We assessed the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate at four surveying sites in Upo Wetland, a Ramsar site and the largest wetland in Korea, from February 2006 to November 2013. A long-term ecological monitoring was done monthly by using quantitative sampling method with dip net for analyzing the community change and correlation between the biodiversity and the environmental factors because environmental factors have a decisive effect on the community structure of the benthic macroinvertebrates. Total samples from the Upo Wetland area were classified into 3 phyla, 6 classes, 17 orders, 68 families, 176 species, and 25,720 individuals. Among the 176 species, 62 of the species had not been previously reported in this area. Asellus sp., Diplonychus esakii, and Gyraulus chinensis were the most common species in Upo Wetland. The change patterns of annual species diversity and species richness were calculated by using the average number of monthly occurring species and individuals. Diversity index increased from March to May and decreased after that showing lower diversity indices in July and August. It increased again in September and in October. Richness index showed similar tendency and fell around February and July, followed by a rising tendency around May and October. Correlation and regression analyses were performed with the change of biodiversity and each environmental factor. We found that water temperature have very significant positive correlation with species diversity in spring, and have significant indices in autumn and winter. On the other hand, precipitation showed a significantly negative correlation value in summer and autumn suggesting it has an effect on the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates.

Methanogenic community shift and comparison were determined by 454 pryosequencing for two different full-scale anaerobic digesters treating municipal sludge. For monitoring long-term of microbial communities, samples were collected for two year at three-monthly basis. The two mesophilic AD bioreactor were operated at similar operating conditions, but different substrate streams. Methanospirillum were identified as the key drivers of methanogenesis in full-scale anaerobic digester treating municipal sludge. In Joongrang (JR) digester, Methanospirillum was dominant (48%±10.3) over almost all period, but the dominant genus move to Methanosaeta and Methanoculleus due to low acetate concentration (0.02 g/L), total ammonia nitrogen concentration, respectively. In Asan digester (AS), Methanospirillum also was dominant (41%±12.6) like JR digester, but methanogenic community shift was examined twice. One of those was from Methanospirillum to Methanophaerula due to pH sharply decrease (<5.5) and second shift was Methanosaeta increase due to low VFAs concentration (0.25 g/L).

This study was conducted to compare benthic macroinvertebrate communities of urban stream and nature stream in Daegu-si, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsan-si, Andong-si, and Cheongsong-gun. The survey was carried out with 12 points in total six points for urban stream, six points for nature stream from Sept. 2011 to July 2012. In the urban stream were 33 species belonged to 24 families, 11 orders, 7 classes and 4 phyla while in the nature stream were 73 species belonged to 38 families, 12 orders, 5 classes and 4 phyla. In general, species diversity indices and species richness indices appeared low in urban stream but dominance indices was high. Functional feeding groups and Habitat Oriented Groups appeared comparatively simple in urban stream rather than nature stream. As a result of analysis of community stability, species included to areaⅠand area Ⅲ equally appeared in nature stream while species included to area Ⅰ mostly appeared in urban stream. An analysis of the correlation between the population density and the number of species, the population number and biological indicators such as DI, H', RI, and ESB revealed that there was a significant correlativity with the diversity index and a very high correlativity with the number of species, abundance index and the ESB. On the other hand, the population number and the dominance index did not reveal any correlativity. For indicator species, Hydroptila KUa, Physa acuta appeared in urban stream while Paraleptophlebia chocolata, Epeorus pellucidus appeared in nature stream.

