쌀에 발생하는 해충인 머리대장가는납작벌레를 대상으로 포스핀 훈증제 감수성 평가를 수행하였다. 머리대장가는납작벌레 알, 후기유충 및 성충을 대상으로 수행하였으며, 포스핀은 0.025, 0.051, 0.099, 0.501 및 0.999 mg/L 5개농도를 20시간 동안 처리하였다. 그 결과, 머리대장가는납작벌레 알은 0.025 mg/L에서 46.5%의 살충률을 보였고0.999 mg/L에서는 100.0%의 높은 살충률을 확인하였다. 후기유충과 성충은 0.099 mg/L 농도에서 각각 98.9, 94.4%의살충률을 보였으나, 0.501 mg/L 처리시에는 후기유충 및 번데기 모두 100%의 살충률을 확인하였다. 포스핀을 대상으로한 머리대장가는납작벌레의 태별 LCT50 값은 알은 0.710 mg h/L, 후기유충과 성충은 각각 0.254, 0.477 mg h/L로나타났으며, LCT99 값은 알은 1.593 mg h/L, 후기유충 1.278 mg h/L, 성충 3.042 mg h/L임을 확인하였다.

Recently, the area of marine resources has become concerned with sources for the next generation of the bio-industry. Until present, development of the marine resources has remained limited, although a large number of these resources are considered to have potential for various significant biological activities. Most marine sponges, marine algae and coral could be used to create specific compounds for survival against a harsh environment. Therefore, it was necessary that these materials needed to be elucidated with biological activities, such as like anti-inflammatory, anti-viral or anti-cancer effects for their utilization in the bio-industry. In this study, we screened extracts of marine resources for their anti-cancer effect on human colorectal cancer cells. These resources were collected at Kosrae of Micronesia on April, 2013 and extracted with methanol. Cytotoxicity of marine resources was observed. Of a total of 20 specimens, three specimens dose-dependently demonstration inhibition of cell viability. Furthermore, cells treated with these specimens for 48h were induced p53, p21, Bax and caspase-3. The results suggest that they involved p53-mediated apoptosis. Two positive specimens (1304KO-327 and 1304KO-329) were verified as the identical materials, which are Hyrtios sp. Unfortunately 1304KO-207 was not yet classified and needed to identify in the further study. There results suggested that marine resources with positive potential in anticancer effect would be good candidates as useful bio-resources.

대장 내시경 후에 발생한 급성 담낭염은 매우 드문 증례로 알려져 있다. 그러나 담낭염의 위험인자를 가진 환자에서 대장 내시경 후에 복통이 발생했을 경우, 반드시 담낭염을 감별진단해야 한다. 아직까지 정확한 발생 원인에 대해 밝혀진 바는 없으나 대장 내시경 전처치 과정에서 발생한 탈수, 대장 내시경에 의한 대장 점막 손상 등이 보고되었다. 저자들은 대장 내시경후 복통의 원인중 드문 질환인 급성 담낭염을 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 이를 보고하는 바이다.

해양생물을 포함한 천연물질은 신약개발의 원천 소재로서 매력적이며, 특히 무수한 미지의 해양생물들의 연구가 관심을 받고 있다. 기존의 연구에서 미크로네시아에서 채취한 해면동물 40여종에 대하여 항증식 효과를 다양한 암세포주에서 검색한 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 그 중 Cos-cinoderma sp.의 작용 및 그 기전을 살펴보았다. 특히, 암억제유전자 p53의 발현을 억제시킨 세포주(HCT116 p53KO 과 RKO-E6)에서의 차이점을 비교하였다. 세포생존률 시험에서 Coscinoderma sp. 추출물은 p53의 유무와 상관없이 암세포의 증식을 억제하였음을 확인하였다. 이 암세포증식 억제 효과가 p53 존재에 따라 다르게 나타나는지 알아보기 위하여 세포사멸 관련 단백질 발현양을 Coscinoderma sp. 처리한 각 세포주에서 비교하였다. 그 결과, Coscinoderma sp.를 HCT16 세포주에 처리하였을 때, p53과 Noxa의 발현이 증가하는 것을 관찰하였고, caspase-9이 분절되면서 감소하는 것으로부터 apoptosis를 일으킨다고 여겨진다. 반면, p53이 결핍된 HCT116세포주에서는 Coscinoderma sp. 에 의하여 p21과 mTOR의 발현이 증가되는 것을 확인하였고, 이는 senescence를 야기할 수 있다고 여겨진다. 본 연구로부터 Coscinoderma sp.는 p53의 존재여부에 따라 상이한 작용기전을 매개하여 대장암 세포주의 증식을 억제한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 새로운 항암제의 개발 가능성을 제시하는 것으로, Coscinoderma sp.의 활성 성분에 대한 지속적인 연구가 이루어 져야 할 것으로 보인다.

