This study identified physical characteristics and aerosol particle sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in the industrial complex of Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. Samples of PM10, PM2.5 and also soil, were collected in several areas during the year of 2012 to investigate elemental composition. A URG cyclone sampler was used for collection. The samples were collected according to each experimental condition, and the analysis method of SEM-EDX was used to determine the concentration of each metallic element. The comparative analysis indicated that their mass concentration ranged from 1% to 3%. The elements in the industrial region that were above 10% were Si, Al, Fe, and Ca. Those below 5% were Na, Mg, and S. The remaining elements (1% of total mass) consisted of elements such as Ni, Co, Br and Pb. Finally, a statistical tool was applied to the elemental results to identify each source for the industrial region. From a principal components analysis (SPSS, Ver 20.0) performed to analyze the possible sources of PM10 in the industrial region, five main factors were determined. Factor 1 (Si, Al), which accounted for 15.8% of the total variance, was mostly affected by soil and dust from manufacturing facilities nearby, Factors 2 (Cu, Ni), 3 (Zn, Pb), and 4 (Mn, Fe), which also accounted for some of variance, were mainly related to iron, non-ferrous metals, and other industrial manufacturing sources. Also, five factors determined to access possible sources of PM2.5, Factor 1 (Na, S), accounted for 13.5% of the total variance and was affected by sea-salt particles and fuel incineration sources, and Factors 2 (Ti, Mn), 3 (Pb, Cl), 4 (K, Al) also explained significant proportions of the variance. Theses factors mean that the PM2.5 emission sources may be considered as sources of incineration, and metals, and non-ferrous manufacturing industries.

This study is to analyze the spatial structure and POE of Jungja(pavilion) shelter for rural village regeneration. 14 Jungja shelter space at rural villages in Gyungbuk province, were investigated. An interview questionnaire was conducted for total 139 residents as POE. The use behavior and satisfaction for Jungja shelter space, were investigated. The statistical analysis were mean of satisfactions, reliability, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results and discussions can be objective data for rural village regeneration. In satisfaction level, ‘Continuous use intention’(3.99), ‘Well-suited approach’(3.87), and ‘Helpful in resident living’(3.84) were shown to be high points of agreement in 5 point Likert type scale. But, the mean points were low as 2.01 in ‘Surrounding landscape’, ‘Creation of green areas’(3.22), and ‘Traffic safety’(3.22), respectively. Within use satisfaction, 5 factors were categorized, ‘Use’, ‘Safety’, ‘Facility’, ‘Management’ and ‘Users’. By the result of multiple regression analysis, variables of ‘Continuous use’, ‘Convenient location’, and ‘Image improvement’, were shown to be main affecting variables to overall satisfaction. Furthermore, in spatial structure analysis, 4 types were categorized with the aspect of landform, roads, and location in village. The levels of satisfaction were shown to be high in village type of semi-open, road type of circular, and location type of center/back. Conclusively, these findings could be utilized as basic data and useful tool of space-structural satisfaction analytic method, and for each stage of planning/design and remodeling for rural village regeneration.

The end of the Korean War did not bring about the end of Korea’s division. The theme of division runs through many South Korean literary works of the twentieth century. This so-called “division literature” can be characterized by its focus on the psychological pain of separation, and the (im)possibility of unification. The personal tragedies of separated families, of dashed hopes and dreams due to history’s vicissitudes, all these aspects appear in Korea’s modern literature and have their root in the Korean War. South Korean author Yi Munyŏl has been personally affected by the Korean War, and his trauma can be found in many of his writings. In “An Appointment with His Brother” (Auwa-ŭi mannam), published in 1995, he tries to find a means through literature to reach common ground with the other side (North Korea) for a possible future unification. He chose the Chinese city of Yanji as the setting for his story, a place where the majority of its population are ethnic Koreans who from 1992 onwards, have had connections with both North and South Korea. The city and its inhabitants serve as a liminal space where Yi Munyŏl can explore possibilities for reconciliation and to give shape to an imagined Korean unification.