본 연구는 관행포장과 유기포장에서 절지동물의 군집 구조와 생물다양성을 비교하기 위해 실시되었다. 조사기간 중 채집된 절지동물은 관행포장에서 6,901개체였으며 유기포장에서는 21,871개체로 총 28,718개체였으며 10목 24과 36종으로 동정되었으며 농법별 절지동물 군집을 구성하는 종수는 관행농과 유기농 모두 32종으로 같았고 관행포장에서는 파리목, 유기농에서는 벌목과 톡토기목의 종지수가 높았다. 대만총채벌레(F. intonsa)는 농법에 관계없이 발생밀도가 현저히 높았고 관행포장에서 우점종은 담배나방(H. assulta)이었고 유기포장에서는 줄무늬빗톡토기(H. mediaseta), 파리류 4(Diptera sp. 4) 및 별늑대거미(P. astrigera)였다. 절지동물 군집의 생물다양성은 지표면에서 종다양성이 관행포장에서 유기포장보다 높았으며 통계학적으로 차이가 있었다. 농법간 절지동물의 군집의 유사성은 지표면 및 지상부 식물체에서 활동하는 절지동물 군집은 대체로 농법에 의해 구분되었으며 그 유사도는 각각 34.07%와 26.95%로 비교적 낮아 농법간 이질성이 있었다. 생태학적 기능군의 종지수는 지상부 식물체에서 일반군, 해충군 및 천적군 중 기생포식자군에서 통계학적인 차이가 있었으며, 해충군과 기생포식자군 모두 유기포장에서 높았다. 발생밀도는 지표면에서 천적군 중 포식자군이 유기포장에서 관행포장에 비해 약 2배 정도 높았고 통계학적으로 차이가 있었다. 종다양성은 지상부 식물체에서 일반군과 천적군 중 기생포식자군에서 통계학적인 차이가 있었다. 개별 생태학적 기능군의 농법별 상대적 발생밀도 변동에서 관행포장에서는 해충군의 점유도가 높았고 유기농에서는 분해자군의 점유도가 현저히 높았다. 본 연구결과는 유기농업에서 효율적인 해충관리방안을 구축하는데 있어 유용한 절지동물 군집 정보를 제공할 것으로 사료된다.

The species composition and variation of marine plants at Saguenjin in the east coast of Korea were investigated monthly from October 2008 to December 2009. As a result, 92 species of marine plants identified, 91 species were seaweeds (7 green algae, 22 brown algae, 62 red algae) and 1 were sea grass. Dominant species in importance value were melobesioidean algae, Ulva pertusa and Phyllospadix iwatensis. The vertical distribution of algae were characterized by melobesioidean algae, U. pertusa at 3 m depth, melobesioidean algae, P. iwatensis and U. pertusa at 5 m depth and melobesioidean algae, Chondrus ocellatus and Prionitis cornea at 10 m depth.

The purpose of this study is to analyze seasonal variations of seaweed community structure according to ocean environment at three areas in the east coast of Korea. Mean water temperatures of Gosung, Samchuk, and Gyeongju were 8.3℃, 11.2℃, and 13.1℃, respectively, during the growing winter season of 2011. Subtidal benthic macroalgal flora and community structure were investigated at the sites between February to November 2011. The numbers of seaweed species at the areas were 38, 12, and 15, respectively. The amounts of biomass were 7.35 kg m-2, 1.80 kg m-2, and 0.84 kg m-2, respectively, during the period. The values of C/P, R/P, and (R+C)/P representing flora characteristics at Sokcho area were 0.1, 1.1, and 1.2, respectively. The values of flora characteristics at Samchuk were 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0, respectively. The values of flora characteristics at Gyeongju were 0.4, 4.0, and 1.2, respectively

A biological assessments of fish community structure were carried out in the lower reach of Seomjin River from May 2009 to November 2010. The collected fish from the six surveyed sites were 63 species belonging to 24 families, and 10 orders. Although species was different depending on sites, the numbers of individuals were not shown significance on sites. Locational dominant species were different. For example, the dominant species on May were Zacco platypus at W-1, Zacco temminckii at W-2, Acanthogobius flavimanus at W-3 and W-4, and Leiognathus nuchalis at W-5 and W-6. There is no seasonal differences in species. Species diversity was the best up to 2.64 on May at W-1 from 1.33 on November at W-6. As a result of an analysis about environmental factors for the numbers of fish species and individuals in each surveyed sites, the most effective groups were DO, BOD, and COD. The proportional difference was high on May than November between transient and asymptotic projections for population size and population growth rate for simulations starting at the current or theoretical stage distribution.

본 연구는 수변구역에 분포하는 식물상 및 수생태계의 군집구조 규명과 하천유역의 생태계 변화 예측을 통한 수생식물군락 보전대책 수립을 위해 거창군 위천강 유역을 대상으로 수행하였다. 조사구간을 통틀어 분포하고 있는 관속식물은 총 67과 161속 162종 27변종 3품종 총 192종류로 목본류 보다 초본류의 출현종 수가 높게 나타났다. 정수식물과 부엽식물대는 조성되지 않았으며, 습생식물로는 고마리, 여뀌, 닭의장풀, 산둑사초, 갯버들, 키버들, 달뿌리풀, 미나리 등이 확인되었다. 식물군락으로는 대표적인 우점군락은 달뿌리풀 군락이었고 다음으로 갯버들 군락이 형성되어 있었다. 5개의 조사지점을 분석한 결과, 달뿌리풀, 수크령, 산둑사초 등의 중요도가 높았으며, 종다양성지수는 0.890~1.337, 군집유사도는 0.33~0.60을 보였다. 조사대상지는 농경지, 답압, 가축방목, 돌망태, 콘크리트 옹벽 등의 호한공사 등에 의한 다양한 교란요인에 노출되어 있었으며, 강우에 의해 유실되는 토양이 하상 내 광폭부를 중심으로 일시적인 퇴적지를 형성하는 현상이 발생하고 있었다. 이를 해결하기 위해 퇴적토사를 제거하고, 미나리, 갈대, 부들 등 수질정화수종 조성 및 수변구역 식생안정화 유도 및 수질을 정화하는 등의 대책이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This text was analyzed and investigated the vegetation and floristic composition by cluster analysis and classification of phytosociological method, to evaluate the species composition, habitat environment and community structure of Liriope platyphylla and Liriope spicata group in Korea. The southeast slope gradient of the habitat of L. platyphylla and L. spicata was 6.7 to 8.4%, and the habitat altitude of L. platyphylla (41.0 m), L. spicata (114.9 m) was different. Habitat distribution of L. spicata was broader than L. platyphylla. Appearing plants of L. platyphylla and L. spicata group was 58 taxa, 99 taxa, respectively, and Coverage of tree layer was 87.5%, 92.5% respectively. In genus Liriope group, the highest appearing frequency of plant grow in the moist valley as Quercus serrata. Thus, plants of genus Liriope growth was better in moist shade. The vegetation of L. platyphylla group was classified into Quercus serrata community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community, and the Liriope spicata group was classified into Quercus serrata community, Quercus alien community, Quercus acutissima community, Prunus verecunda community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community. In genus Liriope group, Quercus serrata and Pinus densiflora communities was the closest the similarities.

The distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Daecheon stream, an urban stream of Busan, was investigated to analyze the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates. The collection was peformed monthly at five(A~E) sites divided into three parts, upper, middle and lower, of stream from January to November, 2004. In physicochemical analysis of environmental factors, water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, conductivity and ABS were relatively increased in sites B and C. Whereas sites A, D and E showed little variations with good water quality parameters. However, water quality parameters in all surveyed sites showed gradual decrease with time toward improvement of water quality. A total of 8,226 individuals including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 9 orders, 302 families and 44 species were identified from five sites. The most dominant group was insect(class Insecta), and order Ephemeroptera and Diptera among insect was the largest member in species(30.6%) and individuals(75.0%) of benthic macroinvertebrates, respectively. The primary dominant species were Gammarus sp. and Ephemera strigata in site A, whereas Chironomus sp. and Brenchiura sowerbyi were dominated commonly in the other sites. In community analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates of Daecheon stream diversity index showed relatively low values, whereas dominance index was significantly high. Diversity index was the highest in site A, whereas the dominance index was the highest in site B. However, diversity index showed gradual increase with time showing adverse mode in dominance index. From these results, it can be suggested that long-term ecological monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna is needed for sustainable management of Daecheon stream.

The distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates of Shinbulsan wetland was investigated. This study was focused on the degree of recovery of habitat by comparing the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates of zone D to that of zone A, intact habitat. The zone D was destructed due to the construction of a golf club and the survey was performed in zone A and zone D of Shinbulsan wetland. The seasonal survey was performed in April, July and September from 2006 to 2007. From the sampling, 2 phyla, 3 classes, 9 orders, 31 families, 69 species and 1155 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected. From zone A, 2 phyla, 3 classes, 9 orders, 23 families, 54 species and 678 individuals were identified. From zone D, 2 phyla, 3 classes, 9 orders, 23 families, 43 species and 477 individuals were identified. Species diversity and species richness were higher in zone A than in zone D. The recovery of zone D was inefficient as humidity of soil was not enough to live macroinvertebrates. Also, an endangered species of macroinvertebrates, Nannophya pygmaea was found during this investigation.

Wangdol-cho, located 23 km offshore of Hupo in southwest of East Sea, is underwater rock floor, called to Wangdol-Am or Wangdol-Jam and has three tops as Mat-Jam, Middle-Jam and Set-Jam. The composition, abundance, diversity and community structure were investigated in winter and summer in 2002 around Wangdol-cho. The temperature around the Northwest and Southeast part of Wangdol-cho was influenced by the North Korea Cold Current (NKCC) and East Korea Warm Current (EKWC), respectively. Nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentration were higher at the top of Wangdol-cho than other area. A total of 41 genera and 78 species of phytoplankton were identified. The average cell abundance of phytoplankton in winter and summer were 286×103 cells/㎥, 432×103 cells/㎥ respectively. The largest community was Bacillariophyta containing 52 taxa. The dominant species were Lauderia anulata and Coscinodiscus spp. which preferred cold water in winter. In contrast, warm water species such as Rhizosolenia stolterfothii and Ceratium spp. were dominant in summer. The average species diversity index of phytoplankton in winter was higher than that in summer. According to dominant species and standing crops, phytoplankton community resulted in a clear separation. One group was western area, which showed low density, and the other was eastern area, which showed the higher density. The abundance and species composition of phytoplankton were affected by topological characteristics around Wangdol-cho.

Community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates was investigated from Gigye stream, Pohang, Korea from May to November, 2007. As results, total of 108 species of macroinvertebrates under 49 families, 15 orders, 5 classes in 3 phyla were identified. The number of species was the most abundantly revealed in aquatic insects (class Insecta) with 86 species (82.6%) under 7 orders. The phylum Mollusca (10 species, 9.2%) and the phylum Annelida (6 species, 5.6%) were followed in order. In the class Crustacea, 6 species (5.6%) were distributed. In aquatic insects, the order Odonata was the most abundant taxon (20 species, 23.3%). Seventeen species (19.8%) of the order Ephemeoptera and 16 species (18.6%) of the Coleoptera were followed. The primary dominant species in the stream was Cloeon dipterum of Ephemeroptera. For community analysis, the values of diversity index (H'), evenness index (J'), dominance index (DI) and richness index (RI) were studied and the average values of them were 5.65, 0.84, 0.13, and 13.18, respectively.

The bacterial community structure in biological activated carbon (BAC) process in drinking water treatment plant was investigated by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe. Samples were collected at different three points in BAC process every month for one year. They were hybridized with a probe specific for the alpha, beta, gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria, Cytophaga- Flavobacteria group and Gram-positive high G+C content (HGC) group. Total numbers of bacteria in BAC process counted by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were 5.4×1010 (top), 4.0×1010 (middle) and 2.8×1010 cells/ml (bottom). The number of the culturable bacteria was from 1.0×107 to 3.6×107 cells/ml and the culturability was about 0.05%. The faction of bacteria detectable by FISH with the probe EUB338 was about 83% of DAPI counts. Gamma and alpha subclass of the class Proteobacteria were predominant in BAC process and their ratios were over 20% respectively. In top and middle, alpha, beta and gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria competed with each other and their percentages was changed according to the season. In bottom, gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria was predominant all through the year. It could be successfully observed the seasonal distribution of bacterial community in biological activated carbon process using FISH.