갓색이 진한 장안5호와 기존에 다포자임의교배법으로 육성된 대가 길고 두꺼운 특징을 가지는 대장1호를 Dimon교잡하여 ‘대장3호’를 육성하였다. 갓색은 진회색이며 갓모양은 깊은깔때기형이다. 대길이와 대굵기는 각각 77.4 mm와 13.5 mm로 춘추2호보다 두껍고 길었다. 초발이는 4-5일로 춘추2호와 비슷하였으며, 생육온도는 14-17oC로 조금 낮은 편이었다. 춘추2호와 비교하여 수량은 13.9% 높았다. 생육시 습도가 높으면 춘추2호와 ‘대장3호’는 대표면이 회백색을 띄기도 하였다. URP-primer를 사용하여 RAPD를 하였으며, URP primer #03, #08, #10, #11에서 ‘대장3호’와 모균주, 그리고 다른 교잡균주들과 동일하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 대조직의 물리적 특성은 깨짐성과 응집성은 춘추2호보다 컸으며, 강도와 경도, 씹힘성은 춘추2호보다 낮았으나 통계적 유의성을 나타내지 않았다.

한국산 버섯벌레과에 속해 있는 방아벌레붙이아과(Languriinae Crotch)를 분류학적으로 검토하였다. 한국산 방아벌레붙이아과에는 1족, 2속, 9종이 포함되는데, 그 중 Anadastus ruficeps (Crotch)와 Anadastus praetermissus (Janson) 2종을 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다.

Epimedium koreanum Nakai has been used in traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac, hypotensive, and neurasthenia;however, the cellular mechanism of E. koreanum Nakai cultivated in North Korea on HCT116 colon cancer cellactivity has not been investigated. This study is to investigate the effect of E. koreanum Nakai on apoptosis of thehuman colon cancer cell line HCT116. The anti-proliferative activity of E. koreanum Nakai on HCT116 was iden-tified through MTT, Western Blot, and RT-PCR analyses. The results show that 70% ethyl alcohol extracts of E.koreanum Nakai inhibited the growth of HCT116 colon cancer cells (IC50: 1.2mg/mL on 24 hr). Concomitant acti-vation of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway occurred via modulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expressions,resulting in activation of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9.

한국산 무당벌레붙이과(Endomychidae Leach)를 분류학적으로 검토하였다. 한국산 무당벌레붙이과에는 3아과, 7속, 10종이 포함되어 있는데, 그 중 Endomychus gorhami (Lewis) Eumorphus quadriguttatus pulchripes Gerstaecker, Lycoperdina castaneipennis Gorham, Mycetina ancoriger Gorham 등 4종을 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 또한 Lycoperdina castaneipennis의 숙주버섯을 처음으로 보고한다.

동아(冬瓜, wax gourd, Benincase hispida) 추출물과 프로바이오틱 유산균(Lactobacillus casei와 Bifidobacterium bifidum) (이하 유산균이라 한다)의 생리활성을 분석하였다. 동아 추출물은 안기오텐신전환효소의 활성을 47.9%, 티로시나제의 활성을 13.2% 저해하였고, 항산화 활성을 23.4% 나타냈다. 설사 증세자 120명에게 동아 추출물 제제를 72시간 복용시킨 결과 117명이 개선되었고, 6∼12시간째에 개선율이 가장 높았다. 개선율은 80%가 치료되는 상태를 기준하였다. 유산균제제는 안기오텐신전환효소의 활성을 21.4% 저해하였다. 설사 증세자 120명에게 유산균 제제를 72시간 복용시킨 결과 108명이 개선되었고, 24시간째에 개선율이 가장 높았다. 이들 결과를 바탕으로, 과민성대장증후군 개선을 위한 동아 추출물과 유산균을 함유한 제제(tablet)를 개발하였다. 이 제품은 안기오텐신전환효소의 활성을 27.1% 저해하였고, 항산화 활성을 20.3% 나타냈다. 인체폐암 A549 세포에 100 ㎍/㎖ 및 250 ㎍/㎖ 농도로 이 제제를 가하여 24시간 반응시킨 결과, 세포 증식을 67% 억제하였고, 동아 추출물 제제나 프로바이오틱 유산균 제제 단독으로 작용시킨 것보다 억제율이 높았다. 또 이 제제를 인체대장암 HCT116 세포에 100 ㎍/㎖ 농도로 가한 결과, 24시간 후 세포 증식이 70% 억제되었고, 동아 추출물 제제나 유산균 제제 단독으로 작용시킨 것보다 개선율과 개선 속도가 높았다. 이 제제를 설사형, 변비형, 일반형의 과민성대장증후군 증세자 164명에게 72시간 복용시킨 결과 100% 개선시켰으며, 개선율은 3∼6시간째에 가장 높았고, 동아 추출물 제제나 유산균 제제 단독으로 사용한 것보다 개선율과 개선속도가 높았다.

L. brevis HY7401, L. helveticus HY7801 및 B. longum HY8004의 복합유산균 R&B Balance^®의 대장염 개선 효과를 DSS 처리 마우스에서 평가하였다. R&B Balance^® 섭취에 의해 대장길이 축소, MPO 활성과 같은 대장염 증상이 감소하였으며, 분변내 chondrointinase 활성과 분변 유전독성을 현저하게 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. T-RFLP pattern의 군집 분석 결과, DSS-유도 대장염 마우스의 미생물총은 정상적인 마우스와 다르며, R&B Balance^®의 투여는 장내 미생물총의 다양성에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 R&B Balance^®는 DSS로 유도된 대장염 동물에서 대장염 증상을 개선해주고 분변 내 독성 효소나 유독한 대사산물을 생성을 억제함으로써 대장염을 개선하는 것으로 판단되고 대장염 동물의 장내 미생물 다양성에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다.

Selenium is an essential micronutrient which functions as an essential constituent of selenoproteins. The selenoproteins play an important role in the body’s defense from free radicals associated with chronic diseases such as cancer. The effect of selenium on colon carcinogenesis was investigated using an experimental animal model. Five-week old ICR mice were acclimated for one week, and fed on the Fe-overloaded diet (450 ppm) with different Se diets (0.02, 0.1 or 0.5 ppm) for 12 weeks. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/㎏ B.W. weekly for 3 weeks), followed by 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water for a week. There were three experimental groups including low Se group (Lse), medium (normal standard diet for mice) Se (MSe), and high Se (HSe). The numbers of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypt (AC) were measured in the colonic mucosa. The iron and selenium concentrations in liver was measured using ICP-AES. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined in the liver and colon. TUNEL assay for cell apoptosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining for cell proliferation were performed. Immunohistochemical staining of β-catenin was also performed in mucous tissue of colon. The dietary Se decreased the numbers of ACF/㎠ and AC/㎠ in a dose-dependent manner. HSe diet significantly decreased the numbers of AC/㎠, compared with LSe diet (p<0.05). The tumor incidence rate in low Se diet group was 5% higher than medium Se diet group and 20% higher than high Se diet group. The activities of GPx in the liver and colon were dependent on the content of dietary selenium. Apoptosis-positive cells were also increased by dietary Se in a dose-dependent manner. PCNA-positive staining was weak in high Se group. β-catenin stained area was increased in low Se group while it was decreased in high Se group. These findings indicate that dietary selenium exert a protecting effect on colon cancer by inhibiting the development of ACF/AC, increasing GPX and apoptosis, and decreasing cell proliferation and expression of β-catenin in mice.

본 실험에서는 대장암 세포 HT-29의 증식을 억제하고 세포 사멸을 유도하는 천연소재 발굴을 목적으로, 오미자(Schizandra chinensis Baillon) 열수 추출물을 이용하여 인체 대장암 세포 HT-29의증식에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 오미자 열수 추출물이 HT-29 대장암 세포의 apoptosis 유도 효과 및 기전에 미치는 영향을 분자생물학적 방법으로 실험하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. MTT assay를 통해 인체 대장암세포 HT-29는 오미자 시료농도 0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/mL에서 암세포 사멸농도가 각각 0%, 10%, 70%, 88%를 나타내었다. 대장암세포에 오미자 추출물을 처리하고 cell cycle 분석 결과, 시료농도 의존적으로 sub-G1기가 증가하였고, G0/G1기는 감소되는 것을 통해, apoptosis가 일어나 세포 증식을 저해하는 것으로 확인되었다. 대장암세포 핵의 형태학적 변화를 보면, 오미자 추출물 처리 시 농도 의존적으로 세포수가 감소되는 것이 뚜렷이 관찰되었고 cell shrinking, chromatin condensation 등 apototic body 등과 같은 형태학적 변화들이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. RT- PCR을 통한 유전자 발현은, 오미자 추출물 농도 의존적으로 p53 유전자 발현이 증가되는 것을 통해 대장암세포의 증식억제를 확인할 수 있었다. In vitro 실험에서 오미자 열수추출물이 대장암세포의 성장을 저해하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였으며, 오미자 추출물에 함유된 활성 본체 규명 및 apoptosis를 유도하는 작용기작에 관한 연구가 수행중이다.

Selenium (Se) obtained from dietary sources is an essential micronutrient for normal body function and it functions as an essential constituent of selenoproteins. We investigated the influence of Se on the formation of colonic aberrant crpyt foci (ACF) and tumor formation induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in male ICR mice. Five-week old ICR mice were acclimated for one week and fed on the low iron diet (LFe, 4.5 ppm) and different Se diet [Lse (0.02 ppm), Normal Se (0.1 ppm), HSe (0.5 ppm)] for 12 weeks. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of AOM (10㎎/㎏ B.W. in saline weekly for 3 weeks), followed by 2% DSS (molecular weight 36,000～50,000) in the drinking water for a week. There were five experimental groups, including a normal control group, AOM/DSS, LFe+AOM/DSS, LFe+AOM/DSS+LSe, LFe+AOM/DSS+HSe. After sacrifice of animals, the total numbers of AC and ACF were measured in the colonic mucosa. The number of mice bearing tumors was expressed as tumor incidence rate. The iron and selenium liver concentration was measured using ICP-AES. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined using a GPx assay kit in the liver and colon. TUNEL and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining were performed to examine the cell apoptosis and cell proliferation. In addition, immunohistochemistry of β-catenin was also performed on the mucous membrane tissue of colon. In AOM/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis animal model, LFe diet decreased the number of 2.95±2.5 ACF/cm2 to 1.85±1.1 ACF/cm2 but it increased the total number of 5.06±4.2 AC/cm2 to 6.19±4.8 AC/cm2 compared with normal iron diet. In the iron-deficient mice, selenium did not affect the either the number of ACF or AC. The tumor incidence rate was higher in LFe diet groups than in normal iron diet group and high selenium diet weakly reduced the tumor incidence. Low selenium diet decreased the activity of GPx in the liver and colon. Apoptotic positive cells were decreased in the low selenium diet group. In addition, on the β-catenin staining, positive cells were increased in the low selenium diet group while they were decreased in the high selenium diet group. These findings indicate that the dietary levels of selenium was not highly enough to exhibit a significant protection against colon carcinogenesis in the iron-deficient mice. However, our results also indicate that dietary selenium might exert a protecting effect against colon cancer by increasing GPx activity and apoptosis and by inhibiting cell proliferation and β-catenin over-expression.

This thesis is to analyze the origin and transformation of the official building registers of Korean traditional temples, and also to suggest the amendment of their wrong archives. Especially, this study is to examine these subjects focused on Beomeo-sa which has maintained fine registers. The results are as follow; 1. In Chosun Dynasty, the Ip-an had been used, and in the period of Daehan-Empire, the Ga-gei had been used as each official registers for the common buildings. The other hand, the lists of properties and the legal registers had been used as official registers for the temple buildings between 1911 and 1962. 2. The current official building registers have been firstly recorded under <Building Law> in 1962. At that time, the current official registers have been also recorded for the Buddhist temple buildings. 3. Most of the official building registers of Buddhist temples are incomplete. Especially, these have usually the indistinct building names and wrong building areas. These were mainly caused by direct copying of the old registers recorded in 1956, the period of Buddhist confusion. Furthermore, the registers have been poorly operated by monks and offices. 4. Therefore, the registers has to be corrected as follow; The omitted buildings have to be added and the duplicated buildings have to be removed in the summary heading registers. The indistinct building names recorded in 1956 have to be correct into actual proper building names. The wrong building areas recorded in 1956 have to be correct into actual measurement building areas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inlfammatory effects of glycyrrhiza glabra Linne extract on ulcerative colitis induced by 3% dextran sulfate sodium in mice. The experimental animals were divided into six groups: control(normal), DSS-induced colitis(control), 1㎎/㎏, 10㎎/㎏, and 100㎎/㎏ of glycyrrhiza glabra Linne extract, and 150㎎/㎏5-aminosalicylic acid(5-ASA)(positive control). We evaluated the pathological disease activity index(DAI), change in weight, colon mucosa damage and myeloperoxidase(MPO) in colon mucosa. Treatment with 10㎎/㎏ and 100㎎/㎏ of glycyrrhiza glabra Linne extract led to significant loss of body weight, the decrease of MPO activity and clinical symptoms such as DAI and histological change. In particular, 100㎎/㎏ Glycyrrhiza glabra Linne extract led to markedlygreater improvement than 150㎎/㎏ 5-ASA treatment. These results suggest that glycyrrhiza glabra mediated anti-inflammatory action on colorectal sites may be a useful therapeutic approach to ulcerative colitis.

