We examined the relationship between breakfast eating, nutrient intake, and health outcomes using dietary intake, anthropometric, and biochemical measurements in Korean adults. Data from the 2007 National Health and Nutrition Survey were obtained, and 2,514 adults aged 20 to 64 years were analyzed. The prevalence of skipping breakfast, using a 24-hour diet recall, was 54.5% in the 20-29 age group, 31.2% in the 30-49 age group, and 19.2% in the 50-64 age group. In the 20-29 age group, waist circumstance and serum cholesterol were significantly higher in breakfast skippers than in breakfast eaters. In the 30-49 age group, breakfast skippers had higher triglyceride levels than breakfast eaters. Energy intake of breakfast skippers in every age group was significantly lower than that of breakfast eaters. Furthermore, in the 20-29 and 30-49 age groups, the percent of energy from carbohydrates in breakfast skippers was significantly lower than that of breakfast eaters, whereas the percent of energy from lipids in breakfast skippers was significantly higher than that of breakfast eaters. Additionally, in the 20-29 and 30-49 age groups, breakfast eaters showed higher carbohydrate and iron intake per 1,000 kcal than breakfast skippers and lower lipid intake per 1,000 kcal than that of breakfast skippers. Breakfast skippers showed intakes of less nutrients than EAR was higher than breakfast eaters except vitamin B2 and calcium intake in males of the 20-29 age group. In conclusion, nutrition education, and policy should be implemented to teach the importance of breakfast, appropriate dietary intake, and proper food choice for each age group.

Currently, dental implants are generally used for reconstruction of oromaxillofacial defects. Implants are widely used in dental and medical fields. The materials of implants are variable such as metals and ceramics. The materials of implants must be have not toxicity and biocompatibility to host and mechanical(physical) strength. Bones must be attached to titanium surface without any other tissues. many researcher's had studied for raising the osseointegration through various method which are including implants designs and materials. It was reported over 95% success ratio. many researcher's study the methods which are enhancing the speed of bone remodelling and osseointegration. Thermo dynamic therapy is one of the method to accelerlate the speed of bone remodelling and osseointegration. Thus it raise stability of implants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation for ossoeintegration in implant interface and between the implants threads. 24 New Zealand white rabbits which were about 3kg weight, used for experiment. 2 implant's were implanted every rabbit's tibia. 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks after implantation, tissue sample were removed from sacrificed rabbit's tibia. 8 rabbit's were sacrificed every 2, 4, 8 weeks and undecalcified sample were made from tissue sample. We have investigated the undecalcified samples by back scattered electron microscope. We have analysied the length rate and area rate in implant interface and inside the threads. The results were as follows. 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks experimental groups which were irradiated low level laser therapy showed rapid bone remodelling than control groups. It was suggested that Initial bone remodelling may be effected by LLLT because of implant bone contact ratio between 4th weeks and 8th weeks had no siginifant difference. Initial bone remodelling may be more influenced than later bone remodelling by LLLT because of new bone formation area ratio between implant threads had no significant differences during 4th to 8th weeks. According to above results, low level laser irradiation accerlate the new bone formation in implant interface and inside the implants threads at initial stage. there were many factors which are increasing the bone remodelling, because there were many differences between experimental and control groups. Low level laser irradiation were helpful for increasing the initial stage of bone remodelling because of above results.

Diabetic patients tend to exhibit delayed bone formation and osteoblast differentiation, which results in osteopenia. Recently, numerous clinical reports suggest that 635-nm light irradiation improves bone regeneration and wound healing, and reduces pain in patients suffering from diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that 635-nm irradiation can influence bone formation by MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts cultured on high concentrations of glucose(25mmol/L D-glucose) in the presence or absence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA), and to establish an in vitro pathological model of bone formation. The effect of 635-nm irradiation on bone formation was investigated using Alizarin Red S staining, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activ ity and calcium deposition assays. In addition, gene expression of the o steogenic markers BMP-2, osterix and osteocalcin were assayed by RT-PCR. Calcium deposition by MC3T3-E1 cells was reduced in the presence of high concentrations of glucose or by PMA supplementation. However, 635-nm irradiation led to an increase in calcium deposition by MC3T3 cells, followed by increased bone mineralization. mRNA expression of BMP-2 and osterix at an early stage and of osteocalcin at a late stage was significantly upregulated by 635-nm irradiation in MC3T3-E1 cells supplemented with high concentrations of glucose. Irradiation at 635 nm increases bone mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in vitro on high concentrations of glucose and alters osteogenic gene expression, which accelerates bone formation in hyperglycemic conditions.

Currently, Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is widely used in medicine and dentistry. It has been suggested that LLLT may be beneficial in management of many different medical conditions, including pain, wound healing and nerve injury. Stimulation with LLLT can enhance bone repair as reported in experimental studies on bone defects and fracture healing also. As far as hard tissue is concerned, the biostimulating effect of laser has been demonstrated more rapid healing of tibial bone fracture in mice. This study was performed to compare new bone formation between with LLLT and without LLLT. Two cylinder implants(5mm diameter, 5mm length) were implanted on rabbit's tibia. LLLT was done to one implant with 632mm diode laser. And than Rabbit's were sacrificed after 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th weeks after implantation. Bone with implant were removed and fixed with 10% formaline. Undecalfied sample were prepared after spurr low resin embedding. Sample were grind and polished to 100㎛. The results were as follows. The amount of trabeclue of experimental group were superior to that of control group from 2 weeks to 8 weeks. There were no difference in arrangement of trabecule between two groups. Bone implant contact were significantly increased at 4th weeks in experimental group. The number of ostecytes in trabecule were different at 4th weeks experimental group. Osteone were appeared dominantly at 6th weeks experimental group, while at 8th weeks experimental group were superior than control group. LLLT group showed increased amount of trabecule, bone implant contact, number of osteocytes & osteone. It suggested that LLLT might be increase the bone formation rate and accelerate the bone formation time.

본 연구의 목적은 프랑스 국립도서관에 소장된 고지도의 동해 명칭 표기 사항을 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 프랑스 국립도서관 이 소장한 고지도 중 동해가 표기될 가능성이 있는 지도의 목록을 추출하였고, 이들 지도를 조사하여 이들 지도에 표기된 바다 이름을 조사하였다. 둘째, 이들 지도에 표기된 동해 명칭의 변천과정을 살펴보았다. 조사결과 1500년대와 1600년대에는 동해가 중국해로 표기되었다. 1600년대의 지도 중 니호프(Niehoff)의 지도가 동해를 한국해인 ‘mare coreum’으로 표기함을 확인하였다. 그리고 서양해와 반대되는 의미인 동양해의 의미인 ‘mer orientale’ 이 점차적으로 중국해 쪽으로 이동해 옴을 발견하였다. 1700년 대 지도는 약 58%의 지도가 한국해 명칭으로 동해를 단독 표기하였다. 1700년대 중후반의 지도 중 일부는 현재의 동해를 소동양해로 표기하였다. 그러나 라페루즈 해도 발간이후인 1800년대의 지도는 90%이상이 일본해로 표기하였다. 연구 결과 개별 도서관의 소장 지도를 전부 파악하여 동해 표기 사항을 양적으로 계량화하는 것은 별다른 의미가 없음을 확인하였다. 프랑스 국립도서관은 지도 80만장, 아틀라스 1만부를 소장하고 있는데, 이러한 상황에서의 양적인 접근은 표본추출과 관련한 오류를 유발한다. 특히 19세기 이후의 지도에서는 일본해 명칭의 빈도수가 압도적인데 이러한 상황에서 동해 명칭 근거를 양적인 측면에서 주장하는 것은 합리적이지 않다. 따라서 지도의 중요성을 고려한 질적인 접근을 병행하여야 하며, 이를 고려한 논리 개발이 이루어져야 한다.

연안해역의 실시간 통항안전관리시스템을 구축하기 위해서 대상해역의 자연적 환경특성, 지리적 특성, 교통특성, 통항선박의 통항패 턴 등을 기초데이터로 한 통합 위험도 평가 모델의 개발이 필요하다. 유럽과 미국에서는 이미 해상 위험도를 모델링 하여 정량적으로 표준화된 형태로 해상의 위험도를 평가하고 있다. 국내의 경우 항구별 자연환경적 여건, 해양사고의 통계, 기상상황, 해상교통밀도 및 패턴을 가지고 우리 나라 상황에 적합한 정량화 모델이 세워져야 한다. 본 연구는 VMS 고도화의 관점에서 연안해역의 실시간 통합안전 관리시스템의 개발 방향을 제시하기 위하여 이루어 지고 있다.

비교적 크기가 크고 남방계인자들이 간헐적으로 보고 된 덕적도 일대에 대하여 자연자원의 분포를 규명하고, 환경 및 기후변화 등의 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 관속식물에 대한 분포조사를 2007년 9월부터 2008년 9월까지 35회에 걸쳐 수행하였다. 본 조사를 통해 확인된 조사지역 내의 소산 관속식물은 108과 320속 480종 2아종 45변종 8품종의 535분류군으로 확인되었다. 관속식물 중에서 국화과 식물이 가장 많은 비율을 차지하고 있었고 벼과, 콩

본 연구는 최근 급속하게 성장한 방송 사업자들 간의 거래 과정에서 발생하는 갈등 요인을 조망함으로써 공정 경쟁을 위한 기초적인 논의와 규제 방향에 대한 지향점을 제공하는데 주요 목적이 있다. 특히, 공정 경쟁의 문제는 시장에서의 경쟁을 통한 이윤 창출 부분과 밀접한 관련이 있다는 점에서 유료 방송사업자들(PP와 SO)의 행위에 대한 인식 조사를 중심으로 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 크게 두 가지의 연구 문제를 설정하였다. 첫 번째는 공정 경쟁에 대한 실제 심결 사례를 분석함으로써, 현행 공정거래법 상의 불공정 거래 행위의 특성과 법적 적용 과정에서 나타나고 있는 문제점을, 두 번째는 방송위원회의 불공정거래 행위 실태 조사를 통해 실제 방송사업자들이 인식하고 있는 공정 경쟁의 현실을 조망해보고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 전반적인 차원에서 기업 결합과 관련한 심결 사례가 부각되고 있으며, PP의 경우 부당 광고 및 경품 제공을 통한 부당한 고객유인이, SO의 경우 거래상 지위의 남용과 같은 시장 지배적 지위 남용, 부당한 고객 유인 등이 주요 불공정거래행위의 특징으로 나타나고 있다. 또한 공정거래법 상의 제재조치는 표면화되고 구체적인 행위 결과에 집중하는 경향이 있어 비공식적인 관행을 중심으로 시장이 왜곡될 가능성이 존재하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 정부의 공정 경쟁 유도 방안은 힘의 불균형에 입각하여 형성되고 있는 시장 거래 관행을 바로잡고, 시장의 집중과 시장 지배에 따른 힘의 불균형을 최소화하는 방향에서 모색되어질 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

In this study, the importance of win-win collaboration was emphasized in the point of long term partnership between parent companies and cooperation companies. Although parent company is trying to enhance internal capacity in setting up global management quality system as a standard model of national quality award, interest and effort in building inter-business management quality system linked with cooperation company are not enough. So win-win quality management system in long term viewpoint should be established to reinforce inter-business global management quality competitiveness.

이 연구는 소년원생의 인식 조사연구를 통해 소년보호기관의 문제점을 도출하고 이에 대한 효율적 운영방안을 제시 하고자하는 목적에서 진행되었다. 조사 결과 소년원생들은 소년원에 대한 인식이 입소당시에는 좋지 않았으나 시간이 지날수록 긍정적으로 변화하고 있었다. 하지만 소년원도 교정시설이기 때문에 느끼는 ‘구속된 생활’이 가장 어려운 점으로 밝혀졌다. 소년원생들은 전체적으로 소년원 입소 후 이전보다 인격적으로나 정서적으로 나아졌다고 스스로를 평가 하고 있었고, 특히 부모님에 대한 죄송스러움이 크게 나타나 과거에 대한 후회가 많은 것으로 분석되었다. 한편 소년보호기관에서 이루어지는 교육과정에 대한 평가에서는 직업관련 교육을 학과교육보다 중요하게 여기고 있었고, 소년보 호기관의 교육과정이 실제적으로 크고 작은 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 교육과정 중 ‘인성교육’, ‘직업능력 개발훈련’, ‘성공적인 사회복귀 지원’등의 프로그램을 매우 좋게 평가하고 있었다. 이러한 실증분석 결과를 통해, 소년원생 의 입소별 구체적인 분류와 이를 통한 체계적인 교육, 선호교육에 대한 개발과 효과적인 적용 등을 정책적 제언으로 제시하였다.

This study was conducted to investigate for mineral contents, total polyphenol compounds,betaine, choline and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of halophyte. The mineral concentrations of Salicornia herbacea (top part) were Na 100,006 mg/kg, K 1,385 mg/kg, Mg 6,263 mg/kg, Ca 2,750 mg/kg, Fe 90.4 mg/kg, Mn 98.9 mg/kg, Zn 33.3 mg/kg, Cu 3.4 mg/kg respectively. And Suaeda Japonica (top part) were Na 85,332 mg/kg, K 710 mg/kg, Mg 7,005 mg/kg, Ca 4,344 mg/kg, Fe 1,434.9 mg/kg, Mn 119.1 mg/kg, Zn 19.2 mg/kg, Cu 2.7 mg/kg respectively. The betaine contents of Salicornia herbacea (top part) were 15.09 mg/g and Suaeda Japonica (top part)were 14.64 mg/g. The choline contents estimated by the DBAP-choline derivatives of Salicornia herbacea (top part)were 20.9 mg/100 g, Salicornia herbacea (root) were 23.4 mg/100 g, Suaeda Japonica (top part) were 23.1 mg/100g and Suaeda Japonica (root) were 23.8 mg/100 g. Total polyphenol compounds of Salicornia herbacea (top part) were high 36.0 mg/g in growth phase. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of methanol extract Salicornia herbacea (top part) were high 90.1% in growth phase. The frozen dried powder of Salicornia herbacea (top part) 1 g was equal to Quercetin 30.26 mg, Rutin 42.65 mg, TBHQ 20.32 mg, BHA 25.86 mg, BHT 40.75 mg, Ascorbic acid 22.86 mg in DPPH radical scavenging activities.

Sewon was a new type of private academy established by a class landed Confucian scholars known as sarim. During Joseon dynasty, sewon had dual functions as a shrine and a place of learning. The site plan of seowon appeared mainly two types of site plan according to the indications of the age and school. This paper was done to analyze the site plan and construction history of Simgok seowon with historical materials and excavation investigation result. Simgok seowon is dedicated to Jo Gwang-jo(1482～1519). This private Confucian academy was founded in 1605 as a small shrine, which was destroyed in 1636. Thereafter, when the shrine received a royal warrant naming as Simgok seowon in 1650, the new site for the seowon was chosen, which is currently located in Gyeonggi-do Yongin-si Sanghyeon-ri 203. Since then, buildings of Simgok seowon was constructed and repaired couple of times. Through the investigation, it was found that the site plan of Simgok seowon was originally a type of ‘jeonjaehudang’, that is, dormitory building between the lecture hall and the outer gate, or dormitory building is in front and lecture hall is in behind.

21세기 지식기반사회에서 기술 발전 속도는 가속화되고 있으며 조직 목표를 달성하는데 영향을 줄 수 있는 시장, 거버넌스 및 사회적 가치의 미래 모습에 대한 불확실성이 증대하고 있다. 이러한 기술과 사회 발전의 가속화 및 증가하는 불확실성에 대응하기 위해서 다양한 미래사회 전망을 바탕으로 미래유망기술을 도출하는 기술예측의 필요성은 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 기술예측에는 다양한 예측 방법론이 이용 가능하나 예측의 목적 및 재원 등에 따라 선택되어야 한다. 델파이 방법이 오랫동안 주로 사용되어 왔지만 최근에는 시나리오 또한 많이 활용되고 있다. 시나리오는 사회, 경제 및 정치 등의 환경요인의 복잡성과 불확실성을 폭넓게 고려할 수 있으며 미래의 다양한 모습을 이야기 식으로 전달하기 때문에 매우 효과적인 전략적 도구로 활용된다. 전세계적으로 진행되고 있는 기후변화, 화석연료의 고갈 등으로 세계 각국은 신재생에너지에 대한 높은 관심을 갖고 기술개발 및 보급 등을 적극적으로 추진하고 있다. 하지만 신재생에너지 분야의 가용잠재량은 지역적으로 큰 편차가 있으며 기술적 진보, 환경규제 및 화석 연료의 가격전개와 밀접하게 연관되어 있어 그 발전추이를 예측하기 어려운 면이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 이러한 불확실성을 반영하여 신재생에너지 분야에 대한 다양한 미래 시나리오를 작성하고 시사점을 도출하였다. 향후 본 연구의 시나리오 기반의 예측 프로세스를 국가과학기술예측에 활용함으로써, 기존의 델파이 위주의 단정적 예측의 단점을 보완한 전략적 예측을 강화할 수 있을 것으로 전망된다.

