본 연구는 유기농경지의 지속가능한 토양양분관리를 위해 유기농가의 자재의존도와 자 재에 의한 토양 특성변화를 알아보기 위하여 2016년 3월부터 6월까지 10년 이상 유기농을 실천한 토양의 화학적 특성과 함께 유기농가의 토양 관리를 위해 사용한 자재의 종류를 조 사하였다. 그 결과 유기농가에서는 토양 양분관리를 위해 주로 자가제조퇴․ 액비 및 시판자 재를 사용하고 있어 외부 투입자재의 사용빈도가 높음을 알 수 있었다. 그 중 57%는 가축 분뇨가 포함된 자재를 이용하여 토양관리를 하고 있었고 자재 성분분석 결과 가축분의 구 성 비율에 따라 자재의 성분함량이 다양하게 나타났다. 토양분석결과 10년 이상 유기농재 배를 한 지점의 양분함량은 대체로 높은 경향을 보였으며 농가에서 주로 사용하는 자재에 따라 토양 화학성이 차이가 나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 가축분퇴비를 주로 사용하는 농 가는 교환성 칼슘과 칼륨이 과잉 존재하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 시판자재 분석결과 부숙유 기질비료는 가축분의 종류와 비율에 따라 성분함량 차이가 크게 나타났다. 이러한 외부투 입자재에 의존한 토양관리는 토양 내 양분 불균형을 야기할 수 있다. 토양 내 양분 불균형 은 작물 생산성을 악화시키고 환경오염의 우려가 있어 농가 및 연구현장에서 이를 개선하 기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 농가수준에서 토양 양분관리를 위해 사용하기 용이한 시판 부숙 유기질비료의 성분함량을 고려한 신중한 투입이 필요하며, 또한 이러한 유기농경지에서의 양분 불균형 해소를 위해 집적된 양분의 이용률을 증대시키는 방안에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as other plants. Incorporating such plant into soil as green manure is effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. In the absence of green manure addition, the NO3 content, electric conductivity (EC), and K content decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. In the presence of green manure addition, P2O5 and NO3 contents reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The “survived root ratio” of 2-year-old ginseng significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, in the Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus treatment, respectively. In addition, there was a significant increase in the “survived root ratio” in the Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius treatments. The “survived root ratio” of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with the soil pH and a negative correlation with the NO3 contents, and EC. Conclusions: Cultivation of plant form the Chrysanthemum family as green manure, using mainly the rhizomes was effective for the control of root rot disease of ginseng.

The objective of the present study was to perform a comparative analysis of the chemical properties of the cultivation site soil and growth characteristics of organically and conventionally cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Organically and conventionally cultivated ginseng samples (4-, 5-, and 6-year-old) were collected from 52 fields at 14 locations throughout Korea. The samples were collected over three years from 2013 to 2015, with the collection period between October and November of each year. In order to increase the yield of organically cultivated ginseng, the amount of nutrients was increased to match that of the conventional cultivation system, which highlights the need for proper management in accordance with the standards for chemical properties of soil. Growth duration of organic ginseng was ≥60 days shorter than that of conventional ginseng and its average yield per 1ha was 60% than that of conventional ginseng. Root weight of organically cultivated ginseng was approximately 54% that of conventionally cultivated ginseng. Rhizome diameter and body shape index of organically cultivated ginseng were lower than those of conventionally cultivated ginseng, indicating that organically cultivated ginseng was thinner and longer than conventionally cultivated ginseng. Root length was greater in 5-year-old conventionally cultivated ginseng with a low percentage of paddy-upland rotation fields. The number of rootlets was lower in 5- and 6-year-old organically cultivated ginseng with a high percentage of direct seeding cultivation. Dry weight was distinctly lower in 5- and 6-year-old organically cultivated ginseng with early defoliation than that of conventionally cultivated ginseng. Incidences of notched belly and root rot tended to be higher in conventional cultivation, with the incidence of notched belly being distinctly higher in 4- and 6-year-old roots and root rot being more prevalent in 5- and 6-year-old roots. Red discoloration and eelworm damage, which are highly affected by soil moisture, were most common in the organically cultivated 4-year-old roots. Organically cultivated ginseng showed early defoliation than conventionally cultivated ginseng, as a result, its yield and weight were low, while the incidence of physiological disorders was low. In order to increase the yield of organically cultivated ginseng, studies on cultivation technology that can overcome early defoliation, as well as soil moisture management that can minimize physiological disorders, are required.

