Impaired respiratory function is common in patients with stroke. The purpose of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of exercises and to assess forced vital capacity and peak cough flow after completion of neck stabilizing and respiratory reeducation exercises (combining diaphragmatic breathing and pursed-lip breathing exercises). The 45 participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group 1 (n1=15), experimental group 2 (n2=15), and a control group (n3=15). All subjects performed conservative physical therapy for 30 minutes. Experimental group 1 undertook the neck stabilizing exercise and the respiratory reeducation exercise. Experimental group 2 undertook the respiratory reeducation exercise. Additional exercise did not exceed 30 minutes, five times a week for six weeks. The subjects were assessed for deep neck flexor thickness and breathing function (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, forced expiratory volume at one second/forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and manual assisted peak cough flow) at pre-post value. The results of this study were as follows. Experimental group 1 showed a significant increase only in deep neck flexor thickness change rate (p<.05). All groups showed significant increases in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, and peak expiratory flow in pre-post measurement (p<.05). Experimental groups 1 and 2 showed an increase in manual assisted peak cough flow in pre-post measurement (p<.05). There was no significant difference between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, but experimental group 1 improved more than experimental group 2 in respiratory function as a whole. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the neck stabilizing exercise in combination with the respiratory reeducation exercise can improve forced vital capacity and peak cough flow in patients with stroke.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different postural correction in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trunk and hip muscles during bridging exercises. Twenty-four healthy subjects volunteered for this study. The muscle activity was recorded with surface electrodes over the erector spinae, multifidus, gluteus maximus (GM), and hamstring (Ham) muscles; it was measured by using surface EMG equipment under the following 3 experimental conditions: manual postural correction, verbal correction, and no correction. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was determined for each muscle group in order to represent each exercise as a percentage of MVIC and allow for standardized comparison between subjects. A one-way analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in the EMG activities of each muscle between the 3 experimental groups. During bridging exercises, the manual postural correction on normalized EMG activity of the GM muscle during manual guiding was significantly higher than during verbal guiding and without guiding (p<.05). Furthermore, the GM/Ham ratio was significantly higher during manual guiding than during verbal guiding and without guiding (p<.05). These findings suggest that the activities of the hip and trunk muscles may be favorably modified with manual guiding during bridging exercises.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smartphone use on muscle fatigue and tenderness in the cervical erector spinae (CES) and the upper trapezius (UT) and on the cervical range of motion among subjects with and without neck muscle pain. The subjects were 30 smartphone users in their 20 s who -were assigned to either an experimental group with neck muscle pain or a control group without neck muscle pain. Muscle fatigue and tenderness in the CES and the UT as well as the subjects’ cervical range of motion were measured before and after 20-min smartphone sessions in a sitting position. In a between-group comparison of muscle fatigue, the experimental group showed a significantly greater decrease in median frequency in the CES and the right UT after smartphone use (p<.05). Regarding the assessment of muscle tenderness after smartphone use, the experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease in the pressure-pain threshold (PPT) in all muscles (p<.05), whereas the control group showed a significantly decreased PPT in the right CES and the UT (p<.05). The assessment of the cervical range of motion revealed a statistically significant reduction in the cervical flexion-extension and left lateral flexion in the experimental group (p<.05) after smartphone use. However, there was no significant change in the cervical range of motion in the control group (p>.05) after smartphone use. When compared with the control group, the experimental group demonstrated greater changes in cervical extension, lateral flexion, and rotation, except for cervical flexion (p<.05). In conclusion, when smartphone users have pre-existing neck muscle pain, the use of a smartphone further increased muscle fatigue and tenderness in the neck and reduced PPT and the cervical range of motion.

Lumbopelvic stabilization exercise has become the most popular treatment method in lumbar rehabilitation since its effectiveness was shown in some aspects of pain and disability. The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) has been extensively implemented to promote lumbopelvic stability. However, performing ADIM correctly is difficult even for healthy subjects, and it is time consuming to train people in ADIM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare abdominal muscle [rectus abdominalis (RA), external oblique (EO), and transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO)] activity during lumbopelvic stabilization exercises (ADIM only, ADIM with a ball, maximum exhalation only, and maximum exhalation with a ball) performed in a supine position with feet against a wall. Fifteen healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Surface electromyography was used to measure abdominal muscle activity during lumbopelvic stabilization exercises. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of RA, EO, and TrA/IO muscle activity during four lumbopelvic stabilization exercises. Both-side TrA/IO muscle activity was significantly greater with maximum exhalation with a ball than with ADIM only or ADIM with a ball (p<.008). The results of this study suggest that maximum exhalation with a ball can be used as an effective lumbopelvic stabilization exercise to increase TrA/IO muscle activity in healthy subjects.