The purpose of this study is to establish common indicators that constitute a "low-carbon green city" and determine their priorities from the perspective of Incheon Metropolitan City with a view to help develop its climate change strategy strategic city. Several major cities, domestic and overseas, were benchmarked to come up with preliminary indicators consisting of six areas, twenty two planning factors, and 74 indicators. In order to evaluate the validity and relevance of preliminary indicators, expert FGI (Focus Group Interview) was conducted that changed the numbers of final indicators to six areas, twenty two planning factors, and 82 indicators. Finally, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) was conducted to assign relative importance (i.e. weights) to each indicator. Through the layering process of AHP, the upper category of "field" and lower category of "planning factors" were set up as policy prerequisites for constructing a low-carbon green city (6 fields, 22 planning factors). The AHP results for the first level (fields), green city space was ranked first, followed by energy and resource circulation, green traffic, ecological preservation, green logistics, and governance. Among all planning factors, land use, energy efficiency, traffic system improvement, location planning, securing of ecological area, efficiency of logistics, and cooperative organization showed the highest priorities.

This study aimed to investigate the dilapidated Fine View Square located in the city of Gangneung and analyze problems for building it into a sustainable space under an effective management plan. Further to creating an ecological base for restoring the natural circulation, a restorative method for the damaged area, a spatial assignment by the UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB), and an urban ecological park, we not only wanted to provide an environment that is citizen friendly, but also a practical and realizable project to connect with the various methods and programs mentioned above, while utilizing the Ministry of the Environment 's ecosystem conservation fund. In conclusion, we found that it would be possible to contribute to building an urban ecological park the Ministry of Environment proposed while restoring the lost natural circulation in Gyodong Square in the city of Gangneung and ecological soundness of the city along with the reduced heat island effect and the increased biological diversity and Ecological Soundness.

해마다 대기업을 중심으로 브랜드 가치를 높이기 위해 막대한 마케팅 비용을 투자하고 있지만 정작 브랜드 인지도가 낮은 중소기업이나 지자체 농수산 브랜드들은 체계적인 브랜드 관리가 어려운 실정이다. 특히 농산물 브랜드는 브랜드 가치가 거의 생성되어 있지 않은 상태에서 소비자와 최우선 접점에 있기에 그 중요성은 더욱 절실하다고 할 수 있다. 지금까지의 연구가 대기업의 브랜드 가치와 인지도를 분석하는 마케팅적인 부분에 편중된 반면 실질적으로 브랜드를 나타내고 표현하 는 브랜드 아이덴티티 구성요소에 대한 연구는 많이 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 브랜드 가치가 제대로 형성되어 있지 않는 국내 지자체 오미자 브랜드들을 케빈 레인 켈러(Kevin Lane Keller) 의 브랜드 아이덴티티 선택모델에서 브랜드 인지도와 연상을 강화시켜주는 구성 요소를 토대로 국내 대형 포털사이트에서 활발히 판매되고 있는 20개의 오미자 브랜드들을 구분하고 정리하였다. 이를 바탕으로 디자인전공 2~30대 대학생 및 대학 원생 100명을 선정하여 각 브랜드별로 선택기준에 맞는 브랜드를 선택하게 하였다. 그 결과 브랜드 아이덴티티 구성요소를 충족한 4개의 브랜드를 선별하였으며, 브랜드 아이덴티티 구성요소의 선택기준을 적용 하였다. 이 자료를 기초하여 새로운 오미자 브랜드 패키지 디자인을 개발하였다. 추후 브랜드 아이덴티티의 구성요소를 분석한 자료를 기반으로 지자체 농수산 브랜드의 보다 효과적이고 실질적인 지원과 활성화 방안의 자료로 쓰이기를 기대 한다.

도시브랜드를 강화하기 위해서는 도시슬로건 및 정책방향, 행정서비스, 공공디자인 등이 일관성을 가지고 추진되어야 한다. 그 중에서 정책과 디자인은 도시브랜드를 직접적으로, 그리고 가시적으로 드러낼 수 있는 수단으로 도시브랜드 강화방법이 다. 공공의 문제는 제도적인 장치를 통해 해결할 수 있는데 문제의 원인과 사회적 여건, 대상 등이 다양하여 다수의 이해관 계자가 다각적인 접근을 통해 문제의 실마리를 찾을 수 있다. 또한 여러 가지 상황들이 복합적으로 작용하기 때문에 그 문 제의 공간적, 인문적, 기능적 요인들에 대한 제도들이 상호 유기적으로 작용할 때 정책목표를 보다 효과적으로 달성할 수 있다. 따라서 사회문제를 해결하기 위한 공공정책은 다양한 영역에서 분야 간 융합을 시도하고 이를 통해 혁신적인 공공서 비스를 제시해야 할 시점이다. 보다 효율적인 정책목표 달성을 위한 정책과 디자인의 혁신적인 연계방안에 대하여 다음과 같이 제언한다. 첫째, 사회문제 해결은 공공정책의 주요한 의제로서 다수의 행정기구 간 협업이 요구된다. 둘째, 사회문제 해결을 위한 정책과 디자인의 실행연계를 위해서는 정책관리자가 필요하다. 셋째, 동일한 목표달성을 위한 사업계획의 이 행에 있어서 다수의 분야 혹은 담당자의 상시적인 소통이 이루어질 수 있도록 관계망을 형성하려는 노력이 필요하다. 넷째, 사회문제 해결을 위한 정책을 효과적으로 실행하기 위해서는 정보의 공유 및 참여확대를 통한 홍보가 필요하다.