This study was conducted to evaluate the vegetation structure of the Peucedanum japonicum community by the phytosociological method of floristic composition table and cluster analysis on the southern coast of Korea. The vegetation of the Peucedanum japonicum community was classified mainly into 2 communities such as the Miscanthus sinensis community and the Lysimachia mauritiana-Rosa wichuraiana community. The Carex boottiana and Sedum oryzifolium community were classified as the lower rank of Miscanthus sinensis community. On level 1 of the cluster analysis of plant species, they were classified into Lysimachia mauritiana and Rosa wichuraiana group, also Miscanthus sinensis, Carex boottiana and Sedum oryzifolium in Peucedanum japonicum community, which is similar to the community classification shown in the synoptic table. On level 1 of the cluster analysis of relev, inland coast with Jejudo was Lysimachia mauritiana and Rosa wichuraiana of group such as level 1 of the cluster analysis of plant species, and island coast with Geomundo was Miscanthus sinensis Carex boottiana and Sedum oryzifolium of group such as cluster analysis of plant species.

This study was conducted to evaluate the vegetation structure and ordination of the Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. community by the Phytosociological method, floristic composition table on east coast of South Korea. The vegetation of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. community was classified into 2 communities such as the Aster Spathulifolius community and the calystegia soldanella-Artemisia princeps community. Vegetation of the Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. community with the Aster spathulifolius community was shown southward, whereas vegetation of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. community with the calystegia soldanella-Artemisia princeps community was shown northward from the base line of Pohang at North latitude of 36" 05'. Accordingly, the Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. community was grown commonly with the Aster spathulifolius community southward of the base line of Pohang, whereas it was grown commonly with the calystegia soldanella-Artemisia princeps community northward on the east coast. All environmental conditions of habitat taken together, the optimum habitat of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. was at Ulsan geographically and the middle region of sea cliff topography, and was suitable for alkali. sandyloam.

Community structure and biodiversity of benthic marine algae were studied in the rocky shore of Phohang New Port, Yeoungil Bay. A total of 79 species of marine algae including 8 Chlorophyta, 23 Phaeophyta and 48 Rhodophyta are listed. The dominant algal species were Corallina pilulifera in all seasons, and Sargassum homeri in winter. Lomentaria catenata, Lomentaria hakodatensis, Grateloupia laceolata, Sargassum thunbergii, Chondria crassicaulis, Ulva pertusa, and Hypnea charoides were subdominant at different seasons. The algal biomass per unit area of the benthic algal community in Pohang New Port under construction was 14506 - 398.93 g dry wt m-2, which means that its annually averaged value is 273.45 g dry wt m-2 . The seasonal change in algal biomass showed highs in winter and spring, and lows in summer and autumn. The algal species diversity (H') based on algal biomass was 2.07 annually in average, with 2.42 in winter, 2.65 in spring, 1.79 in summer and 1.43 in autumn. It was high in winter and spring seasons and low in summer and autumn seasons. It is caused by that spring and winter are the profitable growth time for algae and species components in this study were dominated by the annual or seasonal rather than perennial plants.

This study was carried out to investigate phytoplankton community structure in the Naktong river from January to December in 1999. In water quality, average value of pH were 8.1, BOD 2.5㎎/l, COD 5.0㎎/l, Chl-a 4l㎍/1, and NH4+-N 0.08㎎/1, respectively. Phytoplankton were identified 42 genera 76 species. Among these, diatoms were 39 species(51.3%), green algae 25 species(32.9%), cyanobacteria 4 species(5.3%), dinoflagellates 4 species(5.3%), euglenoids 2 species(2.6%), and golden brown algae and cryptomonads 1 species(1.3%), respectively. The highest standing crops were 33,023 cells/㎖ in February at the Mulgum and the lowest 79 cells/㎖ in March at the Goryung. Also, Standing crops were increased with proceeding from middle part to lower part. Seasonal succession of phytoplankton represented that Stephanodiscus hantzschii was dominant species in winter, Cyclotella meneghiniana and Synedra acus in spring, C. meneghiniana, S. acus, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima in summer, and A. granulata var. angustissima and C. meneghiniana in autumn. Ecological important species were 4 species, that are Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Synedra acus, and Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima. In the community analysis, dominance indices ranged from 0.434(August, Namji) to 0.999(January, February, Mulgum) and diversity indices from 0.026(February, Mulgum) to 3.073(September, Namji). According to the similarity index among the stations, it was generally defind as two areas such as middle(Goryung, Namji and Samryangjin) and lower part(Mulgum).