The purpose of the present study is to apply Maitland orthopedic manual physical therapy to patients to examine the effects of the therapy on the digestive system through serum gastrin tests that can identify the motility of the digestive system and dyspepsia symptoms and can provide basic data for internal medicinal physical therapy. Maitland orthopedic manual physical therapy was implemented on 20 subjects in total, with 10 in a dyspepsia group and 10 in a control group, for 20 minutes per day, three days per week for three weeks, and the following results were obtained. In the control group, serum gastrin values significantly decreased between before and after treatment(p<.01), and among questionnaire items regarding dyspepsia, those regarding epigastric pain and belching showed significant decreases in these symptoms(p<.05). In the dyspepsia group, serum gastrin values significantly decreased between before and after treatment(p<.01) and all questions regarding dyspepsia showed significant decreases in all symptoms(p<.01). According to the analysis, the dyspepsia group decreased significantly more than the control group in serum gastrin values and all dyspepsia symptoms, except for belching(p<.001). Through the present study, it was identified that Maitland orthopedic manual physical therapy can improve dyspepsia symptoms and is an effective treatment method for internal diseases, such as dyspepsia, by improving gastric motility to become close to the normal state.

The effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and elastic band exercise on the physical functions and blood lipids of obese elderly women were investigated. The experimental group (n1=16) patients underwent PNF for 12 weeks, and the control group (n2=15) patients performed elastic band exercises. SPSS 21.0 was used to compute the means and standard deviations. After the 12-week PNF, both the experimental and control groups showed statistically significant differences in the physical functions (cardiovascular endurance, strength of the lower extremity, muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, and agility) (p<.05), but the difference in the experimental group was more significant than that in the control group (p<.05). In terms of the changes in the blood lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein), the experimental group showed significant changes (p<.05). In conclusion, PNF was confirmed as more effective than elastic band exercise in improving the physical functions and blood lipid levels of obese elderly women.

F-76 선박용 디젤유와 JP-8 항공유의 연소과정에서 발생되는 입자상물질(PM)의 무차원 광소멸계수를 Transmission Cell를 이용하여 측정하였다. 무차원 광소멸계수의 측정방식은 각각 광원의 파장길이가 633 nm와 853 nm인 대역에서 중력식 필터법에 의해 채집된 PM의 농도와 광학적 방법에 의해 측정된 PM의 농도를 비교하는 방법을 통해 이루어졌다. 광원의 파장길이, 633 nm 대역에서 측정된 무차원 광소멸계수는 F-76의 연료에서 발생된 PM의 경우 8.8인 반면 JP-8 연로부터 생성된 PM의 경우 9.8이였다. 한편 광원 파장길이가 853 nm로 증가함에 따라 두 연료 모두에서 발생된 PM의 무차원 광소멸계수는 각각 8.2 (F-76)와 8.8 (JP-8)로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

Physical and chemical changes in a polished wafer and in 2.5μm & 4μm epitaxially grown Si layer wafers (Epilayer wafer) after surface treatment were investigated. We characterized the influence of surface treatment on wafer properties such as surface roughness and the chemical composition and bonds. After each surface treatment, the physical change of the wafer surface was evaluated by atomic force microscopy to confirm the surface morphology and roughness. In addition, chemical changes in the wafer surface were studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurement. Changes in the chemical composition were confirmed before and after the surface treatment. By combined analysis of the physical and chemical changes, we found that diluted hydrofluoric acid treatment is more effective than buffered oxide etching for SiO2 removal in both polished and Epi-Layer wafers; however, the etch rate and the surface roughness in the given treatment are different among the polished 2.5μm and 4μm Epi-layer wafers in spite of the identical bulk structural properties of these wafers. This study therefore suggests that independent surface treatment optimization is required for each wafer type, 2.5μm and 4μm, due to the meaningful differences in the initial surface chemical and physical properties.