This study was carried out to elucidate the chemical compositions of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols collected during summer and winter in downtown Jejusi city. The ratios of NO3 - to the total mass of ionic species in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols largely increase in winter compared to summer, while SO4 2- ratios in both aerosols appear to follow the opposite trend. Moreover, concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- in PM10 and PM2.5-10 aerosols are higher in winter than in summer. The nitrate concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols increase with an identical increase in excess ammonium during winter, however, nitrate formation during summer is not important owing to ammonium-poor conditions.

Chemical properties of aerosols were investigated by analyzing the inorganic water-soluble content in PM2.5 collected in the downtown area of Jeju City in Jeju Island. Due to an increase in both the number of visiting tourists and the size of local population, the number of cars in this area is increasing, causing an increase in PM2.5. Eight PM2.5-bound major inorganic ions were analyzed during the summer and winter periods. The water-soluble inorganic component represents a significant fraction of PM2.5. In particular, secondary inorganic aerosols contribute 36.2% and 47.5% of PM2.5 mass in summer and winter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations increase for [NH4 +]/[SO4 2-]>1.5, and excess ammonium, which is necessary for ammonium nitrate formation, is linearly correlated with nitrate. These results are clearly observed during the winter because conditions are more conducive to the formation of ammonium nitrate. A significant negative correlation between Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio (NOR) and temperature was observed. The obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of the aerosol dynamics in the downtown area in Jeju City.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the loss of open space of schools in Ulaanbaatar city and found out main causes of the conversion trend of open space to suggest alternatives. 76 designated sites were selected from 118 public schools within 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. These 76 schools were eligible for analysis of the open space change between 2005 and 2015 with Google Earth Pro. The results showed that 175,048m2 open space was developed and two dominant types of open space conversion were found; 1) constructions of school facilities such as soccer field, extended school buildings, parking lot, sidewalk, and square, and 2) constructions of apartment buildings and service facilities such as community center, pedestrian, sports facilities, and parking lot. Apartment complex development has commonly happened in all districts and caused bigger open space loss than other types of development. Chingeltei district is located in the center of Ulaanbaatar city, and schools in this district lost the biggest open space, 50,036m2/35.24% over 10 years. The rate of open space loss seemed to be related to the distance from the urban center and open space loss was an ongoing event in Ulaanbaatar city. This trend would not be improved without a strong regulation, so, in this study, making strict regulations that prevent conversions of open space were suggested to conserve open space in Ulaanbaatar city.

This research was intended to provide a method to improve competitiveness, based on the integration of basic municipalities by assessing changes in their population and local industry Municipalities were integrated based on the addressing system 市(Shi), 町(Chome), 村(Village) of Japan. As a result, an actual increase of the population could not be seen in the new municipalities formed by the integration of the basic municipalities. It is also found that the shipping volumes, number of companies, and the number of people employed by local industry, attracted by such municipalities, has steadily decreased. However, even though the proportion of industrysharing in the local municipalities is not significant, it was found that the number of tourists has increased. Therefore, it is concluded that the strengthening of the connectivity between local industry and the tourism industry can be one of the principal methods to strengthen the competitiveness of these municipalities. In addition, it has been found that scientific research from a variety of perspectives and verification of data related to the effectiveness of integration of local municipalities is necessary.