근육의 줄기세포라고 알려진 근육위성세포(satellite cells, SCs)는 근육의 성장과 발달 및 구조적, 대사적 형질 형성에 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 근육에서 추출한 SCs의 in vitro분화 성상과 형질을 분석함으로써 SCs가 근육의 성장 및 재생시 형질 형성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 6주령 자돈의 Semitendinosus(ST) 근육의 적색근(red semitendinosus; RST)과 백색근(whitesemitendinosus; WST)에서 SCs를 추출한 후 in vitro 상에서 배양하여 SCs의 증식율, 분화율, 근육 구조단백질인 myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms의 발현 성상을 분석하였다. 추출된 SCs의 숫자는 WST(63 ± 2 × 103 cells/g)보다 RST(79 ± 2 × 103 cells/g)에서 높게 (P<0.01) 나타났다. Celldoubling time은 RST에서 추출된 SCs가 WST보다 낮았고, 분화도 빨라 WST보다 먼저 근섬유를 형성하였으나, 분화 24h 후에는 WST 유래 SCs의 분화율이 RST보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 하지만, 분화48h 후 RST와 WST의 SCs간 분화율은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. MyHC type I isoform의 발현은 RST 유래 SCs에서 WST에 비해 높았으나 (P<0.01), type II isoform은 WST 유래 SCs에서 높게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 이 결과는 in vitro에서 배양된 SCs 에서 분화한 근섬유의 성장패턴 및 형질이 유래 근육의 형질을 그대로 반영한다는 것을 보여주는데, 이는 근육 내에 존재하는 SCs는 유래 근육의 형질을 기억하고 있거나, 특정 형질로만 분화되도록 정해져 있다는 것을 의미한다.

목적:본 연구는 저항 운동으로 8주간 적용된 혀-유지 메뉴버 프로그램이 삼킴 근육의 활성도에 미치는 영향을 측정하고자 하였다. 연구방법:2012년 1월부터 3월까지 건강한 성인 27명을 대상으로 실험군과 대조군으로 나누어 혀-유지 메뉴버를 8주간 적용하였다. 실험군은 혀-유지 메뉴버를 하루 3회, 20분씩 수행하였으며 대조군은 혀-유지 메뉴버가 아닌 일반 삼킴을 하루 3회, 20분씩 적용하였다. 8주간의 실험 효과는 삼킴에 주로 관여하는 설골상근(suprahyoid muscle)과 설골하근(infrahyoid muscle)에 대한 표면근전도 및 시각적 비율 척도(Visual Analog Scale; VAS)를 통하여 측정되었다.결과:각 그룹별 훈련 전·후 비교 결과 실험군은 설골상근(suprahyoid muscle)과 설골하근(infrahyoid muscle) 모두에서 근 활성도가 통계학적으로 유의하게 나타났으나 대조군은 통계학적으로 유의하지 않은 변화를 보였다. VAS 값의 훈련 전·후 비교에서도 실험군은 유의한 차이를 보였으나 대조군은 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결론:건강한 성인을 대상으로 8주간의 저항 운동으로서 혀-유지 메뉴버를 적용하였을 때, 삼킴근육의 근활성도의 변화와 VAS 값의 변화를 일으킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 향후 연구에서는 삼킴장애를 가진 환자들을 대상으로 직접적인 관리 하에 8주간의 혀-유지 메뉴버 저항 운동 프로그램 적용의 효과를 검증한다면, 혀-유지 메뉴버를 교정적 접근법으로 적용할 수 있다는 명확한 이론적 근거가 될 것이다.

From ancient soldier to mordern athletes, it has been discussed that some oral appliance have enhanced performance and decreased stress or improve strength. Since mouth guard was used by Italien Boxer on 1930’s for prevent of orofacial injury, some investigators have researched the co-relationship between jaw position and strength. This experiment was performed to study the relationship between mouth guard and E.M.G. 20 Taekwondo students were participated in this study. They were wearing Mouth guard and checked Brachialis physical activity by E.M.G. The muscle activity of mouth guard wearing group was higher than that of non-wearing group.

본 연구는 짚신나물 열수 추출물의 α-glucosidase 저해 활 성을 측정하고, 분화된 근육세포에서 glucose 이용과 인슐린 신호전달에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 짚신나물 열수 추출 물(10 ㎎/㎖)은 α-glucosidase 활성을 67% 저해하였으며, 같은 농도의 양성대조구인 acarbose(63%)와 유사한 저해 효과를 보였다. 짚신나물 열수 추출물이 α-glucosidase에 의한 단당 류 생성을 저해함으로 식사 후 혈당이 급격히 상승하는 것을 억제하는데 효과적인 소재로 이용 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 근육세포에서 인슐린 저항성을 유발하기 위해 지방산(1 mM, palmitic acid)를 처리하였고, glucose의 세포내 유입이 감소 되는 것을 확인하였다. 지방산 처리 세포 모델에서 짚신나 물 열수 추출물(10 ㎍/㎖)은 glucose 이용을 유의적으로 회복 시켜 주었다. Normal 상태의 배양조건에서 근육세포의 포도 당 이용능은 짚신나물 열수 추출물(100 ㎍/㎖) 처리에 의해 유의적으로 증가하였다. 근육세포 내로 glucose 유입은 운반 단백질인 Glut4를 통해 이루어지며, 이것은 인슐린이 신호전 달을 통해 조절한다. 짚신나물 열수 추출물의 세포 내 glucose 이용 증가 효과는 인슐린 신호전달 관련 분자인 Akt 유전자 와 단백질 발현을 증가시킨 것과 관련되는 것으로 추정된다. 결론적으로, 짚신나물 열수 추출물은 소화기관에서의 탄수화 물 흡수 저해와 근육세포 내 glucose 이용 증가를 통해 혈당 조절 및 당 대사 개선에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인 하였다.

본 연구에서는 피로 회복 또는 원기 회복에 효능이 있는 것으로 알려진 홍경천과 홍삼을 이용하여 홍경천-홍삼 복합 발효물의 산화적 손상 억제 효과를 평가하고자 H2O2로 산화적 스트레스를 유도시킨 C2C12 근육세포에 홍경천-홍삼 복합 발효물의 처리한 후, 세포의 morphology, cell viability 및 항산화 효소들의 유전자 발현 양상을 비교, 분석하였다. 홍경천-홍삼 복합 발효물은 C2C12 근육세포의 cell viability를 유의적으로 증가시켰으며, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD 및 GPx 등과 같은 세포내 항산화 효소의 발현을 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라, 근육세포 분화의 주요 전사인자인 Myo D의 발현 또한 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로, 홍경천-홍삼 복합 발효물은 세포내 항산화 효소 시스템을 증가시켜 외부로부터의 산화적 손상에 대한 방어효능을 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 향후 in vivo 시스템 이용한 추가적인 연구가 수행된다면, 홍경천-홍삼 복합 발효물을 이용한 항피로 건강기능식품의 소재개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The aim of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity levels of the scapular upward rotators [upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA)] and other scapular muscles [posterior deltoid (PD), levator scapulae (LS), and infraspinatus (IS)] during isometric lower trapezius exercises. Twenty males with no medical history of shoulder pain or upper extremity disorders were recruited for this study. EMG activity was recorded from the UT, LT, SA, PD, LS, and IS while subjects performed three different exercises: Prone arm lift (PAL), Backward rocking diagonal arm lift (BRDAL), Modified Prone Cobra (MPC). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences among the three exercises. A lower relative activation of UT, LT, and SA was seen with the MPC than with the other exercises (p<.05). The relatively lower activation of the UT identified, the MPC exercise as the preferred choice for preferential strengthening the LT (p<.05). However, a higher activation in the PD, LS, and IS occurred with the MPC than with the other exercises (p>.05). The recruitment pattern of synergist varied depending on the exercise posture. These findings suggest that exercise posture is an important factor in the selection of strengthening exercise for weak muscle.

The smart-phone has become a necessity for most people. In this study, we determined that using a smart-phone for 20 minutes can cause increased neck and shoulder muscle activities and fatigue. Seventeen healthy male smart-phone users who attended Yonsei University played a smart-phone game for 20 minutes and changes in their bilateral cervical erector spinae and upper trapezius muscle activities and fatigue were measured. To assess muscle activities and fatigue, we used the following variables: the median frequency, the 50th percentile Amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) value (median load), and the discrepancy in the 90th percentile APDF value and the 10th percentile APDF value (APDF range). A paired t-test was used to compare pre-smart-phone-use status with post-smart-phone-usestatus. The median frequency of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the upper trapezius decreased significantly after 20 minutes of smart-phone use (p<.05). In addition, the 50th percentile APDF value of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the right upper trapezius increased significantly (p<.05). The APDF range of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the upper trapezius also increased significantly (p<.05). However, the 50th percentile APDF range of the left upper trapezius was not significantly different (p>.05). These findings suggest that using smart-phones for 20 minutes can induce muscle fatigue and increased neck and shoulder muscle activities.