경상도, 전라도와 제주도 삼나무 임지에 대하여 임분 내 임분피해특성과 역학적 특성들 간의 상관관계를 분석하고 피해목 발생량을 조사하였다. 임분피해특성 샘플을 정상목, 변색목, 동공, 수간부 굴곡 그리고 상처로 구분하여 표준지에서 채취하였다. 각 샘플의 물리 및 역학적 특성을 분석한 결과, 압축강도 값은 정상목, 부후목, 변색목, 동공, 수간부굴곡, 상처에서 각각 53.22, 40.63, 54.14, 51.65, 59.11, 51.87 Mpa 이었고 평균전단강도 값은 15.65, 12.10, 15.51, 15.47, 16.69, 14.57 Mpa이었다. 부후목의 압축 및 전단강도는 정상목 보다 각각 24%, 23% 감소하였지만 다른 임분 피해요소의 큰 차이는 없었다. 부후목 발생량은 경상남도, 전라도, 제주도에서 각각 16.39, 9.09, 10.00%이었다.

The purpose of this article was to research the effects of physical environment on risk perception in customers at raw-fish restaurants in the Northeastern area of Kangwon province, South Korea. In this research, reliability analysis, factor analysis and path analysis were carried out. Physical environments were divided into four factors and risk perception into three factors. ‘Exterior facility’ had a negative influence on performance (p<0.001) and financial risk (p<0.001). ‘Interior facility’ negatively affected performance risk (p<0.001), financial risk (p<0.001) and time risk (p<0.001). ‘The others’ negatively influenced performance risk (p<0.05). Lastly, ‘press copy’ negatively influenced performance risk (p<0.001). Based on these results, various physical environments affected the risk perception in customers at raw-fish restaurants, and satisfaction level of customers was based on risk perceptions. As a result, food-service companies need to manage the physical environment as a marketing strategy, as well as reduce risk perception to increase customers loyalty.

PURPOSES : This study was performed to evaluate the possibility of Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) as a testing method that can predict cracking on pavement. METHODS: Three asphalt binders and one kind of aggregate were used in this study, and all asphalt mixtures were produced using Gyratory Compactor followed asphalt mix design. The ITS test was performed for the mixture which are artificially short-term aged using the oven. The ITS properties were analyzed by air void, compaction temperature, asphalt content, and asphalt binder. RESULTS: The results of this study indicated that (1) the compaction temperature did not show relationship with the ITS test; (2) there was no specific trend between the asphalt content and the ITS test; (3) the ITS could reveal the property of kinds of asphalt binders; (4) the asphalt mixture that were produced at optimum temperature suggested by manufacturer did not exhibit optimum result for all asphalt binder. CONCLUSIONS : The possibility of ITS was confirmed from this study for replacement of the Marshall Stability method. However, it needs to perform in further studies of aggregate and compaction property to suggest a new ITS standard value.

The objectives of this research were to determine spatial patterns of fish well and this spatial patterns were closely associated with physical habitat and chemical water quality. Such relations of physical habitat and chemical water quality to high trophic-level biota (i.e., fish) are very complex in analyzing the cause-effective relations due to large ecological dataset, thus an approach of self-organizing map (SOM) has been proposed in elucidating complex ecological relations of aquatic ecosystems. Communities from up-stream to down-stream of Geum River using an approach of Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and analyze their relations to water chemistry. For the study, fish and water samplings were conducted in 130 different streams and rivers during 2008 - 2009. The analysis of data using the SOMs model showed that fish community had longitudinal gradients of up-stream, mid-stream and down-stream. The clustering of the trained SOMs units reflected the stream morphology, land-use pattern and water quality, resulting in influenced the ecological trophic compositions and tolerance of top-level fish in the aquatic ecosystem