Background: Crop rotation plays an important role in improving soil chemical properties, minimizing the presence of disease pathogens, and assists in neutralizing autotoxic effects associated with allelochemicals. Methods and Results: Five rotation crops of sudan grass, soybean, peanut, sweet potato, and perilla were cultivated for one year with an aim to reduce yield losses caused by repeated cropping of ginseng. In 2-year-old ginseng grown in the same soil as a previous ginseng crop, stem length and leaf area were reduced by 30%, and root weight per plant was reduced by 56%. Crop rotation resulted in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity, NO3, and P2O5 content of the soil, whereas organic matter, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn content remained-unchanged. Soil K content was increased following crop rotation with sudan grass and peanut only. Rotation with all alternate crops increased subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, whereas root weight per plant significantly increased following crop rotation with perilla only. A significant positive correlation was observed between root rot ration and soil K content, and a significant negative correlation was observed between ginseng root yield and the abundance of actinomycetes. Crop rotation affected the soil microbial community by increasing gram negative microbes, the ratio of aerobic microbes, and total microbial biomass whereas decreases were observed in actinomycetes and the ration of saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In soil exhibiting crop failure following replanting, crop rotation for one year promoted both soil microbial activity and subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, but did not ameliorate the occurrence of root rot disease.

Background : Cylindrocarpon root rot, caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani, is a major disease which lead to replanting failure in ginseng garden. Chlamydospores of C. destructans, generated by poor environmental condition, can survived more than ten years in soil without host plant, ginseng. Density of soil pathogens gradually decreased as the progress of time since ginseng was harvested. Methods and Results : Soil chemical properties was analyzed from soil samples of 43 regions in farmer’s ginseng garden to study the variation of content and the correlation among inorganic contents. Soil samples of 24 regions was also analyzed to study correlation between progressed-year after ginseng harvest and soil chemical properties. Variation of soil chemical properties in descending order was Fe, Zn, P2O4, NO3, Mn. The content of Fe and Zn were great variation among inorganic chemicals of soil of farmer’s field. Electrical conductivity to induce physiological demage in excessive concentration showed highly significant positive correlation with the content of NO3 and K. As the progress of year after ginseng harvest, the content of organic matter and zinc was increased, while pH and Na were decreased in farmer’s field to cultivate ginseng. There were highly significant positive correlation between the progress of year after ginseng harvest and zinc content in farmer’s field to cultivate ginseng. Ratio of root rot of 2-year-old ginseng showed significant positive correlation with K content, and negative correlation in experimental field cultured by six rotation crops for one year. Conclusion : Root rot by soil pathogens was closely related with the content of potassium and zinc in soil chemical properties.

A long-term field experiment under different fertilization treatments had been conducted to explore the effects of rice yield and soil chemical properties from 1978 to 2008 in Suwon, Korea. The paddy was applied eight fertilization treatments which were F0 (no fertilizer), PK (phosphorous and potassium), NK (nitrogen and potassium), NP (nitrogen and phosphorous), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), NPKC (NPK with compost), NPKS (NPK with straw) and NPKL (NPK with lime). Results of 31 years experiment showed that yield index (the ratio of yield in each treatment to NPK) was the lowest in F0 (0.52) and the highest in NPKC (1.18). Yield index was gradually increased in NPKC but decreased in F0 and NK. The yield index of PK, NP, NPKS and NPKL were not changed long-term treatment. Soil acidity of NPKL showed the highest with pH 7.9, and that of other treatments ranged from pH 6.3 to 6.8. Available phosphorous content of soil was increased in all plots by long-term fertilization, was the highest in PK and NPKC. Soil organic matter was higher in NPKC (1.8%) and NPKS (1.8%) than other treatments (1.3~1.4%) in the early experiment, but that was remarkably increased in only NPKC (2.5%) according to annual long-term application. Thus we suggest that annual compost application with optimum NPK could make stable and sustainable rice production.

