이 논문은 교회의 새로운 표현들의 모델 중에서 일터교회개척 (Entrepreneurial Church Planting)의 사회학적 함의들을 발견하기 위한 연구과정을 담았다. 비록 교회의 새로운 표현들은 영국교회에서 시작된 선교적 교회 운동이지만, 최근에 지구촌 북쪽인 미국, 영국, 호주, 뉴질랜드, 캐나다, 그리고 다른 유럽국가 뿐 아니라 한국에서도 성장하고 있다. 필자는 일터/공공장소에서 하나님의 선교(MissioDei)를 실천하는 두 일터교회개척 모델들 (오떡이어 그리고 커피와 교회)을 공공 신학적 그리고 선교적 접근으로 연구했다. 또한, 한국적 상황에서 일터교회개척이 어떻게 실천되는 가를 알아보기 위해서, 질적 연구 방법인 근거이론을 통해서 연구 자료와 분석 결과를 얻었고 그 분석결과를 바탕으로 일터교회 개척의 사회학적 함의들을 소개한다. 2장에서 교회의 새로운 표현들과 일터교회개척을 소개하고 성장하는 배경에 대해서 설명했다. 3장에서는 연구 방법론에 대해서 언급하고 사례들을 소개했으며, 4장에서는 연구 분석 결과를 설명했다. 5장에서 는 이 연구 분석을 토대로 일터교회개척의 사회학적 함의를 서술했다.

Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) pests, including the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, are economically important in agriculture. With the annual growth of the domestic fresh fruit export market, various quarantine treatment methods are being used to export strawberries of better quality. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ionizing radiations (electron beam, X-ray, gamma-ray) on the development and reproduction of two species of whitefly and to determine the optimal dose of three ionizing radiations for the construction of quarantine technology applicable to strawberry export.

The health benefits associated with consumption of fresh produce have been clearly demonstrated and encouraged by international nutrition and health authorities. However, since fresh produce is usually minimally processed, increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has also led to a simultaneous escalation of foodborne illness cases. According to the report by the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 10 people suffer from foodborne diseases and 420,000 die every year globally. In comparison to other processed foods, fresh produce can be easily contaminated by various routes at different points in the supply chain from farm to fork. This review is focused on the identification and characterization of possible sources of foodborne illnesses from chemical, biological, and physical hazards and the applicable methodologies to detect potential contaminants. Agro-chemicals (pesticides, fungicides and herbicides), natural toxins (mycotoxins and plant toxins), and heavy metals (mercury and cadmium) are the main sources of chemical hazards, which can be detected by several methods including chromatography and nano-techniques based on nanostructured materials such as noble metal nanoparticles (NMPs), quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic nanoparticles or nanotube. However, the diversity of chemical structures complicates the establishment of one standard method to differentiate the variety of chemical compounds. In addition, fresh fruits and vegetables contain high nutrient contents and moisture, which promote the growth of unwanted microorganisms including bacterial pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus) and non-bacterial pathogens (norovirus and parasites). In order to detect specific pathogens in fresh produce, methods based on molecular biology such as PCR and immunology are commonly used. Finally, physical hazards including contamination by glass, metal, and gravel in food can cause serious injuries to customers. In order to decrease physical hazards, vision systems such as X-ray inspection have been adopted to detect physical contaminants in food, while exceptional handling skills by food production employees are required to prevent additional contamination.

This study aims to confirm the appropriateness of fruit and vegetable sales at military commissaries, with the purpose of enhancing the physical health and morale of military personnel. In order to achieve this objective, we examined the actual conditions of fruit and vegetable sales at military commissaries and analyzed the soldiers’ awareness of fruit and vegetable sales through questionnaire surveys. The conclusions of this study are as follows: Firstly, fresh fruits and vegetables were not sold at military commissaries. Secondly, soldiers acknowledged the need for the consumption of fruits and vegetables and strongly expressed the desire for these fresh food products to be sold at military commissaries. Although the ROK Navy privatized military commissaries for the purposes of increasing management efficiency of national defense and strengthening combat power by transferring PX salesclerk soldiers to join combat personnel, this effort produced a negative effect of price increase. The following are proposals for improving this condition: fruit and vegetable products should be introduced to military commissaries through military welfare funds; fresh food markets should be established by closely cooperating with the local community’s agricultural producers; processed fruit and vegetable product (dry, frozen, airtight packaged, etc.) sales should be increased; and the privatization of the navy commissaries should be abolished.

선교학에서 의미와 형식(Meaning and Form)의 문제는 기독교 신앙의 토착화나 효과적인 복음전도 전략에 있어서 매우 중요한 문제이다. 복음이 ‘의미’라면 그 복음을 담은 그릇은 ‘형식’이라고 할 수 있다. 복음은 불변하는 진리이지만, 그 복음을 담은 그릇은 시대와 상황에 따라 변해야 한다. 그렇지 않는다면 시대와 상황에 적합하지 않은 그릇 때문에 복음이 효과적으로 전달될 수 없을 것이다. 그런데 문제는 오늘날 교회들이 의미와 형식, 즉 복음과 복음을 담은 그릇을 혼동할 뿐 아니라, 오랜 시간 속에서 만들어진 형식(그릇)을 고집하면서 시대의 변화에 적절히 대응하지 못하고 있다는 것이다. 본 논문은 영국을 중심으로 새롭게 일어나는 교회양식들인 Fresh Expressions of Church 운동의 형성배경과 개념을 서술하고 오늘 우리 한국교회 안에서 발견되는 사례들을 정리한 후, 그들이 공통적으로 가지고 있는 특징들을 통해 드러나는 선교적 통찰을 정리하고자 한다. 이를 통해 우리는 한국교회 안에서 Fresh Expressions of Church 운동이 어떻게 적용되고 전개될 수 있을지에 대한 가능성을 볼 수 있을 것이다.

The Jeju Black Cattle (JBC) are a type of traditional Korean native cattle with a characteristic black fur that covers the entire body. Semen analysis is the most commonly used procedure to evaluate male fertility potential. This study was to evaluate the quality of 10 JBC bulls belonging to Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Promotion Institute. [JBC A∼J grade]. The freezing medium (20% egg yolk plus 20% triladyl) was added in semen sample to a final concentration of 100×106 sperm/ml. For sperm cooling, diluted semen was filled in 0.5 ml plastic straws and then kept in refrigerator at 4°C for 2 h. They were placed in 7 cm over liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor for 10 min and then directly plunged into LN2 for storage. Thawing was done by transferring the frozen straws into water bath at 37°C for 30 sec for analysis. The sperm motility, vitality and morphology in each group was assessed using the Sperm Analysis Imaging System (SAIS Plus; Medical Supply Co, Ltd., Korea), eosin-nigrosin stain and diff-quik kit. There was no difference in the motility of the fresh groups (87.4 ~ 100%), while it was difference in the frozen-thawed groups (42.8 ~ 98.6%) (p<0.05). The best motility was shown in JBC-B (100/fresh and 98.6%/frozen-thawed). There was significant difference in the vitality of the fresh group (19.8 ~ 59.2%) and frozen-thawed group (21.2 ~ 49.8%)(p<0.05). The highest vitality was also shown in JBC-B (59.2/fresh and 49.8%/frozen-thawed). Morphologically, in fresh semen the highest normal ratio was indicated in JBC-E (90.9%) and in frozen-thawed group the highest was in JBC-C (90.2%). These results demonstrated that the analysis including motility, vitality and morphology of fresh or frozen-thawed semen is valuable to select the high quality sperm using for reproduction.

본 연구에서는 신선편이 양배추 내 Bacillus cereus의 최 적 증균 온도를 선정하고 증균배양액에 소수성필터를 적용하여 multiplex PCR의 검출률을 확인하였다. B. cereus 증균온도는 B. cereus 균주 5 개를 혼합하여 1 Log CFU/ mL이 되도록 증균배지에 접종하고 30oC, 37oC, 42oC에서 증균한 뒤 3시간 간격으로 MYP agar에 도말한 후 계수하여 선정하였다. 소수성필터 미적용 그룹은 B. cereus 균 주 5 개를 혼합하여 신선편이 양배추에 접종한 뒤 최적 증균온도에서 증균하였으며, 증균배양액을 가열하여 DNA 를 추출한 뒤 multiplex PCR을 진행하였다. 소수성필터 적용 그룹은 증균배양액을 소수성 필터에 적용하고 필터에 있는 균을 멸균증류수로 현탁한 뒤 가열하여 추출된 DNA 로 multiplex PCR을 진행하였다. 증균온도 확인 결과, 6시간 증균 시 42oC에서 증균된 샘플(5.4 ± 0.3 Log CFU/mL) 과 30oC에서 증균된 샘플(4.6 ± 0.6 Log CFU/mL) 간 유의 차가 확인되었다(p < 0.05). 소수성필터 적용 유무에 따른 multiplex PCR 결과, 1 Log CFU/g 접종된 샘플의 검출률이 소수성 필터 적용 전 60%(3/5)에서 100%(5/5)로 향상 되었다. 2 Log CFU/g 접종 샘플은 소수성필터 적용 전 80%(4/5)에서 소수성 필터 적용 후 100%(5/5)로 검출률이 증가하였으나, 3 Log CFU/g 접종 샘플은 소수성 필터 적용 전후 모두 100%(5/5)로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 신선편이 양배추 내 B. cereus 검출 시 증균배양액에 소수성필터를 적용하고 multiplex PCR을 적용했을 때 신속하고 효율적인 검출이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) pests, including the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, are economically important in agriculture. With the annual growth of the domestic fresh fruit export market, various quarantine treatment methods are being used to export strawberries of better quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of gamma rays on the development and reproductive sterility of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. In both species, the eggs were completely inhibited from hatching at 50 Gy, and the emergence of 3rd instar nymphs was completely suppressed at 150 Gy. Some adult B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum spawning occurred at 100 Gy and 70 Gy, respectively; however, at these irradiation levels, F1 hatchability was completely inhibited. Dosimetry results showed that the penetrating power of gamma ray in the strawberry-filled box was the lowest at the mid-box position. Therefore, B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum were placed in the middle of the strawberry-filled box and irradiated. A gamma-ray irradiation of 100 Gy suppressed the development and reproduction of eggs and adults in both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. However, the development of 3rd instar nymphs was inhibited at 300 Gy for B. tabaci and 200 Gy for T. vaporariorum. Our data suggest that at least 300 Gy should be used for the control of these two types of whitefly for strawberry export.

The cryopreservation has been extensively applied in many cells including spermatozoa (semen) during past several decades. Especially, the canine spermatozoa cryopreservation has contributed on generation of progeny of rare/genetically valuable dog breeds, genome resource banking and transportation of male germplasm at a distant place. However, severe and irreversible damages to the spermatozoa during cryopreservation procedures such as the thermal shock (cold shock), formation of intracellular ice crystals, osmotic shock, stress of cryoprotectants and generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been addressed. According as a number of researches have been conducted to overcome these problems and to advance cryopreservation technique, several analytical methods have been employed to evaluate the quality of the fresh or cryopreserved canine spermatozoa in regards to the motility, morphology, integrity of membrane and DNA, mitochondrial activity, ROS generation, binding affinity to oocytes, in vitro fertilization potential and fertility potential by artificial insemination. Because the study designs with certain application of analytical methods are selective and varied depending on each experimental objective and laboratory condition, it is necessary to establish the normal reference data of the fresh or cryopreserved canine spermatozoa for each analytical method to monitor experimental procedure, to translate raw data and to discuss results. Here, we reviewed the recent articles to introduce various analytical methods for the canine spermatozoa as well as to establish the normal reference data for each analytical method in the fresh or cryopreserved canine spermatozoa, based on the results of the previous articles. We hope that this review contributes to the advancement of cryobiology in canine spermatozoa.

This study analyzed the impact of FTA tariff elimination on the export prices for Norwegian fresh and chilled salmon, of which Korean import has significantly increased since the Korea-EFTA FTA implementation. Korea's fresh and chilled salmon market is almost monopolized by Norway, and Korea's price level is higher than other countries, so it is highly likely that price discrimination occurs. This study theoretically explained that exporters could adjust their prices by market power when tariffs are eliminated in imperfectly competitive markets. And the empirical analysis provided evidence that the exporters have made price adjustments since the FTA took effect, and similar results were found in the relative price comparison with trade statistics and Nasdaq Salmon Index. Therefore, in order to increase consumer welfare in Korean salmon market, it is required to transform the monopolistic market structure into a competitive one.

Squid is a popular seafood in Korea. However, since the 2000s, the squid production has been declining. The unstable supply of the squid products may cause price fluctuations of fresh and chilled squid. These price fluctuations may be relatively more severe than them of other commodities, because the fresh and chilled squid can not be stored for a long period of time. Thus, this study analyzes the structural characteristics of price volatility and price asymmetry of fresh squid based on off-diagonal GARCH model. Data used to analysis of this study are daily wholesale and retail prices of fresh squid from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2016 provided in the KAMIS. As theoretical approaches of this study, first of all, the stability of the time series is confirmed by the unit root test. Secondly, the causality between distribution channels is checked by the Granger causality test. Thirdly, the VAR model and the off-diagonal GARCH model are adopted to estimate asymmetry effect and price volatility spillover between distribution channels. Finally, the stability of the model is confirmed by multivariate Q-statistic and ARCH-LM test. In conclusion, fresh squid is found to have shock and volatility spillover between wholesale and retail prices as well as its own price. Also, volatility asymmetry effect is shown in own wholesale or retail price of fresh squid. Finally, this study shows that the decrease in the fresh squid retail price of t-1 period than the increase in the t-1 period has a greater impact on the volatility of the fresh squid wholesale price in t period.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate method for analyzing the quality of cereals, and dried animal forage. However, one limitation of this method is its inability to measure fermentation parameters in dried and ground samples because they are volatile, and therefore, respectively lost during the drying process. In order to overcome this limitation, in this study, fresh coarse haylage was used to test the potential of NIRS to accurately determine chemical composition and fermentation parameters. Fresh coarse Italian ryegrass haylage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over a wavelength range of 680 to 2500 nm, and optical data were recorded as log 1/reflectance. Spectral data, together with first- and second-order derivatives, were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate regressions; scatter correction procedures (standard normal variate and detrend) were used in order to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. Optimum calibrations were selected based on their low standard error of cross validation (SECV) values. Further, ratio of performance deviation, obtained by dividing the standard deviation of reference values by SECV values, was used to evaluate the reliability of predictive models. Our results showed that the NIRS method can predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, R2 cv, ranged from 0.76 to 0.97); the exception to this result was crude ash (R2 cv = 0.49 and RPD = 2.09). Comparison of mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that second-order derivatives yielded better predictions than first-order derivatives. The best mathematical treatment for DM, ADF, and NDF, respectively was 2, 16, 16, whereas the best mathematical treatment for CP and crude ash, respectively was 2, 8, 8. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had low predictive accuracy for acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (RPD < 2.5). However, pH, and lactic and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy (R2 cv 0.73 to 0.78; RPD values exceeded 2.5), and the best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8. Our findings show that, when fresh haylage is used, NIRS-based calibrations are reliable for the prediction of haylage characteristics, and therefore useful for the assessment of the forage quality.

이 연구는 수확 및 유통 단계에서 딸기의 미생물 오염 수준을 확인하고 수확 단계에서 사용 된 작업자 장갑을 교체하고 유통 온도를 제어함으로써 딸기에 대한 미생물 오염을 줄일 수 있는 방법을 확인하고자 하였다. 모니터링 결과 수확 단계에서 일반세균의 오염 수준은 토양 평균 7.12 ± 0.61 log10CFU/g, 장갑 평균 6.06 ± 1.80 log10 CFU/g, 딸기 평균 3.28 ± 0.98 log10CFU/g, 용수 평균 3.08 ± 0.55 log10 CFU/g 순으로 높았다. 수확 단계의 딸기에서 평균적 으로 3.3 log10 CFU/g의 일반세균이 검출되었으며, 저온 및 상온에서 각각 분포 된 딸기에서 1.85 ± 0.21 log10 CFU/g 및 2.6 ± 0.21 log10 CFU/g수준의 일반세균 수가 확인되어 수확단계보다는 감소된 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 작업자의 장갑 교체 및 냉장 유통 조건에 따라 딸기의 일반세균 은 작업자의 장갑을 교체하지 않고 처리 한 딸기와 실온에 서 유통 한 딸기의 일반세균 수준보다 유의적으로 낮게 확인되었다. 교체 된 장갑을 재활용하기 위해 시판 소독제 clorox로 세척하는 것과 삶아서 세척하는 것은 사용 후 작 업자의 장갑에서 오염된 미생물을 제어하기 위한 효과적인 세척 방법임이 확인되었다. 이 결과는 수확 단계에서 장갑을 주기적으로 교체하고 현장에서 쉽게 수행 할 수 있는 냉장 유통 조건이 딸기의 미생물 오염을 감소시키는데 효과적이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a widely used statistical analysis for finding an optimal point of a response variable (dependent variable) in accordance with multiple explanatory variables (independent variable). We have previously used RSM to identify optimal temperature and humidity (represented by the amount of water spray) of the fresh forage system for maximizing the growth of barley after 6 days of seeding. Consequently, RSM demonstrated that the optimal growth condition of barley was 19.70 and 1.38 l/h. However, it was not proved by empirical result, we aimed to verify the RSM result through comparative experiments. Experiments were designed four trials with different conditions. The first trial represented optimal conditions obtained from RSM, i.e., 20 and 1.4(l/h), while the rest of trials represented; 1) 20 and 1.8(l/h), 2) 18 and 1.4(l/h), and 3) 23 and 1.4(l/h). After 6 days of seeding, the average barley weight of the first trial was 11,094 g which was the highest yield compared to other trials (10,101 g, 9,757 g, and 10,233 g). This result supports that the RSM successfully predicted the optimal growth condition to be applied for the fresh forage system.

