동북아지역의 구분마연 기법은 대체로 동검, 동모, 동과에서 관찰되고 한국식, 중국식, 일본식 청동무기에 표현되어 있다. 이들은 중국 산서·산동지역, 한국 남부지역, 러시아 연해주 동남부지역, 일본 북부구주·산음지역에 분포한다. 일련의 자료를 통해 볼 때, 한국식 청동무기는 중국 동 북지역뿐만 아니라 중원지역(산서·산동)과의 관계에 따라 출현한 것으로 파악된다. 즉 동북아지역의 청동기문화는 각각의 지역권을 형성하여 상호 유기적이면서 독립적인 위치에 성립된 것으로 이해되는 바이다. 구분마연은 청동무기의 능각과 인부에 횡방향의 규칙적인 마연이 있는 것을 말한다. 한국식동검의 구분마연은 0.2~0.5cm 정도의 폭으로 관찰되어 이 좁은 폭을 주목하였다. 즉 봉처럼 얇은 형태, 일정 크기의 단면을 형성한 동추를 제작도구로 제시하였다. 이와 함께 청동무기와 청동공구는 분리되어 각각의 주형에서 제작되는데 이러한 점은 구리와 주석의 성분비를 조정한 것으로 보인다. 다시 말해 무기와 다른 경도의 동추를 사용하여 세밀한 스크래치인 구분마연을 한국식동검에 넣은 것이다. 따라서 한국식동검의 전반적인 마연(주조 지느러미 제거, 능각과 인부 및 절대 성형)은 지석을 사용하고, 세밀한 구분마연은 동추를 활용한 것으로 판단된다. 이를 종합하여 볼 때, 동추 a형은 다뉴세문경 등의 세밀한 문양 및 제도에, 동추 b형은 다뉴조문경ㆍ유문청동의기ㆍ유문청동무기 등의 굵은 선문과 주연부에, 동추 c형은 다뉴경의 각진뉴 등에 사용되는 것으로 보았다. 또한 동추 a·b·c형과 동착 a·b형은 전반적인 제도·성형 및 주형 깎기에 사용되었을 것이다. 즉 각각의 제작 및 사용은 형태나 문양에 맞춰 상호 유기적이면서 연동적으로 활용된 것으로 보인다. 이상을 토대로 한국식동검의 실험고고학을 진행하고, 그 정보를 제시한다.

This experiment was aimed to identify concentrations of mineral nutrients in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown on hydroball aquaponics and in the water for growing fish by conducting two experiments. The experiment I (Expt. I) was conducted with 12 fishes (F12) with and without filter, hydroball and plants (H12 (12 fishes, hydroball), FHP12 (12 fishes, filter, hydroball, 6 plants) and HP12 (12 fishes, hydroball, 6 plants)), and the experiment II (Expt. II) was with and without plants (FH15 (15 fishes, filter, hydroball), FHP15 (15 fishes, filter, hydroball, 6 plants)). The pH level in the water of all the treatments was decreased during the growing period, and the pH and EC of the water were lower in all the treatment with plants than those without plants in both Expt. I and Expt. II. When compared with adequate nutrient concentrations for hydroponics, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the fish growing water were higher under the FHP15 treatment in Expt. II; however, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were only 16, 49, and 82% of hydroponics, representatively, and iron (Fe) was not detected. The fresh weight of lettuce harvested from the FHP15 treatment was 38 g, only a 30% of marketable lettuce yield. The T-N and P contents of the leaf tissue grown under the FHP15 treatment were close to the optimal level; however, the K, Ca, and iron (Fe) contents were less than the optimal with no deficiency symptom.

바잘트섬유는 불연,방열,내열,방음,흡음,인장강도확보 등 콘크리트 혼화재로서 매우 우수한 특성을 지니고 있고, 현재 콘크리트 폐기 시 발생하는 환경오염이 극심한 상황이기에 무기계 천연섬유인 바잘트섬유를 활용한다면 친환경 건설재료의 관 점에서 큰 장점이 될 수 있다. 하지만 바잘트섬유 보강 콘크리트에 관한 연구는 아직까지 미비한 실정으로 본 연구에서는 지금 까지 국내외에서 진행된 바잘트섬유와 그 복합재료에 대한 연구 및 바잘트섬유보강 콘크리트에 관한 연구를 고찰하고자 한다. 또한 본 연구에서는 무기계 섬유조합에 따른 섬유보강 콘크리트의 역학적 특성에 관한 연구를 수행하기 위해 현재 가장 사용빈 도가 높은 강섬유와 바잘트섬유의 역학적 비교를 통하여 바잘트섬유의 역학적특성과 콘크리트의 혼화재로서 적합성에 대한 연 구를 수행하고자 한다.