Organic ginseng farming has rapidly increased in response to consumer demand for a safe product which improves health. Differences in soil nutrient concentration and ginsenoside content between organic and conventional ginseng farming have, however, not yet been properly studied. Therefore the aim of the present study was to compare soil nutrient concentration and ginsenoside content between these two farming systems. NO3-N, P2O5, and K were significantly different between organic and conventional ginseng farming. The total content of ginsenoside and individual ginsenoside components were higher in organically grown ginseng than in ginseng from conventional farming, although there is no significant difference. Particularly, protopanaxadiol saponins were higher than protopanaxatriol saponins in ginseng from organic farming compared to ginseng produced by conventional farming. NO3-N content in soils showed a negative correlation with the content of ginseno-sides Rb2 and Rd. In addition, P2O5 showed a negative correlation with ginseno-sides Rb1, Rc, and PD/PT ratio. Organic matter showed a positive crrelation with ginsenosides Re. To increase the ginsenoside content of ginseng, we recommend increasing organic matter and decreasing NO3-N and P2O5 contents in the soil.

본 연구는 경기도 안성, 포천지역 인삼재배지의 이화학적 성질 및 인삼의 엽 분석을 실시하여 인삼의 생육에 적합한 토양 및 엽중 적정 양분 농도를 설정하고자 수행하였다. 인삼 생근중은 우량포지가 불량포지에 비하여 안성지역이 2-5배, 포천지역이 1.5-2배 차이를 보여 동일 지역내에서도 큰 생육차이를 보이고 있었다. 인삼 생육에 관여하는 토양의 이화학적 성질의 적정 범위는 안성지역에서 공극률(〉50%), 전질소(2.0-2.8 g/kg), 유효인산(500-900 mg/kg), 치환성 Ca(2.3-3.5 cmolc kg-1)이었으며, 포천지역에서는 액상(13%〈), 유효인산(400-650 mg/kg), 치환성 Ca(4.0-4.7 cmolc kg-1), 치환성 Mg(〈0.8 cmolc kg-1), 치환성 K(〈0.5 cmolc kg-1)로 나타났다. 특히, 안성지역에 있어서는 치환성 염기 성분비(Exch Ca:Mg:K)도 인삼생육에 관여하고 있었는데 우량포지에서 6:2:1, 불량포지에서 4:2:1의 값을 보였다. 엽중 무기양분 함량 적정 범위는 안성지역에서 P(〈0.25%), Mg(0.22%〈), 포천지역에서 N(1.8%〈), P(0.18%〈), K(1.5-3.0%)의 값을 보였으며 그 이외의 일부 엽중 무기양분 성분비에서도 적정 범위가 설정되었다.

본 연구는 한약탕제 찌꺼기를 친환경 퇴비자원으로서 재활용하기 위하여 발효과정을 거친 퇴비(MHWC; medicinal herb waste compost)와 계분퇴비(PMC; poultry manure compost) 및 이들을 혼합한 퇴비(MHWC+PMC, 1:1)를 식재 2년생 복분자 포장에 무처리(UC; untreated control, 0), 20, 40 Mg/ha로 각각 처리하였다. 밭 토양의 화학성과 수확한 복분자 과실의 수량 및 당도변화 조사 결과는 다음과 같다. 토양 pH는 UC보다 모두 증가하여 유의적인 pH 변화 조절기능이 인정되었다. EC는 MHWC 처리구가 UC보다 0.56-0.46 배 감소를 보였으며, PMC 처리구와 차이가 있었다. 유기물 함량과 질소함량은 퇴비 종류와 무관하게 증가하였고, 가장 증가된 퇴비는 MHWC이었다. 유효인산함량은 퇴비 종류 및 처리량에 따른 차이가 있었다. 각 퇴비를 처리한 토양의 중금속 함량은 토양오염우려기준보다 낮았다. MHWC 처리구의 수량과 당도는 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아, MHWC 처리는 복분자 경작지의 토양환경개선과 더불어 복분자 과실의 수량 및 당도를 향상시키는 효과적인 퇴비자원인 것으로 사료된다.

