목조건축물에 주로 적용되고 있는 철물 접합 시스템은 모재인 나무와 접합부재인 철재 간의 강도 차이 및 재질의 이질성으로 인한 외관상의 위화감 등이 문제점으로 대두되고 있다. 재료 가공의 편의성으로 프리컷 시스템이 도입되었고, 시공성 을 해결하기 위한 새로운 재료 및 시스템의 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 자연재료를 그 원료로 하여 미관상 목조건축물에 위화감이 없는 황토 압밀 플레이트를 개발하였다. 황토 및 소석회를 원료로 하여 제작한 시험체의 양생방법(기건 양생, CO2 양 생)에 따른 성능을 평가하기 위해 질량 변화, 지압 강도, 흡수율, 표면상태, 열중량변화 측정 및 SEM을 통한 생성광물의 미시적인 부분을 관찰하였다. 또한 제조과정에서의 온실가스 배출 및 흡수에 따른 환경성능평가를 수행하였다. 기건 양생한 시험체에 비해 CO2 챔버에 양생한 시험체는 원료인 소석회의 탄산화 반응으로 인한 탄산칼슘의 생성으로 역학적 성능이 향상되었다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 원료인 소석회의 탄산화반응으로 인해 생석회 제조시 발생하는 CO2량의 70% 이상을 재흡수 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this paper is to improve the inappropriate analysis results when the end of the brace on braced frame is applied as pinned connection in practice. The stiffness of the gusset plate connection on the braced frame has the amount of between pinned and rigid connection, and the analysis model that applies the stiffness of the connection must be used for accurate performance evaluation. In this study, the stiffness of the gusset plate designed by the balanced design procedure are quantified, and applied to the analysis model to simulate the gusset plate connection. The proposed model was verified through nonlinear static analysis (pushover analysis) of SAP2000. The effect of the connection on the seismic performance of the braced frame was analyzed by comparing the proposed model and pinned model. As a result, it was confirmed that the performance of the braced frame was evaluated conservatively in practice, and the ductility was overestimated. Therefore, it is important to consider the connection for accurate and economical performance evaluation.

유리섬유강화 모르타르 관을 구성하는 보강섬유는 직교이방성 부재로 간주되며 재료의 성질은 서로 직각을 이루는 두 개의 축을 기준으로 정의된다. 유리섬유 모르타르 관의 구조적 거동 해석을 수행하기 위해서 길이방향과 원주방향의 재료의 역학적 성질, 즉 탄성계수, 전단탄성계수, 포아송비 등이 필요하며 각각의 성질들은 실험을 통해 결정하였다. 이 실험으로부터 구한 각각의 역학적 성질을 적용하여 간소화된 유한요소해석방법을 제안하기 위해 적층판 이론으로부터 유리섬유강화 모르타르 관의 탄성계수를 계산하고, 계산된 탄성계수를 적용하여 유한요소 해석을 수행하였다. 또한, 유한요소해석과 편평시험을 통해 구한 하중-변위 관계를 비교하였으며 ASTM D2412에서 제시하고 하고 있는 관의 강성 값을 유한요소해석과 실험을 통해 예측하여 비교하였다.

초해상도 기법은 영상 획득장치의 물리적인 한계를 극복하기 위해 저해상도 영상으로부터 고해상도 영상을 생성하는 기술이다. 초해상도 기법들 중 TV 기반 초해상도 기법은 에지보존과 artifact가 없다는 점에서 성공적인 방법으로 평가되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 저해상도 번호판 영상의 해상도 개선을 위해 새로운 TV 분해 기반 초해상도 기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법에서 번호판 영상은 TV 분해에 의해 영상의 주된 객체들에 해당하는 구조적 성분과 텍스쳐 성분으로 분해된다. 여기서, 영상의 주된 객체들과 같은 기하학적인 정보를 포함하는 구조적 성분은 번호판 영상의 번호판 글자와 유사하다. 따라서, 번호판 글자와 같은 구조적 성분의 해상도를 개선하기 위해 NNE 기반 SVR 방법을 제안하였다. 또한, 후처리 과정으로서 윤곽선을 효과적으로 보존하고, 잡음을 제거하기 위해 TV 디노이징 필터를 이용하였다. 실험을 통하여 본 논문에서 제안된 방법이 기존의 바이큐빅 보간법, ScSR, NNE 및 SRCNN 기법들에 비해 양호한 영상 및 PSNR, SSIM 척도 관점에서 향상된 좋은 결과들을 보였다.

Generally the non-bearing walls in apartment buildings in Korea are not considered as a lateral force resisting members for the design consideration. This engineering practice caused large crack damages and brittle fractures of the non-bearing walls when subjected to Pohang earthquakes in 2017 since those have not been designed for seismic loading. In this study, finite element analysis was conducted for slot type non-bearing wall connection system to reduce damages and concentrate damages to the designated damping device through separation from the structural wall members. Steel plate and dowel bar systems designed for the dissipation of seismic energies were modeled and analyzed to investigate the damage reductions. Finally, the test result and the analysis result were compared and verified.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of storage temperature and pressure plate treatment on chemical composition in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs). Green Prunus mume fruit was mixed with an equal amount of commercial sugar and stored at 4 or 25oC for 9 mon with or without a pressure plate. The alcohol contents in PSEs stored at 4oC were lower than those stored at 25oC. The amygdalin contents in PSEs stored at 25oC with pressure plate were significantly low. The sucrose in PSEs was converted into glucose and fructose during storage. The glucose, fructose and total phenol contents in PSEs stored at 25oC were higher compared with those at 4oC. The total soluble solid and polyphenol contents in PSEs were increased at 25oC until 90 d and 4oC until 150 d and then the contents were constant. The total acidity in PSEs stored at 4oC were higher than those at 25oC. These results indicate that storage temperature plays an important role in controlling the alcohol, amygdalin and sucrose contents in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs).

Spot welding is a representative process in automotive welding and the application of intelligent systems is accelerating. In particular, in the case of welding electrode management, the timing of electrode wear and dressing was determined by continuous spot welding evaluation, however there is concerned that errors in welding equipment or processes may work in a complex manner. In this study, a dynamic resistance waveform sensing and image measurement system that greatly affects the nugget formation, which is important to the quality of spot welding, was fabricated and used. