Background: In cerebral palsy (CP), parents’ quality of life and rearing attitude are considered possible factors that influence patients’ quality of life, function level, and performance in daily activities. Despite these facts, little attention has been given to demonstrate a relation between these factors. Objects: This study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between parents’ quality of life, functional level, and performance in daily activities, the quality of life of school-aged children with spastic CP. Methods: This study included 24 parents of school-aged children with spastic CP. The KIDSCREEN-52 and World Health Organization quality of life (WHOQOL)-BREF questionnaires (including physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains) were used as research tools to assess the quality-of-life profiles of the children with spastic CP and those of their parents, respectively. In addition, the function levels and performance in daily activities of the children with CP were assessed by using the gross motor function measure (GMFM) and modified Barthel index (MBI). Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to clarify the determinants of the quality of life of the children with CP. Results: The KIDSCREEN-52 score correlated with the total score (r=.735, p<.01) and all domains of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (physical: r=.542, p<.01; psychological: r=.690, p<.01; social: r=.568, p<.01; and environmental: r=.783, p<.01). In addition, significant correlation was found between the KIDSCREEN-52 and MBI scores (r=.411, p<.05), and between the MBI and GMFM scores (r=.427, p<.05). After controlling for age, gender, paralytic type, GMFM, and MBI, the WHOQOL-BREF score (R2=.621), particularly in the environmental domain (R2=.699), remained independently related to the quality of life of the children. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the quality of life of school-aged children with spastic CP can be influenced by the quality of life of their parents. This study provides useful information for future studies to investigate the quality of life of children with CP

PURPOSES: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of pavement management works and to develop a function for estimating the level of service (LOS) and cost of service (COS) for the systematic and quantitative management of pavement performance in the public sector. METHODS: The International Roughness Index (IRI) was used as the performance index for pavement management. Long-term pavement performance data for a period of 7 years (2007-2014) collected by the National Highway Pavement Management System and historical maintenance budget data published by the South Korean government were used to develop the LOS-COS function. Based on the function, a model for estimating the appropriate budget as well as the network conditions was suggested. RESULTS : There was high degree of correlation between pavement performance and the investment level (R = - 0.74). The developed LOS-COS function suggested that the unit cost to improve the network IRI to 1 m/km was 32.6 billion KRW. Further, the maintenance costs normalized with respect to the LOS levels were LOS-A = 88.2 billion KRW, LOS-B = 55.6 billion KRW, and LOS-C = 23.0 billion KRW. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a simple way of developing a LOS-COS function. It also shows how to develop a network budget demand and condition estimation model using the LOS-COS function. In addition, it is the first attempt to evaluate the road maintenance budget in South Korea. It is expected that these results will help in the negotiations between the road managers and budget makers.

The objective of this study is to apply performance-based seismic design to high-rise apartment buildings in Korean considering collapse prevention level. The possible issues during its application were studied and the suggestions were made based on the findings from the performance-based seismic design of a building with typical residential multi-unit layout. The lateral-force-resisting system of the building is ordinary shear walls system with a code exception of height limit. In order to allow the exception, the serviceability and the stability of the ordinary shear wall structure need to be evaluated to confirm that it has the equivalent performance as the one designed under the Korean Building Code 2009. The structure was evaluated whether it satisfied its performance objectives to withstand Service Level and Maximum Considered Earthquake.

점차 치열해지고 있는 경쟁환경은 기업들에게 생존을 위해 끊임없이 혁신적인 제품과 서비스를 창출하도록 요구하고 있다. 이러한 경쟁환경에 대응하기 위하여 기업들은 R&D 투자를 통하여 지속적인 혁신을 달성하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 경쟁과 기업의 R&D 투자의 관계를 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 경쟁을 실질적 경쟁과 잠재적 경쟁으로 이원화하여 각각이 기업의 R&D 투자에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 또한 이 관계가 기업의 목표대비 성 과 수준에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 관찰하였다. 미국 Compustat 데이터로 실증분석을 수행 한 결과, 실질적 경쟁은 기업의 R&D 투자를 감소시키는 경향이 있었던 반면 잠재적 경쟁은 R&D 투자를 증가시키는 경향이 있었다. 이에 대하여 목표대비 성과 수준의 조절효과는 기 업의 성과가 목표보다 낮았을 때는 실질적 경쟁의 음(-)의 효과를 강화시키고, 잠재적 경쟁 의 양(+)의 효과를 약화시켰고, 목표보다 높았을 때에도 실질적 경쟁의 음(-)의 효과를 강화 시키고, 잠재적 경쟁의 양(+)의 효과를 약화시켰으나 그 조절효과는 기업의 성과가 목표보다 낮았을 때보다 더욱 강하게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 실질적 경쟁 및 잠재적 경쟁과 기업 의 R&D 투자의사결정의 관계 그리고 목표대비 성과 수준의 역할을 이해하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study analyzes the business performance of research and development(R&D) and especially studies the effect of technology management activity and technology innovation competency on commercialization performance. According to previous studies, the technology management activity can be composed of technological innovativeness, analysis of market, R&D method, and appropriateness for commercialization plan. Also, the technology innovation can be divided into patent, R&D manpower, R&D investment ratio, production capability, and marketing capability. On the result of the analysis, all the components of technology management activity are positively related with commercialization performance. In case of technology innovation competency, however, only production and marketing capabilities have influence on the business performance. Especially, marketing capability controls the effect of technology management activities on the commercialization performance. Consequently, technology management is very important activity for SMEs to succeed commercialization and SMEs should collaborate with production and marketing departments from the early stage of R&D.

The use of complimentary indicators, other than radiation dose and risk, to assess the safety of radioactive waste disposal has been discussed in a number of publications for providing the reasonable assurance of disposal safety and convincing the public audience. In this study, the radionuclide flux was selected as performance indicator to appraise the performance of engineered barriers and natural barrier in the Wolsong low- and intermediate-level waste disposal facility. Radionuclide flux showing the retention capability by each compartment of the disposal system is independent of assumptions in biosphere model and exposure pathways. The scenario considered as the normal scenario of disposal facility has been divided into intact or degraded silo concrete conditions. In the intact silo concrete, the radionuclide flux has been assessed with respect to the radionuclide retardation performance of each engineered barrier. In the degraded silo concrete, the radionuclide flux has been explored based on the performance degradation of engineered barriers and the relative significance of natural barrier quantitatively. The results can be used to optimally design the near-surface disposal facility being planned as the second project phase. In the future, additional complimentary indicators will be employed for strengthening the safety case for improving the public acceptance of low- and intermediate-level waste disposal facility.

글로벌 경쟁시대로 접어들면서 산업 분야를 막론하고 표준화의 중요성은 날로 증대되고 있다. 세계화가 진척됨에 따라 빠른 속도로 증가하는 국가 간 무역에서도 표준화를 통한 호환성 확보는 수출 경쟁력을 결정하는 필수적인 요소가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 러한 표준 및 표준화에 대한 교육 실태와 표준화 교육이 기업의 성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 서 연구하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 우리나라 정보통신 및 전기전자 기업을 샘플로 하여 표준화 교육의 실태를 확인하였다. 또한 기업의 표준 및 표준화 교육에 영향을 미치는 요인을 기업 의 특성, 업종, 업력, 그리고 교육에 대한 필요성 인식의 측면에서 확인하였다. 그 결과 기업 의 특성과 표준화 교육에 대한 필요성의 인식에 따라서 표준 및 표준화 교육의 수준이 양적 으로 달라짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 이러한 표준 및 표준화 교육의 실시 수준이 기 업의 성과에 어떻게 영향을 미치는 지를 확인하였다. 연구 결과 표준화 교육의 횟수 및 교육인원은 기업의 R&D 수행과 생산 및 품질 개선으로 대표되는 기업의 성과에 긍정적인 영향 을 미침을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 글로벌 경쟁에서 경쟁력을 확보하기 위한 방편으로 표준화 교육의 중요성에 대해서 확인하였다는 점에서 그 함의를 가진다.

목적 : 고령자와 치매 환자들이 보고하는 작업 수행의 문제 및 현재 참여하고 있는 여가 활동 항목을 인지 수준에 따라 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 본 연구는 제 7회 고령자 치매 작업치료사 교육 중 실습 대상자로 참여한 고령자와 치매 환자 30명의 작업 수행 평가 결과를 분석하였다. 작업 수행 평가는 치매 조호 평가집(Dementia Care Assessment Package; DCAP), 캐나다 작업수행측정(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; COPM), 여가 활동 평가(Interest Checklist; IC), 알렌 인지 수준평가(Allen Cognitive Level Screening; ACLS)를 사용하였으며, 수집한 자료는 빈도분석과 기술통계를 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : COPM을 통해 고령자와 치매 환자들이 보고한 작업수행 항목은 총 122개 항목으로 자기관리 영역이 52개(42.6%), 여가 영역이 46개(37.7%), 생산성 영역이 24개(19.7%)로 나타났다. ACLS 수행 수준에 따라서는 자기 관리 영역에서는 개인 관리 수행의 어려움을, 생산성 영역에서는 집안관리 수행의 어려움을 보고하였다. 또한 여가 영역을 살펴보면 ACLS 5.0 이상인 집단에서는 정·동적 레크레이션을, 다른 두 집단에서는 사회적 활동 수행의 어려움을 보고하여 앞의 두 영역과 다른 결과를 나타내었다. 여가 활동 평가에서 ACLS 5.0 이상인 집단에서는 과거와 현재 자주 수행하고 있는 여가 활동에 큰 변화가 없는 반면 다른 두 집단에서는 인지적 활동과 사회적 활동에서 과거와 현재 자주 수행하고 있는 여가 활동이 줄었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과를 통해 인지 수준에 따라 고령자와 치매 환자들의 인식하는 작업 수행상의 문제 영역과 현재 참여하고 있는 여가 활동 항목에는 차이가 있었다. 따라서 평가 결과에 따라 적절한 치료적 활동과 작업치료 중재가 제공되어야 함을 제안하는 바이다.

This paper studies the effect of information quality level and customer demand on performance measures in a supply chain. The information quality level compares 2 types, the information levels of a customer demand and a lead time. The customer demand proc

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data needed for the efficient enhancement of teaching competency by investigating the relations between the importance and performance level of elementary school teachers in terms of teaching competency of ph

School dietitians are divided into two groups according to their status of employment, school nutrition teachers and dietitians, with the latter being irregularly employed by the institution. In this study, the job satisfaction, communication ability, work performance and importance in feeding services and dietetic counseling of both groups were compared. To accomplish this, 100 regularly employed school nutrition teachers (regularly employed) and 101 dietitians (irregularly employed) were surveyed by questionnaire. The results were as follows: (1) The irregularly employed dietitians showed a lower level of job satisfaction than the school nutrition teachers. This was likely because the school nutrition teachers belonged to the strong inner circle of school teachers and cafeteria workers, and had enough time to prepare for class lectures and consultancy. Conversely, the irregularly employed dietitians generally handle extra office work in addition to their primary duties. Despite these differences, both parties agreed that it was necessary to change the work system. Additionally, school dietitians reported that they had little opportunity for further training for career development. (2) Both parties had good communication skills; however, the irregularly employed dietitians had more conflicts with other staff members than the regular employees. (3) Job performance and job importance level was compared among employees involved in school feeding services and nutrition counseling. No significant differences were observed between dietitians and nutrition teachers in either group (p<0.05). However, the school nutrition teachers showed better skills than school dietitian with respect to public relations, running independent counseling offices, and using effective tools and materials. Job performance level was lower when compared to job importance level for all items, which meant the job was not well performed when compared to the work importance awareness.

The purpose of this study was to know whether the performance of activities of daily living(ADL) affect the depression level of disable people or not. In this study, the ADL item was divided into two category as basic ADL and instrumental ADL. The particip- ants were 67 persons with cerebral palsy(aged 16 to 49). Over 80% of the subjects had independent ability to perform the basic ADL, but, in instrumental ADL items, 50% of them needed assistance. Each of basic and instrument ADL item were signific- antly correlated to the depression level(p<0.01). The Spearman correlation coefficients of basic and instrumental ADL item were 0.336 and 0.416 respectively. As before, ins-trumental ADL item score was more correlated to depression level than basic ADL item score.

The research aims to analyze the firm-specific and macroeconomic factors that affect insurance company’s financial performance. The research explores the variables that influence the financial performance of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)’ insurance companies. The analysis for determining financial performance considers the following variables: the firm’s age, retention ratio, capital adequacy, underwriting risk/loss ratio, financial-leverage, reinsurance dependency, and macro-economic factors such as GDP per capita, inflation rate considered as independent factors. The return-on-asset (ROA) is the key measuring indicator; it is regarded as the dependent variable for financial performance measures. The research focuses on secondary information obtained from insurance companies’ financial statements. The researcher targeted 18 insurance companies listed on the UAE stock exchanges for study purposes. The research examines the overall factors that influence the financial performance of an insurance company. For analysis of data, software package of social sciences (SPSS version 20) is used. The studies used correlation and multiple linear regression analysis to determine financial performance and their effects. The analysis suggests that there are important and constructive relationships between the size, capital adequacy, and reinsurance dependency, while loss ratio, retention ratio, and financial leverage indicate a major negative relationship. And there’s no link between GDP per capita and inflation.

This study examines the association between governance quality at country level and stock market performance. Specifically, the study investigates the influence of control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence, rule of law, regulatory quality, and voice and accountability on all-share index of the stock markets of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study is anchored on two theories – the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and Institutional Theory. The study employs panel data spanning from 2006 to 2017. The findings show that political stability and absence of violence and rule of law exhibit a significant positive impact on stock market performance, while regulatory quality and voice and accountability have a significant, but negative relationship with stock market performance. The results imply that quality of governance in terms of rule of law and political stability devoid of violence have strong impact on stock market returns. Similarly, improved stock market returns are largely dependent on the efficiency of the institutional environment of market as investors are always wary of the inherent risks associated with the uncertainty of the market. This study has crucial policy implications for the government of the GCC countries and stock market participants.