This study examined the physical and chemical properties of soil in Jang-San wetland in Busan Metropolitan City. The wetland covers wide and flat area comparing to its outside. The samples of the wetland soil were collected and analyzed in order to identify the profiles and chemical properties. According to the analyses of soil moisture and particle size distribution, the wetland soil mostly belongs to sandy loam with the soil moistures of 14.9-153.2%. The soil profiles are configured with O, A, B, and C horizons from the land surface. The organic matter content (2.38-16.7%) at most sampling locations decreases downwardly with the highest at 0-20 cm depth. The organic matter content has a good positive relationship with soil moisture content. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the wetland soils contain quartz and feldspar (the main components of rhyolite porphyry) as well as montmorillonite, gibbsite, and kaolinite (the weathered products of feldspar). The wetland soil displays the highest iron concentration (average 22,052 mg/kg), indicating oxidation of iron. High concentrations of potassium (average 17,822 mg/kg) and sodium (average 5,394 mg/kg) originate from the weathering of feldspar. Among anions, sulfate concentration is highest with average 9.21 mg/kg that may originate from sulfate minerals and atmosphere.

The study result survey platycodon cultivation regions of Jinju(2), Sacheon(4), Hapcheon(3), Haman(3), and Sancheong(3) of Gyongnam regarding chemical properties of soil, inorganic nitrogen phosphorus by type of composition is as follows: pH and EC value were highest where platycodon cultivated for under 3 years in soils. Content of O.M equal to or less than 25 mg kg-1, the average value for platycodoncultivation in korea. Content of exchangeable calcium in soils were 12, 14 cmol+kg-1 in Hapcheon and Haman regions where platycodon was cultivated for two years which is 2~3 time higher level compared with the average upland soil of korea. Water solution boron confirmed approximated level of 3.0 mg kg-1 in all survey regions, and the finding is about five times higher than average upland soil of korea which is 0.5 mg kg-1. In the case of nitrogen, a significant difference was found depending on cultivation regions and continuous culture. Content of nitrogen in soils were difference according to cultivation area and continuous culture. The composition ratio according to the type of inorganic phosphorus showed the highest in order of Al-P 〉 Ca-P 〉 Fe-P 〉 Saloid-P in all survey regions except for Hapcheon (five, seven years cultivated soils). The correlation showed high significance between available phosphate and inorganic phosphorus.

This study was carried out in order to estimate site indices and to investigate productivity of Pinus koraiensis in unstocked land by the relationship between site index and physico-chemical properties of forest soil in stocked land. In Pinus koraiensis stand 83 nationwide sites were selected and site index model were estimated with 14 items of physico-chemical properties respectively obtained from A and B horizon of forest soil in each site. According to the relationship between soil properties and site index, it was found that the regressed models by soil properties fitted well in both site production prediction of soil A and B horizons. As a result of these two regressions, significant correlation was found between site index and Exch. Ca++, O.M., Clay, T.N., and Sand in A horizon, while Avail. P2O5, Base Sat., C.E.C., Exch. Mg++, and T.N. and site index have grater correlation in B horizon. In conclusion, these results will provide not only the important criteria for establishment of management forest plan in unstocked land, but also the useful guidance for selecting the suitable sites and trees.

인삼 연작장해 원인과 경감대책을 수립하고자 2004년에는 2005년까지 작물과학원 증평시험지 연작토양에서 인삼 수확경 과년수와 예정지관리 유무에 따른 시험을 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 인삼 연작지 수확경과년수가 짧을수록 생존율이 낮아지며 3~4년 경과구 81~95%의 뿌리썩음 이병주율을 보였다. 예정지 관리구는 미관리구보다 생존율이 다소 높으며 뿌리 썩음병 피해도 예정지 미관리와 같은 경향으로 예정지 관리효과는 크지 않다. 수확경과년수가 10년이상의 연작지에서도 연작장해를 일으키는 병원균 (C. destructans)이 분리되므로 재작 또는 연작시는 이점을 고려하여 재배지를 재선정하거나 예정지 토양관리대책을 수립해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