This study examined differences in the activity of upper limb muscles according to how an ultrasound head is gripped. Twenty-two adult males were participated in the study. Each participant was asked to apply ultrasound treatment on to a lump of pork meat by two different ultrasound head grip patterns: spherical and cylindrical grips. Muscle activity was measured in the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and pronator teres (PT), triceps brachii (TB), middle deltoid (MD), and upper trapezius (UT) muscles. There were no significant differences in the EMG signals of any muscle according to the ultrasound head grip pattern (p>.05). There were significant differences in the EMG signal of each type of muscle (p<.05). The EMG signal of UT was the lowest and that of TB was lower than ECRL and FCU. There were interactions between ECRL and FCU, between ECRL and PT, between FCU and ECRL, and between FCU and MD. The EMG signal of ECRL using the cylindrical head was low and that of FCU with the cylindrical head was high, while the opposite was the case with the spherical head ( <.05/15). The results of this study indicate that the wrist muscles worked actively when the participants applied ultrasound therapy using both spherical and cylindrical heads. A spherical head might induce imbalanced muscle activity among the wrist muscles, leading to deviation of the wrist joint. Therefore, the cylindrical head is recommended for ultrasound therapy because it produced a constant, repeated force.

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a painful condition that arises from e+M8xercise-induced muscle damage after unaccustomed physical activities. Various therapeutic interventions have been applied to reduce the intensity and duration of DOMS-related symptoms. Recently, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) intervention has been introduced as an alternative noninvasive treatment for DOMS. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment was conducted to examine the effects of PEMF therapy on DOMS in elbow flexors at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the experimental DOMS induction. Thirty healthy volunteers ( yrs, cm, and kg) participated in this study. Each was randomly assigned to a PEMF or placebo group. On the first day, DOMS was induced in the elbow flexors by repeated isokinetic motions at low () and fast () speeds in all subjects. Thereafter, the PEMF group received 15-min daily treatment with a PEMF device. The placebo group received sham treatment of the same duration. Overall, PEMF application was more effective than the sham treatment in reducing the physiological symptoms associated with the DOMS including perceived soreness, median frequency, and electromechanical delay of the surface electromyography. In addition, median frequency and isokinetic peak torque of the PEMF group recovered to the pre-DOMS induction level earlier than the placebo group. In conclusion, this study suggests that PEMF can be applied as a new recovery strategy in reducing DOMS symptoms. Further experiments are required to examine the effect of the PEMF treatment on different types of exercise conditions and to determine the optimal treatment dosage and duration in a real clinical setting.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of warm-up and cool-down exercises on pain and muscle activation of delayed onset muscle soreness after intense exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness was caused by the eccentric exercise in the elbow flexor muscle of the non-dominant upper limb. Forty-four subjects volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: warm-up and cool-down group, only warm-up group, only cool-down group, or control group with no intervention. The level of perceived pain using the visual analogue scale and electromyographic activation change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction were measured 4 times at the following times: 10 min, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after the exercise. The results revealed the main effect between the groups and interaction effect between the group and measurement session (p<.05). The warm-up and cool-down group showed most favorable results with respect to reduced perceived pain level and increased muscle strength in most measurement sessions, and the only warm-up group showed significantly more decreased pain level than the control group at 24 hr and 48 hr and more increased muscle activation than the cool-down group at 48 hr (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in pain level and muscle activation between the only cool-down group and control group at all measurement sessions (p>.05). The findings suggest that the warm-up exercise performed before an intense exercise had beneficial effects on the symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness, whereas cool-down exercise performed after the intense exercise did not.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the pelvic compression belt (PCB) on the electromyography (EMG) activities of trunk muscles during sit-to-stand (SitTS), and stand-to-sit (StandTS) tasks. Twenty healthy subjects (7 men and 13 women) were recruited for this study. The subjects performed SitTS, and StandTS tasks, with and without a PCB. Surface EMG was used to record activity of the internal oblique (IO), external oblique (EO), rectus abdominis (RA), erector spinae (ES), and multifidus (MF) of the dominant limb. EMG activity significantly decreased in the RA (without the PCB, %maximal voluntary isometric contraction [%MVIC]; with the PCB, %MVIC), EO (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIC), MF (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIC), and ES (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIC) during the SitTS task and in the IO (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIlC), RA (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIC), EO (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIC), MF (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIC), and ES (without the PCB, %MVIC; with the PCB, %MVIC) during the StandTS task when a PCB was used (p<.05). In men the EMG activity of the MF significantly decreased during the SitTS task when a PCB was used (p<.05): in women, the EMG activity of the RA, EO, MF, and ES during the SitTS task and that of the EO, MF, and ES during the SitTS task significantly decreased when a PCB was used (p<.05). In addition, the rates of change in the EMG activity of each muscle differed significantly during the SitTS and StandTS tasks before and after the use of the PCB. However, the EMG activity did not significantly differ between the male and female subjects. These findings suggest that the PCB may contribute to the modification of activation patterns of the trunk muscles during SitTS, and StandTS tasks.