목적: 본 연구에서는 사회인지이론에 근거하여 경쟁상황과 수행력수준의 상호작용에 따라 관찰학습이 자기효능감에 미치는 영향에 대해서 살펴보았다. 방법: 대학부 운동선수 211명을 중압감(고), 중압감(저), 일반상황 3개 집단으로 무선 할당 한 후, 수행력 수준에 따라 관찰학습이 자기효능감에 미치는 영향력을 검증하기 위해서 위계적 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 수행력이 높은 선수는 그렇지 않은 선수보다 중압감이 높은 시합상황에서 관찰학습이 자기-효능감을 강화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 중압감이 낮은 상황에서는 수행력 수준에 상관없이 관찰학습이 자기-효능감을 높여주었고, 이런 정적 영향력은 수행력이 낮은 선수가 높은 선수보다 높았다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 사회인지이론에서 제시한 인간행동에 대한 인지과정이 스포츠 영역에서 증명되었고, 경쟁상황에 따라 관 찰학습이 자기-효능감을 예측하는 정도는 달라졌다. 따라서 자기-효능감 측정 시, 스포츠에 존재하는 다양한 경쟁 상황을 함께 고려하는 것은 이론적으로나 실증적으로도 중요하다.

Purpose - In this research, we investigate the relationship between the level of information technology utilization, social capital and knowledge management, organization performance. For information and knowledge management, participants’ certain level of information technology utilization is required and connections among participants are necessary for performing and for synergy effects. Research design, data, and methodology - Reflecting on these, we empirically analyze the effects of participant’s information technology utilization level and social capital on knowledge management and organization achievement for the case of Incheon International Airport. Questionnaire is distributed to the airport employees and collected 221 samples for analyzing. SPSS and AMOS statistic programs are used for analysis. Factor analysis, Credibility adaptability, path analysis, hypotheses are verified. Results - The study research shows as follow. First, the level of IT utilization does affect social capital but does not affect knowledge management. Second, social capital affects both knowledge management and organization achievement. To investigate more about the relationship between the level of IT utilization and knowledge management, we analyzed the control effects of personal characteristics, and findings are, first, employees with longer time service recognize the importance that the level of IT use and knowledge management affect organization achievement more seriously than employees with shorter time service do. Second, employees with shorter time service and younger employees have relatively lesser social capital and participate in knowledge management passively. Third, higher position employees think that the level of IT utilization affects knowledge management while lower position employees do not. Conclusions – The level of IT utilization affects social capital, and social capital affects knowledge management and organization achievement. These results suggest that the level of IT utilization is very important to both organization and each employee. So providing related training and education opportunities or incentives to induce employees to make efforts for higher level of IT utilization and thus to participate in knowledge management more actively is necessary. The level of IT utilization affects social capital which airport employees lack. The one of study results indicates the importance of social capital and for higher competitiveness of the airport social capital should be increased.

게임 개발에 있어서 사용자와 게임간의 상호작용은 중요한 요인이다. 본 논문은 슈팅게임에서의 Leaderboard UI에 대해 고찰하고 Leaderboard UI의 유무 및 제공하는 빈도에 따른 사용자의 수행수준에 대하여 연구한다. 본 연구를 위해 3인칭 슈팅 게임을 개발하였으며 80명의 대학생을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과에 대해 T-test 분석 기법을 활용하여 그 통계적 의미를 분석하였다. 최종적으로 사용자의 수행수준 향상을 위해서는 Leaderboard의 유무 및 제공 빈도보다는 사용자의 게임 경험이 더 큰 요인이며 유의미한 차이를 발생시킨다는 결론을 얻었다.

컴퓨터게임은 재미를 위해 지속적으로 유저의 몰입상태를 유지시켜야 한다. 몰입이론에 따르 면 몰입상태의 유지는 유저의 게임숙련도와 게임 난이도의 계속적인 균형을 요구한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 제로섬 게임을 가정할 수 있는 캐주얼 액션게임에 적용할 수 있는 9등급 수준의 게임숙련도 평가방법을 제안하였고 부가적으로 유저가 경험한 9등급 수준의 게임난이도 추측방법을 제안하였다. 제안하는 방법은 조건별 수학식에 의한 판정방법이기 때문에 신속하고 쉽게 구현이 가능하다. 커스터마이징한 팩맨게임에 대해 제안하는 방법의 정확성을 실험해본 결과 숙련도의 정확성은 평균적으로 1.2등급의 차이가 나타났고 난이도의 정확성은 평균적으로 1.81등급 차이가 나타났다. 실험결과를 통해 제안하는 방법을 제로섬 조건을 만족하는 캐주얼 액션 게임에 적용할 수 있는 정확성을 갖고 있음을 확인하였다.