소하천은 비교적 규모가 작고, 하천길이가 짧으며, 우리 나라 산과 강을 연결해주는 연결 통로로서의 핵심 역할을 하는 하천을 말한다(Haigh et al., 2004; Wipfli et al., 2007). 일반적으로 소하천은 전체 국토 또는 유역면적에서 그 해당 범위가 매우 넓고, 자연적으로 사회적으로 다양한 특성을 지니게 된다. 통계자료에 의하면 우리나라 국가 및 지방하천의 연장은 총 26,841㎞이나, 소하천은 35,815㎞ 로, 오히려 소하천 연장길이가 국가 및 지방하천에 비하여 1.2배 큰 것으로 나타나(국토해양부, 2010; 소방방제청, 2010), 우리나라 소하천의 적절한 가한 관리는 하류하천과 유역관리에 매우 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또 한 잘 보전된 산림지대 소하천 지대에서는 고유종 및 멸종 위기 종들이 서식할 수 있는 생물서식처의 역할을 하는 것 으로 보고되고 있다. 최근 정부에서는 생태하천복원사업의 일환으로 2004년에 지방하천 및 소하천 597개소를 대상으 로 “생태하천복원사업”을 실시하였으며(환경부 2007), 이 를 확대하여 2011년도에는 “농촌마을 도랑살리기 사업”을 실시하였다. 또한 2020년까지 주질이 불량한 전국 47개의 지류를 대상으로 문제점 해결중심의 맞춤형 수질개선대책 을 단계적으로 추진하여 수질 및 수생태 회복, 수량확보를 목표로 지속적인 소하천 관리를 실시할 계획에 있어 소하천 의 생태계 관리가 대두되고 있다(국토해양부, 2006). 연구 대상지역인 남해도는 면적 357.66㎢로서 우리나라 에서 다섯 번째 큰 섬으로서, 북쪽으로는 하동군과 사천시, 동쪽으로는 통영시, 서쪽으로는 전남 광양시와 여수시, 남 쪽으로는 대한해협과 맞닿아 있다. 남해도의 지형은 남북으 로 약 30 ㎞, 동서로 약 26㎞의 길이를 가지고 있으며, 지세 는 망운산(786m) 금산(681m) 원산(627m)등 산악이 많아 하천의 길이가 모두 짧고, 평야지대가 매우 협소한 특징을 가지고 있다. 해안은 굴곡이 심하고 302㎞에 달하는 긴 해 안선과 주변 연근해에 유인도 3개, 무인도 76개가 있으며, 서북부에는 섬진강 하구에서 형성된 대사주가 많아 연근해 에 어족자원이 풍부하다. 남해군의 연평균 기온은 15.2℃로 연평균 강수량은 1,730㎜내외이며, 평균습도는 64%로 온 화한 해양성 기후로서 많은 강수량을 보이고 있으나 6~9월 사이에 집중 강우로 인해 유량이 풍부하지만, 12 ~ 3월 사이 는 유량이 적어, 전체적으로 유량변화가 큰 특징을 보인다. 남해도는 삼림면적이 68%로 우리나라 섬 중에서 산림의 비율이 가장 높은 지역이기 때문에 상대적으로 농지의 면적 은 23%에 불과해 하천들 대부분이 산지형하천 특성으로 보이고 있다. 이로 인하여 대부분의 소하천들의 유로연장이 짧고 유역면적이 작아 유역경사가 급한 편이다(환경부, 2002). 남해도의 어류상에 관련된 주요 문헌들을 살펴보면, 전국 자연환경조사의 일환으로 조사된 어류상(환경부, 2010) 이 외에 대부분이 연안해역 어류 종조성(허와 곽, 1998; 이태 원 등, 2000; 김 등, 2003, 곽 등, 2008; 서 등, 2013)에 관한 연구들로서 담수 어류상을 언급한 자료가 존재하나, 전반적 으로 빈약하며 남해도 전역에 분포하는 소규모하천에 대한 하천환경 및 어류상에 대한 언급은 이루어지지 않았다. 따 라서 본 연구를 통해 남해도 하천 수계의 소규모 지류를 구성하는 소하천들의 물리적 서식지 환경특성 및 이들 소하 천에 서식하는 어류상을 밝힘으로써 자원의 효율적인 관리 에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 남해도에 분포하는 소하천들의 하천환경 및 서식어류에 대한 현장조사는 2014년 한 해 동안 8월 25~29일, 10월 13~17일에 총 2회에 걸쳐서 조사를 실시하였으며, 각 하천 에서 조사 지점은 하천의 길이를 고려하여 지점의 수는 1~3 개 지점을 상류부터 하류까지 다양한 서식환경이 포함될 수 있도록 2 ~ 3㎞ 간격으로 선정하였다. 남해도 소하천 중 23개의 하천에서 총 31개 지점을 선정하였다. 