The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-oxidant effects of loach muscle-derived peptides in vitro and in vivo. Loach muscle peptides were prepared by 4 different methods: boiling (B), enzymatic hydrolysis (E), boiling and enzymatic hydrolysis (BE), alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis (AE). Two different in vitro analyses, DPPH radical scavenging activity and xanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced superoxide radical scavenging activity, were performed. All the four preparations showed concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. However, superoxide radical scavenging activity was found only with AE and E preparations. To evaluate in vivo effects, mice were fed with 10% AE-containing diets for 4 weeks before hepatotoxicity induction with CCl4. In serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels, total antioxidant levels, and relative hepatic weight ratio, no evidence for anti-oxidant effects was found with AE indicating the absence of anti-oxidant effect in the in vivo mouse experiment. It needs to be clarified why anti-oxidant activity of loach protein hydrolysates was not evident in vivo. Furthermore, these results suggest that in vivo evaluation is crucial in demonstrating anti-oxidant activities.

목적 : 본 연구는 건강한 성인들을 대상으로 삼킴 시 음식물의 점도 및 양을 객관적으로 측정하고, 단계적으로 점도와 양을 증가시킬 때 나타나는 삼킴근육의 근활성 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : D광역시 ○○대학교에 재학중인 건강한 성인 40명(남 20명, 여 20명)을 대상으로 surfaceElectromyographic(sEMG)를 사용하여 음식물의 점도와 양에 따른 삼킴 시의 목뿔위근육과 목뿔아래근육의 활성크기를 측정하고, 음식물의 점도와 양의 변화 시 삼킴에 따른 노력의 정도를 객관화된 수치로 나타내고자Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)을 사용하였다. 결과 : 음식물의 점도가 높아질수록 목뿔위근육의 근활성도가 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 음식물의 양이 많아질수록 목뿔위근육과 목뿔아래근육의 근활성도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 임상에서 구강 내 조절 및 인두기 삼킴 반사가 저하된 환자들을 대상으로 연하의 식이를 결정할 때 점도의 정도와 양을 고려한 식이 추천에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 음식물의 삼킴 시 목뿔위근육과 목뿔아래근육에 요구되는 근활성도를 추측하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest the strategical lifting postures able to alleviate imbalanced EMG amplitude leading to an increase in low back muscle fatigue while lifting asymmetric load dynamically. Eleven male subjects are required to lift symm

This study is aimed to show that an asymmetric load in the frontal plane leads to an increase in low back loading and fatigue in comparison with a symmetric load when workers lift an external weight by investigating previous studies and verifying the phen

This study was investigated the effects of marinating beef with thirteen different commercial vinegars on quality traits of Biceps femoris (BF) muscle of Hanwoo. Samples were divided into thirteen portions and injected with vinegar which was equivalent to 10% of the sample weight. The samples were all marinated for 15 hrs at 4℃ for experiments. The pH and cooking loss were tended to decrease (p<0.05) on all the vinegars and swollen rate was increased only on pomegranate vinegar. Shear force was decreased on all the thirteen commercial vinegars except persimmon vinegar. Most of commercial vinegars had influenced on water holding capacity, excluding omija-persimmon, pomegranate and grape vinegars. The yield was the greatest with the aloe-apple (p<0.05). Redness (a) was stable on aloe-apple and omija-persimmon vinegars. With an improvement of experimental design and process for future work, the results could be suggested to industrial utilization wherein low-quality meat could be improved by simple marination.