This study aims to establish baseline data for sustainable monitoring by applying the green city index (GCI), which is set up to evaluate the city level, to the city of Gangneung-si, which was designated as a pilot city for the Low-carbon Green Growth City project by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation. The GCI was applied in the framework of European systems, while considering the social and economic status of Korea. Indicators from 7 areas—CO2, energy, building, transportation, water, waste, and quality of atmosphere were analyzed, except for qualitative indicators. Results indicate that total CO2 emissions were 30.8 tons per capita, or 2.2 tons per one million units of real GDP. The total final energy consumption was 0.231 TOE/capita, or 0.317 TOE per one million units of real GDP. The percentage of total energy derived from renewable resources was 0.41% and energy consumption by the building was 433.5 Mwh/1,000 ㎡. The total percentage of the working population travelling to work daily by public transportation (limited to bus) was 19%. Further, the total annual water consumption was 99 ㎥/capita, and the water lost in the water distribution system was 0.057 ㎥/capita/day. The total annual waste collected was 0.0077 ton per capita, The annual mean emission were 0.014 ppm/day for NO2, 0.005 ppm/day for SO2, and 0.019 ppm/day for O3. The annual mean for PM10 emissions was 39 ㎍/㎥/day.

In order to vitalize the local area of Tendou City in Japan, this study chose a local indigenous industry and sought ways to connect the tourism industry with it. An inventory of local indigenous industry was assembled using relevant literature, field surveys, and interviews with local people. The Japanese chess industry was selected for a case study in connecting tourism with industry. Local indigenous industry was defined as an industry related to the local culture that uses local resources (and thus introduces possible industrialization). This industry can be easily marketed is to the rest of Japan or abroad. People in charge of local indigenous industry should understand the meaning and effects of connecting to the tourism industry, while people in tourism should acknowledge that local industry is good marketing material. Three steps are suggested: 1) to display the industrialy process of Japanese chess production: to tourism in safe and comfortable surroundings; 2) to offer amenities and producetion facility tuors; and 3) to offer tourists an opportunity to experience Japanese chess productions first hands.

This study was conducted to provide the basic information for effective conservation and management of coastal forest by analysis the vascular plant in Daewangam park. The vascular plant in Daewangam park was 204 taxa, 73 families, 156 genera, 183 species, 2 subspecies, 4 forma, and 15 varieta. Among them, seashore plants accounted for 6.4% of total plants and they were 13 taxa such as Andropogon ischaemum and Tetragonia tetragonoides, and the Pteridophyte index (Pte-Q) was 0.49. The plants of Compositae, Rosaceae, Graminea, Leguminosae, and Liliaceae showed high distribution. Korean endemic species were 3 taxa such Campanula takesimana, Aster koraiensis and Forsythia koreana. Three rare species of Campanula takesimana, Magnolia kobus and Glehnia littoralis listed as rare plants by the Korea National Arboretum were found in Daewangam park. Naturalized plants were identified 18 taxa including Cerastium glomeratum, Bidens frondosa, and so on, and Naturalization index was 8.8%. The specific species of I～V grades by phytogeography were 28 taxa including Campanula takesimana, Magnolia kobus, Rubus ribisoideus, and so on.

This study surveyed the human thermal responses according to the green space types. Three green space type (forest trail, residential area and central building district) were set the research sites in Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul. The physical thermal environment factors were measured while the human thermal responses were investigated. The air temperature and radiant temperature showed higher in central building area where sky view factor was 0.799 than in forest trail where sky view factor was 0.651. The skin temperatures increased according to green space type and rectal temperatures showed the highest value in central building area. The thermal sensation vote and thermal comfort showed the differences only between forest trail and central building area. These results will use as base line data on the green space type management plan for thermal environment amenity.

