Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) alloy has been widely used as an alternative to bone due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, it still has many problems, including a high elastic modulus and toxicity. Therefore, nontoxic biomaterials with a low elastic modulus should be developed. However, the fabrication of a uniform coating is challenging. Moreover, the coating layer on Ti and Ti alloy substrates can be peeled off after implantation. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to produce bulk Ti and Ti alloy with hydroxyapatite (HA) composites. In this study, Ti, Nb, and Zr powders, which are biocompatible elements, were milled in a mixing machine (24h) and by planetary mechanical ball milling (1h, 4h, and 6h), respectively. Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr and Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr-10%HA composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1000˚C under 70MPa using mixed and milled powders. The effects of HA addition and milling time on the biocompatibility and physical and mechanical properties of the Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr-(10%HA) alloys have been investigated. Ti2O, CaO, CaTiO3, and TixPy phases were formed by chemical reaction during sintering. Vickers hardness of the sintered composites increases with increased milling time and by the addition of HA. The biocompatibilty of the HA added Ti-Nb-Zr alloys was improved, but the sintering ability was decreased.

본 계획의 대상지는 경기도 김포시 하성면 석탄리 산109번지에 입지하고 있으며 현재 태산 패밀리파크가 조성되어 있으나 김포시가지와 다소 멀리 떨어져 있으며 인접 주변 광광지에도 불구하고 근린공원의 분포도는 매우 낮아 인근근린 생활권자를 위한 근린공원 조성이 계획되었다. 계획의 기본방향은 첫째, 자연환경의 보전으로서 근린공원의 존재목적을살리고, 둘째, 특색 있고 차별화된 공원시설계획을 유도하여 다양한 여가수요에 부응 및 기 공원시설(태산패밀리파크)와연계한 효율적인 공간의 조성토록 하며 마지막으로 주민의 공원 접근성 및 이용성 제고를 유도하고자 하였다. 본 계획은기 조성된 공원을 적극 활용하고 극대화 하고 광역적 공원 이용객을 흡입 할 수 있는 시설을 배치함으로서 공원으로서지역발전 및 주변 지역 주민과 지역 주민들의 관광 문화적 장소를 제공할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 김포시 관광거점이 되는데기여 할 것이다.

The phase Ti-Nb-Sn-HA bio materials were successfully fabricated by high energy mechanical milling and pulse current activated sintering (PCAS). Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy has been widely used as biomaterial. But the Al has been inducing Alzheimer disease and V is classified as toxic element. In this study, ultra fine sized Ti-Nb-Sn-HA powder was produced by high energy mechanical milling machine. The phase Ti-Nb-Sn-HA powders were obtained after 12hr milling from phase. And ultra fine grain sized Ti-Nb-Sn-HA composites could be fabricated using PCAS without grain growth. After sintering, the microstructures and phase-transformation of Ti-Nb-Sn-HA biomaterials were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The relative density was obtained by Archimedes principle and the hardness was measured by Vickers hardness tester. The -Ti phase was obtained after 12h milling. As result of hardness and relative density, 12h milled Ti-Nb-Sn-HA composite has the highest values.

This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic effect of polygoni radix in Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose of 45mg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer. The ethanol extract of polygoni radix was orally administrated once a day for 7 days. The content of serum glucose, triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol were significantly decreased in polygoni radix treated STZ-sample group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(Glucose-6-PDH), glucokinase were significantly increased, but activity of glucose-6-phoshatase was decreased in polygoni radix treated STZ-sample group compared to the those of STZ-control group. These results indicated that ethanol extract of polygoni radix would have antidiabetic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

We evaluated the influence of internal macro- porous structure on tissue-engineered bone regeneration by cOll1paring the effi cien cy of scaffold-cell construct forll1ation and its bone induction activity. T매o types of macro-porous CMP cera rnic blocks having 400 um average pore s ize in an interconnected trabecular framework and interconnected globular structu1'e with small fenestrations were prepa1'ed, adopting sponge method and foaming method. respectively. They ware evaluated by cytotoxicity. cell ular attachment. and t heir differenti ation in vitro and the histocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and ectopic osteoinductive potenetial in vivo, respecti vely. Both scaffolds having either interconnected trabecu lar pOI‘es formed by sponge ll1ethod 0 1' fully interconnected globu lar pores formed by foam-based technology were no cyt otoxic and induced neither an immune nor an infl ammatory response regardless 0 1' geometry and manufacturing methods. The fu lly interconnected globul 81 porous scaffold showed more favora ble compression strength compared to the interconnected trabecualr porous scaffold (8.7 :tO. 5 MPa va 5. 5:t0. 5 MPa) . The increased surface in fully interconnected globular po1'ous scaffold facilitated osteogenic repall‘ by favored cellular attachment and osteogenic differentiation with good osteoconductivity. These results suggest that the fully interconnected globular porous structure be more sui table for both bone s ubstit ute and scaffold for t issue-engineered bone regeneration‘

The purpose of this study is analysis of traditional noble houses style of Ha-Dong area in Kyeong-Nam. The sequence of this study is at first finding the list of survey object, and investigating of those houses, after than drawing the site and floor plan, and lately analysis the characters of inner and outer space of them. It required six months. The results of analysis of them are as follows. 1. The noble traditional houses in Ha-Dong are found eight samples which are not noticed in academic society. 2. The constructions of noble housing in late Period of Cho-sun Dynasty are divided in three parts as a general role. Its grade is similar in Ha-Dong. The number of traditional noble house of (old) volunteer class is two cases. The (new) rich-farmer class is four cases. And there are two cases of (long) authority class. 3. The type of site plan is based on Korean south area style which is the style of departed rectangular type. But outdoor spaces are divided in several space by many fence than other area. It is the special item of construction. 4. The special character of indoor space is the use of 'Gong-ru'. It is called similar space used in top of main entrance building of large building. But it is located in various space in Ha-dong. It is included in any space of Sarang-Che, An-Che, Are-Che. The traditional noble houses of Ha-Dong area have special spacial characters. For long time there space was developed based on local identity. And its characters was divided various classes. Thus Ha-Dong area is definite place of useful identified traditional culture.

본 연구에서는 히알루론산나트륨/카르복시메틸셀룰로오스나트륨(HA/CMC)으로 구성된 유착방지 막을 제조하였고, 쥐에서 유착방지용에 대한 효과를 평가하였다. 유착방지 막은 HA/CMC 용액을 동결건조한 후 1-에틸-3-(3-디메틸아미노프로필)카보디이미드 (EDAC)로 가교하여 제조하였다. Sprague-Dawley쥐의 맹장/복벽 찰과상 모델에서 복부 중앙선 절개 후 장막과 복벽을 bone burr로 1×2;(cm2) 크기로 찰과상을 만들고, 상처 면 주위의 3곳을 봉합사로 고정시켰다. 상처난 장을 실험군의 경우 HA/CMC 막으로 덮어주었으며, 대조군은 아무처치도 하지 않은 상태로 복벽을 마주보게 하였다. 대조군의 대부분은 수술 후 7, 14, 21, 28일에 유착정도 3 이상을 나타내었고, 반면 실험군의 60~70%는 수술 후 14, 21, 28일에 유착정도 2 이하를 나타내었다. 이는 유착세기에서도 유사하였다. 일반적으로 유착정도와 유착세기는 수술 후 14일까지 점차 증가하였고, 수술 후 21일에는 거의 동일하거나 약간 증가하였으며, 28일째에는 감소하였다. 대조군은 유착정도와 유착세기, 유착면적에서 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 이 유착방지막은 수술 후 유착방지에서 좋은 임상결과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Hydroxyapatite(HA) has been widely used as bone substitutes to rehabilitate bone loss area by new bone formation. But there were some problem of bone formation around HAs due to a little space between HAs embedded in bone loss area. The purpose of this study was to observe morphologically new bone formation around HAs mixed with PLGA block (5.5㎜ in diameter, 4 mm in depth) in Newzealand white rabbit tibia. Before 1 week of sacrification, Alizarin red was injected intraperitoneally into rabbit. At 3 day, 1, 2, 4, 10, 18, 32 weeks, bones with HA as control group(CG)and HA mixed with PLGA block as experimental group (EG)were fixed with 10 % neutral formalin, dehydrated, and embedded with Spurr low viscosity resin. After the specimens were cut by 500 ㎛ with slow diamond wheel saw, these were coated with carbon and examined by REM, LSM and qualifative analysis of calcium and phosphorous deposition were done with EPMA. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Both group showed scattered HA around compact bone under REM and little AZ labelled bone under LSM at 3 days. 2. Both group showed active AZ labelled bone, while EG showed higher Ca(calcium) and P(phosphate) deposition than that of CG at 1 wk. 3. There was decreased AZ labelled bone of both group under LSM. REM of EG showed HA associated with new bone from compact bone, while EPMA features showed similar to Ca and P deposition at 1 wk and EG showed higher than that of CG. 4. REM features of both group showed resorbed HA associated with new bone. There was decreased AZ labelled bone of both group under LSM. EPMA features showed higher Ca and P deposition at 4 wks than that of 2 wks. 5. New bone of both group was well demarcated from compact bone under REM at 10 wks. LSM features showed various AZ labelled bone, but weak AZ labelled than that of CG. 6. LSM features of 14 wks showed discontinuous AZ labelled on osteon formation. EPMA of both group showed increased Ca deposition, while there was higher Ca deposition of EG and similar P deposition to CG. 7. REM featureless of 18 wks in EG showed similar gray color to compact bone. LSM features showed osteon formation with little concentric lamellars. EPMA of both group showed increased Ca deposition, while there was higher Ca and P deposition of EG. 8. New bone was ill demarcated from compact bone and increased otseon formation of REM features at 32 wks. There was little AZ labelled bone. EPMA features showed higher Ca and P deposition of EG than that of compact bone. From the aboving results, there was early active AZ labelled bone of both group within 1-2 weeks and since 18 weeks new bone with active osteon formation was poorly demarcated from compact bone. Calcium deposition of EG was early increased than that of CG deposition since 4 weeks after experiments. It was suggested that EG showed active and rapid new bone formation and similar bone mineralization of compact bone

Dr. Ha's compositional style, up to this point in time of new millenium, may be divided into three periods. His early period reveals both tonal and atonal practice, while his maturing second period shows atonal practice only. The third period since 1990, almost exclusively, has been dedicated to writing music for church. His piano suite, DIABOLUS belongs to the first period written in dodecaphonic stlyle. However, it displays typical Baroque suite formet of four movements. The suite uses a tone row which is systemetically constructed in such a way that the second half of the tone row is the retrograde inversion of the first. The entire composion uses only four rows: O-0, O-6, R-0 and R-6. The four movements are as follows: Praeludium is in unipartite form. Menutto is in composite tripartite form. Sarabande is in simple tripartite form. Giga, which uses canonic imitation, is in composite tripartite form. It is noticeable, as is implied in the title, that the interval of tritone predominates throughout the work. The term "diabolus" is borrowed from the medieval expression which describes the difficulty of singing the augmented fourth interval, the devilish interval. The tone row is strictly used throughout except a few places where three, four and six-notes are used as a group. The use of tritones and note-groupings is outstanding, particularly, in Giga. The significance of this analytical study of Jae Eun Ha's composition lies in the fact that the first hand informations concerning not only the composition itself but also the composer himself may be obtained from the composer, who is still living and active, thereby leaving a valuable material to similar studies to come such as this. It is hoped that such analytical studies on Korean native composer's works may continue in the years to come so that future generations may benefit from enrichment of modern scholarship.

composite powders were prepared by hydrogen reduction of from ammoniacal copper sulfate solution on alumina core using autoclave. The copper reduction rate and the properties of copper layer were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), X-ray diffractometer, size and chemical analyzers. The reduction rate of showed the maximum value when the molar ratio of []/[] was 2. In order to prevent the agglomeration of Cu powder and ethane reduction rate, and anthraquinone which act as catalysis were added in the solution. Catalysis was effectively chanced with the addition of two elemerts at a time. Optimum conditions obtained in this study were hydrogen reduction temperature of 205, stirring speed of 500 rpm and hydrogen partial pressure of 300 psi. Obtained composite Powders were found to have the uniform and continuous copper coating layer of nodule shape with 3~5 m thickness.

기독교의 경우, 교회와 국가(Church and State)의 관계는 기독교의 탄생 이후 계속해서 연구되어 온 주제이다. 교회와 국가의 관계는 각 시대, 국가, 현실에 따라 매우 다양한 관계를 형성해왔다. 교회와 국가의 관계에 대한 연구를 정리하면 대개 4가지 타입으로 요약할 수 있다. 교회와 국가의 일치, 교회 우선 혹은 국가 우선, 교회와 국가의 분리가 그것이다. 이 논문에선 이런 이론적 틀을 토대로 조선 후기에 천주교가 조선에 재 래되면서 국가와 천주교가 부딪히며 일어난 핍박과 박해 가운데 당시 천주교인들의 대응을 통해 국가와 교회의 관계를 어떻게 생각하고 대했는지 대표적 인물인 황사영과 정하상의 대응(백서(帛書)와 상재상서(上宰相書)) 를 통해 살펴보고 있다. 이 연구를 통해 이들이 각각 교회우선주의와 국가 우선주의의 유형에 속했음을 알 수 있고 이들의 대응이 향후 천주교의 전파에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 또한 이런 차이가 왜 발생하게 되었는지를 검토하였다. 조선에 재래된 천주교는 하나였지만 교회와 국가의 대립과 갈등 그리고 박해 시에 천주교 안에는 하나 이상의 입장이 존재했고, 이런 입장은 시간의 흐름과 폭넓은 경험 그리고 교육에 의해 극단적인 입장에서 이해와 대화를 시도하는 보다 바람직한 방향으로 변화되어갔음을 알 수 있다.