어류채집 은 본 조사대상 하천들이 규모가 하천차수 3차하천 이하의소하천들로 투망(망목 7 × 7㎜)과 족대(4 × 4㎜)를 이용하 여 조사를 실시하였으며, 투망을 이용한 어류 채집이 적합 하지 않은 지점에서는 족대를 이용하여 어류채집을 실시하 였다. 선정된 소하천별로 조사가 가능한 지점을 중심으로 상·하류 50m의 범위내에서 조사를 실시하였다. 남해도의 소하천 대부분들은 하천길이가 짧고 경사도가 높기 때문에 중·하류부에 위치한 지점들 역시 유속이 빠르 고 수온이 낮으며 용존산소가 많은 특징을 지니고 있었다. 하폭 및 유폭은 비교적 좁았으며, 하천차수가 높은 지점일 수록 증가하는 양상을 보였으며, 특히 하천차수가 3차하천 인 봉천, 화천과 서상천 하류지점(S10, S13, S25)에서 높은 값을 보였다. 반면 하상구조는 하류로 갈수록 큰 돌(bolder) 의 비율이 감소하고, 모래(sand)의 비율이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 민가 및 농경지가 밀집된 지역을 관통하는 소 하천의 경우, 그렇지 않은 지점에 비하여 전기전도도 값이 상대적으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 남해도 소하천 주변에는 용수공급을 위해 민가와 농경지가 밀집되어 있는데, 이와 같이 주변 민가, 논, 밭 등의 경작지 등의 생활하수 및 유기 오염원이 유입되어 하천생태계에 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 남해도 일대를 흐르는 소하천들을 대상으로 2014년 8월부터 10월까지 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻 었다. 남해도의 23개 소하천의 31개 지점에서 채집된 어류 는 모두 13과 38종 3,593개체가 나타났다. 이중 잉어과 (Cyprinidae), 망둑어과 (Gobiidae) 어류가 각각 11종으로 49.3%, 35.3%로 다른 분류군에 비하여 높은 비율을 차지하 였으며, 미꾸리과(Cobitidae) 어류가 4종, 메기과 (Siluridae), 숭어과(Mugilidae) 어류가 2종, 동자개과 (Bagridae)를 비롯한 7개 과에서 각각 1종씩 출현하였다. 남해도에서 채집된 전체 어류 중 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus) 의 상대풍부도가 30.3%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며, 민물 검정망둑(Tridentiger brevispinis)이 10.3%의 상대풍부도 를 보여 이 두 종이 우점하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 각 지점별 어류의 군집분석 결과 종 다양도 지수, 종 풍부 도 및 종 균등도 지수가 유사한 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타 났다. 이는 화천, 봉천, 서상천과 같은 3차 하천을 제외한 대부분 하천의 규모가 작고, 유지유량이 적은 소규모 하천 들로 다양한 어종 및 개체수의 서식에 적합하지 못하고, 이 러한 서식환경에 잘 적응된 민물검정망둑 등 일부 종들의 서식이 공통적으로 확인되었기 때문에 각 조사지점별로 유 사한 경향을 보인 것으로 판단되었다. 현재 남해도는 해안 선은 남해군의 추진정책에 발맞추어 빠르게 개발되고 있다. 또한 농경지에서 유입되는 오염원들로 인하여 소하천들이 물리적 서식지, 화학적 수질오염 등으로 인하여 교란이 진 행되어 고유종의 서식이 위협받고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 이는 도서지역이라는 특징으로 어류상이 내륙에 비하여 많 이 빈약하기 때문에 이에 대한 적극적인 보호조치가 요구된 다. 따라서 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 남해도 소하천들의 효율적인 관리가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