본 논문의 목적은 군비통제 이론의 발전적 검토와 사례연구를 통해 남 북한 신뢰구축을 중심으로 한반도 대량살상무기 군비통제 추진방향을 제 시하는 것이다. 남북한은 관계개선과 초보적인 군비통제를 진행하기도 하였다. 북한은 핵보유국임을 대내‧외에 천명했으며, 뿐만 아니라 화학 및 생물학무기를 다량 보유하고 있는 상황에서 북한은 자력갱생의 정면 돌파전, 새로운 길을 천명하며 한반도 안보 상황에 새로운 국면이 전개 되고 있다. 항구적인 한반도 평화체제와 평화공존, 나아가 자주적인 평화 통일을 위해 한반도 대량살상무기 군비통제를 적극 이행해야 한다. 이를 위해 군비통제 이론을 발전적으로 검토하고, 사례연구를 통해 남북한 신 뢰구축 방안과 대량살상무기 군비통제 추진방안을 제시하였다. 우선 군 비통제 이론에서 기존 군사적 신뢰구축 조치에 정치적 신뢰구축 조치를 포함한 정치적‧군사적 신뢰구축조치를 포괄하는 ‘신뢰구축’으로 하고, 기 존 운용적 군비통제, 구조적 군비통제는 군비제한 및 감축으로 제안하였 다. 그리고 신뢰구축을 위한 방안은 신뢰형성, 구축, 보장, 검증 및 위반 시 제재수단과 지렛대로 활용할 수 있는 수단을 적극 발굴해야 한다. 그 리고 다자안보협력체제와 국제비확산체제 등 국제레짐을 활용한 대량살 상무기 군비통제를 추진해야 한다.

본 연구에서는 가압식 분리막 여과에서 무기입자의 존재가 유기파울링에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 유기파울링의 유발을 위해 알긴산나트륨(sodium alginate, SA)를 이용한 정밀여과 실험에서 무기 실리카(SiO2) 입자의 존재 유무와 상관 없이 분리막 파울링은 여과초기 완전공극막힘에서 여과시간이 경과할수록 케이크 형성에 의해 주로 지배되었다. 그러나 무기 입자의 존재 시 정압여과에서 알긴산나트륨 파울링 케이크 비저항값과 압축성은 상대적으로 낮게 관찰되었고 이로 인해 낮은 파울링 속도가 관찰되었다. 동일한 시료를 이용한 정량여과 실험을 수행한 결과 정압여과에 비해 정량여과에서 여과초기 공극막힘현상 및 파울링 속도는 더욱 증가하였다. 이와 같은 현상은 파울링층이 지닌 압축성으로 막간차압의 증가 시 케이크 비저항값이 함께 증가하였기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 알긴산나트륨과 실리카 입자가 함께 존재 시 알긴산나트륨이 단독으로 존재하는 것보다 수리학적 세정을 통한 파울링 제거효과는 더욱 좋은 것으로 관찰되었다.

This study was aimed to examine inorganic fouling and fouling reduction method in direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD) process. Synthetic seawater of NaCl solution with CaCO3 and CaSO4 was used for this purpose. It was found in this study that both CaCO3 and CaSO4 precipitates formed at the membrane surface. More fouling was observed with CaSO4(anhydrite) and CaSO4･0.5H2O(bassanite) than CaSO4･2H2O(gypsum). CaCO3 and gypsum were detected at the membrane surface when concentrates of SWRO(seawater reverse osmosis) were treated by the DCMD process, while gypsum was found with MED(multi effect distillation) concentrates. Air backwash(inside to out) was found more effective in fouling reduction than air scouring.