Keunsemal, Sinhang-ri, Dunpo-myeon Asan-si,Chungcheongnam-do is where the former President of Korea, Yun, Bosun was born. The houses of Yun, Il-Sun, Yun, Je-Hyung, Yun, Seung-Gu, and where the former President Yun was born are designated as cultural assets by the Korean government. The three houses of the Yuns are located in the center of the village and the size is much different from regular houses since they were created as large scale house of nobilities during the Chosun Dynasty. Along with the three Yun houses and other houses in the village show a great history and tradition of the history and modern times. Unlike other traditional village arrangement, this village was created during the end of Chosun Dynasty and extended into the modern times. From the village, you can see the changes in architecture within the 200 years from traditional Korean-style houses to modern houses. This investigation is a research / analysis of the architectural characteristics of Keunsemal, Sinhang-ri, Asan-si. People can observe changes in the different types of architectural forms of houses based on the history of Korea and time periods. Within the village, there are large scale house of nobilities which were built during the late Chosun Dynasty, common people’s houses, farmhouses which were built during the modern times, common people’s houses during the industrialization period, and modern houses with backyards. The village of Keunsemal, Sinhang-ri, Asan-si is a very special cultural asset for Korea because the houses in the village show a clear architectural process of change in styles of houses for Korean history.

This study surveyed the reading discomforts and the reasons for discomfortable reading of the safety and health information (texts and icons) presented on the agricultural vehicles/machines, pesticides, fertilizers, and feeds. Eighty seven people residing in rural area participated in the survey interview. Questionnaire survey showed that the most discomfortable product in reading the texts was pesticides. Forty three (49%) among participants had very-discomfortable or discomfortable in reading the texts used in the label of pesticides, and the main reason for the discomfort was small text size. The reading discomforts in reading the texts (varied from 4 point to 19 point and presented in 50 cm reading distance) showed different pattern according to the age groups. Three age groups (50s, 60s and older than 70s) showed a similar discomfort pattern, but different from the group of 30s and 40s. Forty four people (51%) had a problem in understanding the meaning of the icons and the main reasons were the small size and the difficulty in inferring the meaning of the icons. Thus, the more detailed and practical guidelines for the presentation format, particularly about the text heights and the size of icons, are required. Also, more comprehensive research is needed to investigate the readability and legibility of texts and icons.

Mould growth can deteriorate indoor air quality in buildings. To alleviate the problems in the built environment, accurate understanding of the risk factors associated for mould infestation is required. This study aims to evaluate current status of mould growth problems in residential buildings in Korea. Both the physical characteristics of buildings and the behaviour of occupants have been studied as risk factors. In this study, a questionnaire survey has been conducted randomly on a national basis. A total of 314 completed questionnaires were collected and processed for statistical analysis. The relationship between mould growth and activity factors was analyzed. As a result, about 30% of residential buildings in Korea reported mould problems. However, the types of residential buildings did not show a statistically significant difference in the ratio of mould problems.

This study was intended to determine the maneuverability of the vessel CHARMBADA. When the rudder angle was at 10˚, 20˚ and 30˚, the maximum advance by slow, half and full ahead were varied in the range of 523.6-131.3m, 528.8-177.2m and 530.6-219.7m, respectively. The maximum transfer was 799.9-181.3m, 792.1-232.8m and 807.7-316.9m, respectively. The turning circle ability was better during starboard turning. When the rudder angle was 10˚, 20˚ and 30˚, variation in the maximum advances was 392.0m, 245.0m and 153.0m. The maximum transfer was 528.0m, 339.0m and 218.0m, respectively based on the regression equations. As the rudder angle became bigger, the maximum advance or maximum transfer became smaller by the exponential function. The advance inertia took 127sec, 145sec, 181sec each until the vessel speed was 7.0konts, 12.0konts, 17.0konts. The static inertia took 245sec, 269sec, 300sec each until the vessel speed was under 2.0konts and the advance distance was 114.4m, 181.2m, 197.0m each. Accordingly, the static inertia was inclined to increase to scale according to the increase in vessel speed. For the CHARMBADA, the smaller the rudder angle was, the much bigger the turning circle became due to adhesion to the skeg, thereby lowering the vessel's turning ability.