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze and investigate to find out the appropriate ways to make an easy TBT of smart city. It is an important issue between Korea and China because TBT of smart city has lots of advantages in IT, S/W, IOT, and Home network. Research design, data and methodology – First, the paper made use of reviewing2nd data analysis and focused on group interview, and then compared with analysis on the international rule and system such as smart city system, technical regulation, and standard through test certification procedure and inspection. Second, this paper reviewed electric/electronic test, certification, and calibration. Third, through analyzing MRA between Korea and china, the paper focused on SDoC, Mutual Acceptance of International certification, and IECCB scheme. Results – Through the comparison and analysis, this paper found that it is important to promote multi-track agreements with the countries that need short-term promotion. Moreover, it is necessary to conclude an agreement with the leading countries in Middle East and Central America. Conclusions – Through the above the reviews and analysis, we can see the importance of promotion in FTA and MRA with the efforts to remove the obstacles and promote to make an easy TBT by MRA between Korea and China.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the roadside agricultural product shops located in Miryang city, and to find out the current situation on how people rate the importance and satisfaction levels of various aspects through surveys on sellers and consumers. With this information, the main problems and possible solutions are analyzed with the Important Performance Analysis(IPA) method. First, building parking spaces for customers should be prioritized to improve safety. Because many roadside shops for agricultural products are located alongside two-lane roads, sufficient parking spaces are needed for the consumers' safety. Second, to enhance the rural landscape, consumers express that improving store quality and integrating more with the environment are important. Store owners should take more care in maintaining store quality so that customers do not experience inconvenience while shopping. Futhermore, institutional guidelines and standards must be implemented to allow for a more harmonious relationship between these shops and the environment. Third, both sellers and consumers think that taste, price, and freshness are important aspects of roadside agricultural product shops. However, while sellers and consumers both agree that the price is the most important factor, there is a discrepancy between these two groups regarding the satisfactory price level. The sellers do not agree that their products are being sold at the fair price. This can be interpreted as sellers believe that the prices are set too low. Because pricing is important aspect and also a very delicate issue, mid to long term consideration and study will be needed to improve roadside shops for agricultural products in the future.

The aim of this study is to suggest the social vulnerability index for reflecting social properties of a region, such as population and economy, in vulnerability assessment. For such a research objective, this study composed the assessment index with 'social vulnerability' and 'physical vulnerability'. Also, this study composed the social vulnerability with 'population vulnerability index', 'economic vulnerability index' and 'information vulnerability index' while composing the physical vulnerability with 'flood-risk index', and then selected proxy variables. In addition, this study determined the weight using an entropy weight measurement as an objective weight measurement. The vulnerability assessment result is as follows: First, the vulnerable areas were concentrated around the inner harbours and some rivers of Incheon. Second, the areas vulnerable to the flood caused by climate change were found to be highly vulnerable socially as well as physically. Third, results of assessment were different according to the social properties of an areas despite the identical level of flood risk. The resultant implications are following. First, there is the necessity of having to put emphasis on social vulnerability of an area from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. Second, there is the necessity of having to arrange effective social and physical adaptation strategy based on the results of vulnerability assessment.

공공 서비스의 공공 앱을 통해 넓게 분산된 시민들에게 다양하고 풍부한 공공 서비스를 고르게 제공할 수 있고, 시민들은 시간과 장소에 구애받지 않고 공공 서비스를 이용할 수 있다는 점에서, 공공 앱을 주요한 공공 서비스 전달 수단으로 인식 하고, 공공 앱의 내용과 기능을 파악함으로써 모바일 정부에 대한 이해를 높이고 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. 현재 모바일에서 사용되고 있는 앱 45개를 토대로 서울시 공공 서비스 사례 분석을 통해 공공 서비스용 모바일 증강 현실 앱의 서비스 유형에는 4가지로 나눌 수 있으며, 정보, 커뮤니케이션, 엔터테인먼트, 안전으로 나눌 수 있었다. 안전한 스마 트 공공 서비스 환경 및 개인 정보 보호 등이 강화돼야 할 것이다. 이러한 공공서비스의 문제점을 제시하고 모바일 공공 서비스에 대한 인식과 만족도에 대한 가이드라인을 제시하고자 한다.

Impervious areas have been expanded by urbanization and the natural structure of water circulation has been destroyed. The limits of centralized management for controlling storm water runoff in urban areas have been suggested. Low impact development (LID) technologies have been promoted as a crucial alternative, establishing a connection with city development plans to build green infrastructures in environmentally friendly cities. Thus, the improvement of water circulation and the control of nonpoint source were simulated through XP-SWMM (storm water and wastewater management model for experts) in this study. The application of multiple LID combination practices with permeable pavements, bioretention cells, and gutter filters were observed as reducing the highest runoff volume by up to 70%. The results from four different LID installation scenarios indicated that permeable paving is the most effective method for reducing storm water runoff. The rate of storm water runoff volume reduced as the rainfall duration extended. Based on the simulation results, each LID facility was designed and constructed in the target area. The LID practices in an urban area enable future studies of the analysis of the criteria, suitable capacity, and cost-efficiency, and proper management methods of various LID techniques.