본 논문은 죽와 하일호의 시문학 세계의 양상과 그 특징에 대한 고찰을 연구의 목적으로 삼았다. 하일호의 가계는 대대로 남명의 학문적 영향을 입었고 하 일호의 경우도 마찬가지였다. 그는 유학적 도덕성을 견지하여 孝友를 적극적으로 실천하는 한편 학문공부에 근면하고 후학의 지도에서 『소학』의 가르침을 성 실히 전수하였다. 그의 작품에는 가족을 사랑하고 염려하는 가부장으로의 진중 한 모습이나 자손과 후배들에게 평생 체득한 삶의 지침을 전수하는 노년의 문사의 모습, 일상에서 마주하는 소박한 사물에 대한 구체적인 묘사나 해학 넘치는 모습이 형상화 되었다. 유가적 관념을 형상한 작품 외에, 소박한 일상의 사건과 사물을 묘사한 작품에 나타나는 구체성과 묘사성은 유학자이자 문인으로서의 하 일호의 작품이 갖는 특징이다. 이것은 자국적인 것의 가치를 인식하고 조선어를 활용한 시의 창작을 주장한 그의 독자적 시론에서 비롯된 것이라 할 수 있다. 어조는 비록 평범하지만 내용은 전실한 시작품의 창작을 강조한 것이나 예에 부합되고 실지로 적용될 수 있는 학문 자세를 강조한 것 역시 그의 시문학 세계의 특징을 반영한 것이라 할 수 있다.

松臺 河璿(1583-?)은 경상남도 진주시 수곡면 사곡리에 세거한 晉陽河氏 判尹公派의 士人이다. 그의 조부는 喚醒齋 河洛(1530-1592) 이고, 從祖父는 覺齋 河沆(1538-1590)이며, 伯父는 松亭 河受一 (1553-1612)인데, 이들은 모두 南冥 曺植(1501-1572)의 高弟이다. 이로써 수곡의 진양하씨는 江右 지역 南冥淵源家를 대표하는 문중임을 알 수 있다. 임진왜란이 일어난 1592년 4월 경상북도 상주에 있던 조부와 부친이 함께 왜구의 손에 목숨을 잃었고, 당시 열 살이던 하선은 진주 수곡 으로 돌아와 일생 문중을 건사하고 계승하는 것으로 삶을 영위하였다. 이후 나라에서 조부와 부친의 죽음을 忠孝의 표상으로 추숭하여 旌閭 하였고, 이를 계기로 송대의 가문은 忠孝家로서의 위상을 드러낼 수 있었다. 하선은 선현을 현양하고 후손에게 계승시켜 주기 위해 다양한 활동을 전개하였다. 만년에 『松亭集 』과 『覺齋集 』의 跋文을 쓰고, 문중의 世系를 정리했으며, 나아가 상주에 있던 조부와 부친의 묘소를 수곡으로 이장하고 白軒 李景奭(1595-1671)·東溟 鄭斗經(1597-1673) 등 당대 저명한 인물에게서 조부와 부친의 墓碣과 碑文을 받아냄으로써 문중의 위상을 드높였다. 이는 松臺家의 후손이 이후 수곡 진양하씨 문중의 일원으로 세거할 수 있는 터전을 마련한 대표적 활동이었다. 또한 하선은 지방에 세거한 재야지식인이었으나 전란 이후 국가의 시책에 끊임없는 관심을 보였고, 특히 전란의 참상을 몸소 체험한 만큼 兵制의 폐단에 더욱 절실하였다. 효종 임금이 즉위한 후 재야인사에게 국정에 반영할 시책을 구하자, 하선은 5천여 자의 상소문을 지어 당시 만연하던 여러 폐단과 이를 해결한 구제책을 올렸다. 조정에서는 이 상소의 내용을 인정하여 公論으로 하선에게 主簿 벼슬을 하사하였는데, 이로써 하선의 士意識과 현실인식이 당대에도 인정받을 만큼 시의 적절한 것이었음을 확인하였다.