In case vehicle system has low travel distance and short duration of engine operation, this can be relatively susceptible to engine scuffing related problem. Users also experience inconvenience in system maintenance that they have to manually start engine periodically in cold night during winter. In order to solve such problems and improve system's life cycle, the automatic engine start system is developed. In order to develop the automatic engine start sytem for air defense system BIHO, two types of engine start sytem and the engine sub system are studied and four steps to start and control the automatic engine start system is suggested. The prototype of automatic engine start system was tested for the single assembly and vehicle-installed test and all requirement of the system was madeto prove its possible application.

This study compares and analyzes inorganic components of four different Pu-erh tea species consumed in Korea. The criteria for the inorganic components was based on the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) recommendations. Out of the 19 general items: potassium, manganese, silicon and fluorine were detected in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable concentration by 5~23, 57~91, 1.6~1.8 and 9~18 times respectively. Out of the 15 potentially harmful elements: aluminum and nickel were exceeded the Maximum allowable concentration by 9~14 times and 0.8~1.2 times respectively. To reduce the concentration of inorganic elements in excess of the maximum allowable concentration, the extraction time of tea should be less than 1 minute in addition to limiting the amount. The amount of Pu-erh tea for extraction was about 0.1 g manganese, about 0.3 g potassium, about 0.5 g fluoride and about 2 g silicon. Therefore, the maximum amount of tea for extraction should be 0.1 g in regards to the safety of Pu-erh tea. Based on the recommended maximum daily intake of inorganic ingredients by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, it is desirable that the number of extractions be less than three.

A flexible piezoelectric energy harvester(f-PEH) that converts tiny mechanical and vibrational energy resources into electric signals without any restraints is drawing attention as a self-powered source to operate flexible electronic systems. In particular, the nanocomposites-based f-PEHs fabricated by a simple and low-cost spin-coating method show a mechanically stable and high output performance compared to only piezoelectric polymers or perovskite thin films. Here, the non-piezoelectric polymer matrix of the nanocomposite-based f-PEH is replaced by a P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric polymer to improve the output performance generated from the f-PEH. The piezoelectric hybrid nanocomposite is produced by distributing the perovskite PZT nanoparticles inside the piezoelectric elastomer; subsequently, the piezoelectric hybrid material is spin-coated onto a thin metal substrate to achieve a nanocomposite-based f-PEH. A fabricated energy device after a two-step poling process shows a maximum output voltage of 9.4 V and a current of 160 nA under repeated mechanical bending. Finite element analysis(FEA) simulation results support the experimental results.

인산염 농도 변화에 따른 Hizikia fusiforme의 무기비소 축적량 및 생장률을 분석하였다. 무기비소에 14일간 노출 하였을 때, 2 mg L-1의 높은 인산염 농도에서 무기비소 축적량이 증가하지 않았다. 하지만 인산염 농도가 0.02 mgL-1로 낮은 경우에 무기비소 축적량이 3배 이상 증가하였다. 또한 H. fusiforme는 인산염 농도가 낮은 경우 생장률이 14.5%, 무기비소 (10 μg L-1)에 노출되었을 경우 생장률이 대조구 대비 30% 감소하였다. H. fusiforme는 인산염과 무기비소를 구분하지 못하여 인산염의 농도가 낮은 경우 무기비소 축적량이 증가하게 되고, 축적된 무기비소는 광합성 저해 및 세포분열을 방해하여 생장률을 억제한다. 특히 우리나라의 대표적인 양식생물인 H. fusiforme는 다른 해조류에 비해 상대적으로 무기비소 축적량이 높다고 알려져 있기 때문에, H. fusiforme의 식품안전성을 확보하기 위해 다양한 연구가 필요하다.