전북 익산지역의 한우사육에 사용한 황토를 gravel, sand, silt, coarse clay, fine clay으로 입도분리하여 각 분리된 시료에 대해서 광물성분 및 화학적 특성 등을 검토하였다 광물성분의 분석 결과, gravel과 sand에는 석영과 장석이 주로 포함되고, clay와 silt떼는 카오린광물 및 일라이트 등의 점토광물이 우세하며, 산화철광물은 fine clay에서 주로 포함된다. 주성분원소에서는 입경이 작은 시료일수록 Al, Fe, H2O의 함량이 증가하여 점토광물의 함량 증가와 잘 일치하였다. 미량성분원소에서는 Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb등이 입도에 따라 큰 함량 차이를 보였다. Ba, Sr은 장석이 많은 sand에 다량 함유되어 주로 장석에 존재하는 것으로 나타났다 본래 황토 시료에 상당량 함유된 Pb 및 Sm은 입도분리된 시료에는 적은 함량을 나타내어, 입도 분리 과정에서 제거되기 쉬운 형태로 존재하는 것으로 보인다. Nb, La, Th, Ce 등은 silt 시료에 가장 많은 함량을 보였다. 이들 이외의 거의 모든 원소에서 점토광물의 함량이 많이 함유된 작은 입도시료에서 미량원소의 함량이 증가하는 경향 나타나 이들 대부분이 점토광물내에 주로 존재하는 것으로 보인다. 교환성양이온 함량과 산 및 알카리에 의한 용탈 원소 함량 등은 입자가 작은 점토시료에서 높게 나타났다. 따라서 가축사료 등 황토의 활용에 있어서 천연상태의 황토를 그대로 사용하는 것보다는 입도 분리에 의한 정제를 행한 미립의 점토분을 주로 사용하는 것이 황토의 이온교환성, 원소 용탈성, 흡착성, 흡수성 등의 특성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 나타났다.

유황시용(硫黃施用)에 따른 토양(土壤) 및 홍화(紅花)의 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하기 위하여 유황시용량(硫黃施用量)에 따른 토양화학성(土壤化學性) 및 홍화종실(紅花種實)의 수량(收量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 유황시용후(硫黃施用後) 홍화종실(紅花種實)의 수확기(收穫期)에 토양(土壤)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 토양(土壤)의 pH와 유효인산(有效燐酸)의 함량(含量)이 감소(減少)되었다. 유황처리후(硫黃處理後) 시간(時間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 유황(硫黃) 처리량(處理量)이 많을수록 활성철함량(活性鐵含量)과 SO42- 함량(含量)이 증가(增加)하였다. 유황시용량(硫黃施用量)이 증가함에 따라 건물중(乾物重)이 증가하였으며, 홍화종실수량(紅花種實收量)은 증가(增加) 하는 경향(傾向)이었으며 유황(硫黃) 20 kg/10a시용구(施用區)에서 가장 높았다. 따라서, 홍화재배지(紅花栽培地)의 유황처리(硫黃處理)는 수량(收量) 및 품질(品質)에 효과적(效果的)인 것으로 나타났으며, 수량구성요소(收量構成要素) 측면(側面)에서 20 kg/10a 처리(處理)가 효과적(效果的)인 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다.

This study was carried out to determine the effects on rice growth, yields and soil improvement under the different nitrogen levels in machine-transplanted rice after plowing at the fruiting stage of milk vetch. The fresh weight of milk vetch at plowing time was 20.95 ton/ha. In dry weight, T-N and C/N were 1.58%, 21.8%, respectively. Organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable calcium of soil after the experiment in the plot of milk vetch were higher than those before the experiment. Leaf area and dry weight of rice plants at heading date increased as nitrogen level increased. The number of panicle and spikelets per ~textrmm2 were not different except for the 110 kg/ha nitrogen level plot with milk vetch. Brown rice yield ranged from 5.45 to 6.08 ton/ha, in creasing with increased nitrogen level. So the yield increased by 1% at 77 kg/ha nitrogen level, 7% at 110 kg/ha nitrogen level plot with milk vetch compared with conventional level (rice straw 5.4 ton/ha and nitrogen 110 kg/ha).