터 맵 데이터의 구조는 많은 레이어(layer)로 구성되고 각 레이어는 지형, 하천, 도로 등의 실세계의 지리정보들을 점(point), 선(polyline), 면(polygon)의 속성을 이용하여 각 단말의 환경에 따른 효율적인 GIS 벡터 맵의 전송 및 저장을 위한 손실 및 무손실 데이터 압축 기법이 존재한다. 벡터 맵 데이터의 압축 기술 연구로 Kolesnikov는 벡터 맵의 점진적 전송을 위한 압축 기법을 제안하였다. 이 기법은 협대역 네트워크 환경에서 효과적이고 높은 압축률과 수행속도는 빠르지만 폴리곤 속성에 제한적으로 수행이 가능하며 정밀지도를 표현하기에는 어려움이 존재한다. Shekhar 등은 사전 검색 알고리즘을 활용한 압축 해제 손실 최소화하는 비가역 압축 기법을 제안하였지만 정밀 지도 데이터의 무손실 압축에 활용은 어려움이 존재한다. Alecander 등은 지각적인 차이의 최소화하여 벡터 데이터를 제거하는 방법을 제안하였다. 하지만 손실압축을 수행하기 때문에 특정 목적을 수행하기 위한 정밀 지도 데이터 압축에는 적용하기 어렵다. GIS 디지털 맵 압축 기술에는 손실 압축의 경우 데이터의 손실은 있으나 압축률이 높아서 저용량의 데이터 전송에 용이하고 무손실 압축의 경우 데이터의 손실은 거의 없으나 압축률이 낮기 때문에 이율 배반성(trade-off)의 관계가 발생한다. 향후 재난재해 정보를 레이어로 구성하여 전송 시 상황에 맞는 효율적인 압축 기술을 선정하여 적용해야한다.