Radiotherapy is one of the major therapies for cancer treatment. p53 acts as a central mediator of the cellular response to stressful stimuli, such as radiation. Recently it has been known that activation of the phosphatidylinositol- 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is associated with radioresistance. In this study, we investigated whether X-irradiation up-regulates PI3K in a p53-dependent manner in human colon cancer cells. In order to study this phenomenon, we have treated p53-wild type and p53-mutant type HCT116 cells with X-ray. Treatment of wild type HCT116 cells with 8 Gy resulted in a marked increase in PI3K (p85), which paralleled an increase in PTEN, a counterpart of PI3K. However, these effects of X-rays in the p53-mutant cells were not observed. These results suggest that the X-irradiation- induced up-regulation of PI3K/PTEN pathway is p53-dependent.

The phytochemicals of many plants suggest their potential use as dietary supplements in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. In the present study, antitumor activity of Cudrania tricuspidata, a plant native to East Asia, was investigated. Cell growth inhibition of the extract on HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma using MTT colorimetric assay was determined. Apoptosis on HT-29 cells was performed by DNA fragmentation analysis. PGE2 release was measured by enzyme immunoassay, because PGE2 is a key protumorigenic prostanoid in many human cancers. For the ROS scavenging activity, ROS level was detected by laser scanning confocal microscope. It was found that methanol extract of leaves inhibits cell viability by inducing apoptosis as evidenced by DNA fragmentation. Stem bark decreases synthesis of PGE2, inflammatory mediator. Fruits exhibited pronounced ROS scavenging activity. Taken together, these results suggest that Cudrania tricuspidata exerts growth inhibition and anti-oxidation on HT-29 cells through apoptosis, ROS scavenging respectively that it may have anti-cancer properties.

Phytic acid (PA) (Inositol hexaphosphate, IP6) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in substantial amounts in almost all plants and mammalian cells. Recently PA has received much attention for its role in anticancer activity. In the present study, the preventive effects of PA on colon carcinogenesis were investigated. Six-week old Fisher 344 male rats were fed a AIN-93G purified diet and PA (0.5% or 2% PA in water) for 8 weeks. The animals received two (1st and 2nd week) injections of azoxymethane (AOM, 15 mg/kg b.w.) to induce colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF). After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypts (AC) and ACF in colonic mucosa were examined after staining with methylene blue. Blood and serum were analyzed with a blood cell differential counter and an automatic serum analyzer. AOM induced the total numbers of 142.3 ± 22.3 ACF/colon and 336.6 ± 55.1 AC/colon. PA at the doses of 0.5 and 2% decreased the numbers of ACF and AC/colon in a dosedependent manner. The numbers of ACF/colon and AC/colon by PA at the dose of 0.5% were 124.4 ± 28.5 and 302.7 ± 67.3, respectively. PA at the dose of 2% significantly decreased the ACF and AC numbers to 109 ± 18.1 and 254.8 ± 50.6, respectively (p < 0.01). Especially, 2% PA significantly reduced the number of large ACF ( ≥ 4 AC/ ACF) from 26.8 ± 6.2 ACF/colon to 15 ± 6.7 ACF/colon (p < 0.01). Although some parameters in blood counts and serum chemistry were changed compared with the control, no specific toxicity was found. These findings suggest that phytic acid can be a chemopreventive agent for colon carcinogenesis resulting from inhibition of the development of ACF in the F344 rat.