It is difficult to apply the ram target value setting methods of the conventional weapon system to a large combined weapon system such as a submarine. The current study presents the case of weapon system development and suggests a new way to improve the setting and verification methods of ram target value of the submarine through critical review of the case. The submarine, unlike other weapon system, has an operating environment, which reaches all over the world, and its operating and maintenance conditions are different from others. Therefore, the ram target value of the submarine should be set and verified on the basis of mission essential equipment and mission critical equipment, not of all the constituent components.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting technology is attracting attention, as it can be used to convert more accessible mechanical energy resources to periodic electricity. Recent developments in the field of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are associated with nanocomposites made from inorganic piezoelectric nanomaterials and organic elastomers. Here, we used the BaTiO3 nanoparticles and piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymeric matrix to fabricate the nanocomposites-based PEH to improve the output performance of PEHs. The piezoelectric nanocomposite is produced by dispersing the inorganic piezo-ceramic nanoparticles inside an organic piezo-polymer and subsequently spin-coat it onto a metal plate. The fabricated organic-inorganic piezoelectric nanocomposite-based PEH harvested the output voltage of ~1.5 V and current signals of ~90 nA under repeated mechanical pushings: these values are compared to those of energy devices made from non-piezoelectric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers and supported by a multiphysics simulation software.

Recycling of drained nutrient solution in hydroponic cultivation of horticultural crops is important in the conservation of the water resources, reduction of production costs and prevention of environmental contamination. Objective of this research was to obtain the fundamental data for the development of a recirculation system of hydroponic solution in semi-forcing cultivation of ‘Bonus’ tomato. To achieve the objective, tomato plants were cultivated for 110 days and the contents of inorganic elements in plant, supplied and drained nutrient solution were analyzed when crop growth were in the flowering stage of 2nd to 8th fruiting nodes. The T-N content of the plants based on above-ground tissue were 4.1% at the flowering stage of 2nd fruiting nodes (just after transplanting), and gradually get lowered to 3.9% at the flowering stage of 8th fruiting nodes. The tissue P contents were also high in very early stage of growth and development and were maintained to similar contents in the flowering stage of 3rd to 7th fruiting nodes, but were lowed in 8th node stages. The tissue Ca, Mg and Na contents in early growth stages were lower than late growth stages and the contents showed tendencies to rise as plants grew. The concentration differences of supplied nutrient solution and drained solution in NO3-N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were not significant until 5 weeks after transplanting, but the concentration of those elements in drained solution rose gradually and maintained higher than those in supplied solution. The concentrations of B, Fe, and Na in drained solution were slightly higher in the early stages of growth and development and were significantly higher in the mid to late stages of growth than those in supplied solution. The above results would be used as a fundamental data for the correction in the inorganic element concentrations of drained solution for semi-forcing hydroponic cultivation of tomato.

The private sector is currently reviewing the feasibility of the project or deciding economic policies by analyzing the economic ripple effects. However, the arms acquisition project focuses on the need for the national defense weapons system by analyzing the costs and the effectiveness of the analysis and reviewing the necessity and feasibility of the project. In order to analyze the economic ripple effects, KB (the Bank of Korea) prepares and publishes an analysis table of industrial associations in a given unit. IAAR (the industrial association analysis report) is difficult to apply directly to the defense weapons system. Therefore, research on the economic ripple effects applicable to the defense arms procurement project was needed. In this study, we propose the generic methodology for estimating economical and technical ripple effects resulted in acquiring new weapon systems. Based on the analysis of inter-industrial relations, economical ripple effects are estimated with production inducing effects, value-induced effects, employment-induced effects and export-induced effects. Also, the technological ripple effects are estimated with technological intensity represented by investment cost in research and development. To show the validity of proposed methodology, a case study of acquiring new weapon systems such as GR (guided rocket), destroyer, and helicopter is accomplished. From the case study, it is concluded that these economical & technological ripple effects can be used as a reference to decision making in the course of acquiring major future defense weapons systems.

An organic filler, bis-(N-α-amido-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-1,7-heptane dicarboxylate (DOPA-C7) is applied to gas separation membranes for CO2/N2 separation. The weak interaction between SBS and DOPA-C7 improves CO2/N2 selectivity, from 14.1 to 21.1 with increasing of CO2 permeability from 347.5 to 349.7 Barrer. This phenomenon is caused by the catechol group of DOPA-C7 that can work as a Lewis Base. However, the strongly interacting PEBAX/DOPA-C7 membranes show a typical trade-off behavior, a decrease in CO2 permeability and increase in CO2/N2 selectivity with the filler contents. This results demonstrate that interactions between the filler and polymeric matrix can cause negative effects on the gas separation performance. This work opens up the feasibility of using a catecholic compound in gas separation membranes.