This study evaluated how fresh pear cognition variables influences the purchase of primary and secondary products to promote pear consumption. The survey was performed online using 200 consumers who have consumed pears. Consumers’ cognition was classified into two groups, one that was more favorable toward fresh pears and one that was less favorable. The cognition toward pear significantly affected the attitude (p<0.001) and purchase intention (p<0.001) toward fresh pear. When consumers bought fresh pear, sweetness was most important among the selection attributes to both groups, and the most common reason why consumers liked the pear analyzed by check all that apply (CATA) was also sweet taste. However, the negative group did not prefer fresh pear because of taste and texture, so those qualities should be wellcontrolled. In addition, cognition toward primary products influenced liking and purchase intention of processed pear products, especially beverages (p<0.001), bakeries and sweets (p<0.05). Therefore, these types of secondary products should be developed based on consumers’ demands.

Since methyl bromide(MB) has been designated as ozone deplete substance(ODS) by Montreal protocol (1989), many MBalternative fumigants like ethyl formate and phosphine gas were developed and commercialized. Ethyl formate(EF) is an effectiveMB alternative fumigant to control insect pests on imported fresh commodities. It is important to develop a proper evaporationmethod to apply EF on large scale fumigation because EF has a high boiling point(54℃). Recently, concurrent treatment ofethyl formate and nitrogen(EF+N2 treatment) has been newly developed. At preliminary test, EF+N2 treatment showed goodevaporation rate and showed high efficacy on quarantine pests without phytotoxicity on fresh commodities. In this trial, we’veapplied the EF+N2 treatment on imported orange and lemon at pilot scale (0.5m3, 10m3) containers and commercial scale containerto validate efficacy and phytotoxicity. 70g/m3 of EF liquid was applied on orange and lemon by EF+N2 treatment method,and showed 100% mortality on tested insect pest(Tetranychus urticae) without phytotoxicity at 0.5m3 and 10m3 scale fumigationtrials, respectively. At commercial scale trial, EF+N2 treatment also showed 100% efficacy on T. urticae and there was nophytotoxic symptoms on imported orange and lemon fruit. These results indicate that the newly developed EF+N2 treatmenthas a potential as a MB alternative, and can be applied on imported fresh commodities for quarantine and pre-shipment purpose.

Vegetables and fruits contain a great deal of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and phytochemicals. Therefore, healthconcious consumer prefer beverage made from fresh fruits and vegetables due to their health benefits. This study was conducted to investigate differences in nutritional composition and sensory characteristics of juices depending on the apparatus used: either a low-speed juicer or high-speed blender. All ingredients could be made into juice without addition of water using the low speed juicer. However, addition of water was necessary to produce juice with the high-speed blender. Phenol and flavonoid content, were higher in juice made with the low-speed juicer than that produced with the high-speed blender and were correlated with DPPH radical scavenging ability. Protease activity of pineapples juices was not significantly different for the two methods, but protease activity of kiwi juice was about 8 times higher in juice made with low-speed juicer than that made with the high-speed blender. SOD activity also tended to be higher in the juice made with low-speed juicer. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the juice made with high-speed blender was higher than that of juice made with a low-speed juicer and was correlated with color change. In addition, the high-speed blender caused an increase juice temperature, but temperature was not changed during use of the low-speed juicer. The noise level of the low-speed juicer was low, but the high-speed blender had high noise intensity comparable to that of railway or aircraft noise. In the sensory evaluation of juice, juice made with the low-speed juicer was preferred over juice made with the high-speed blender. As a result, the overall quality of the juice produced using the low-speed juicer was superior.