This study aims to identify the effect of home physical therapy on patients who left the hospital after total knee arthroplasty, compared to the Daily living group, when it was applied to them, under the guidance of physical therapists. As research subjects, 20 patients that were scheduled to leave the hospital after unilateral total knee arthroplasty, were chosen, and they were randomly divided into a home physical therapy group(10 patients) and an Daily living group(10 patients) in order to conduct an experiment. During the 4-week research, home physical therapy was offered for 40 mins once for 5 days a week, and muscular strength, gait components were measured. For muscular strength, quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength were measured, and as gait components, endurance, speed, step time, single-limb support were analysed. For this experiment, pre- and post-measurement were performed, and collected data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 statistical program. From the analysis of data, the following study results were obtained. Home physical therapy group and Daily living group both showed significant improvements in quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength, and quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength of home physical therapy group more significantly improved than Daily living group's. In relation to gait components, gait endurance, gait speed, step time significantly improved in both of home physical therapy group and Daily living group, whereas home physical therapy group only showed significant improvements in single-limp support. According to the comparison between two groups, gait speed, single-limp support and step time improved more significantly in the home physical therapy group than in the Daily living group. In conclusion, positive results were revealed in both home physical therapy group and Daily living group, with regard to muscular recovery of lower limbs of patients discharged from the hospital after total knee arthroplasty and walking, but considering the comparison results between two groups, it seems that applying home physical therapy is more effective than maintaining a daily life.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function, physical function and depression of long-term care insurance nongrading elderly dementia using Daytime protection service. For achieve this purpose, 30 dementia elderly were randomly assigned in to the experimental group(n=15)and control group(n=15). All subjects performed a general therapeutic exercise and 20- 30minutes takes virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program were conducted with experimental group 2 times a week for 8 weeks. The intervention effects were measured by using cognitive function is mini-mental states examination-Korean version(MMSE-K), visual perception is MVPT(Motor-Free Visual Perception Test), Berg's balance scales(BBS), depression test GDS-K and lower limb strength. The results of study represented that the training group showed significant improvement in MMSEK( p<.05), visual perception(p<.05), balance(p<.05), lower limb strength(p<.05) and depression (p<.05). In conclusion, the virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation training using improves visual perception included cognitive function, physical function included balance, and lower limb strength and depression. These results suggest that virtual reality training using virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program is feasible and suitable for mild dementia.

This study was carried out survey to compare using status of physical therapy for elderly persons between urban and rural area in Honam. There were 16 places consisting of general clinics, departments of family medicine, pain medicine, and orthopedics that run outpatient physical therapy. This study distributed 636 questionnaires in total and collected 400 responses. Regionally, 200 responses out of 311 questionnaires from Gwangju and 200 responses out of 325 questionnaires from Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do were collected. Regionally speaking, Gwangju was 62% while Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do regions were 88%, indicating patients in rural areas employed more public transportation, which was statistically significantly different. There was a difference between urban and rural areas with regard to questions regarding improvement with physical therapy. Factors related to the number of physical therapy visits per week that showed a significant difference between urban and rural areas found by the linear regression analysis result were working hours, whether the patient exercised or not, and pain stress. This result suggest that it is necessary to reduce working hours and pain stress experienced by rural elderlies as well as to encourage regular exercise via national polices.

The purpose of this study was to measure the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, eating behavior, physical ability and locomotion of 5-year-old-children, and thereby to provide the fundamental information necessary to develop a nutritionrelated physical education program. A survey was performed on 143 5-years-old boys and 113 girls. The results were as follows. The average score in the nutrition knowledge item, was 7.22 out of a possible 10 points; in the dietary attitude item, 32.46 out of 50 points; in the eating behavior item, 26.67 out of 40 points. According to body measurement, there was a significant difference in height by gender (p＜0.05), Significant differences in muscle mass and basal metabolic rate were also observed by gender (p＜0.001). Gender also influenced the flexibility and reflexibility (p＜0.001), with significant difference in balance of the right side (p＜0.01). Although this study was limited by its cross-sectional study design, the body muscle (p＜0.05) and basal metabolic rate (p＜0.05) were observed to have a positive relation with nutritional knowledge. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and dietary attitude (p＜0.01). According to the results, it is necessary to develop a long-term and systematic program with the combination of nutrition and physical education to develop correct dietary habits and for the balanced growth of children.

Tuberculation and slime accumulated in water mains play an important role in modifying water quality of drinking water. Therefore, in this study, it was investigated that what materials were accumulated, and what components were included in the tuberculation and slime of water mains. The Various tuberculation and slime sample were collected from the 12 water mains to analyze their physical and chemical properties and crystal structure. As a analysis method, VSS(Volatile suspended solid), SEM(scanning electron microscope), EDS(Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscope), ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer) and XRD(X-Ray Diffractomete) were used. The results of analysis on the samples, the representative materials were verified such as iron corrosion products, the fine sand particles generated during backwash, fine particles of activated carbon, aluminum used in coagulation process, and manganese included in raw water.

본 연구는 에어제트텍스쳐링 장치에서 공급되는 코어사와 이펙트사인 아라미드와 나일론의 구성이 방호의류 용 아라미드/나일론 ATY와 아라미드 ATY의 물성변화에 대한 연구이다. 아라미드 필라멘트 표면의 매끄러움 때 문에 아라미드 ATY의 강도 저하는 나일론 ATY에 비해 훨씬 높았다. 아라미드/나일론 ATY 강도는 ATY의 이펙 트사인 나일론의 강도에 가장 영향을 많이 받았다. 나일론 ATY의 절단신도는 에어제트텍스쳐링 이전의 나일론 에 비해 두 배정도 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 아라미드 ATY와 아라미드/나일론 ATY는 에어제트텍스쳐링 이전에 비해 5.9~6.7배 정도로 높았다. 아라미드 ATY의 초기탄성률은 아라미드의 에어제트텍스쳐링 이전에 비해 86.5% 정도 감소하였으며, 아라미드/나일론 ATY의 초기탄성률은 아라미드 ATY와 나일론 ATY 초기탄성률의 산술평균치를 나타내었다. 아라미드/나일론 하이브리드 ATY의 습․건열 수축률은 나일론의 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다.

Swelling of the heat-treated netting for gillnet was estimated through the netting height in square acrylic tank. Experimental Nylon netting and PBSAT netting were heat-treated by using the high-degree vacuum method in hot water after net making. Heat-treatment temperatures were conducted with Nylon netting 105°C and PBSAT netting 62°C, 65°C, 66°C, 67°C. The swelling measurement method of a netting using the square tank was capable of the reduction measurement errors comparing with measurement methods of a mesh inner angle and the shortening rate of a mesh size. In addition, this method was available to comparison evaluation for each netting more easily. Wet type heat-treatment apparatus with high-degree vacuum was shown higher 7∼8°C inner side temperature than a setting temperature. The tensile strength and elongation of Nylon netting and PBSAT netting were shown higher wet condition than dry condition. The tensile strengths of PBSAT monofilaments in dry and wet condition were sharply decreased at heat-treatment temp. 75°C than heat-treatment temp. 74°C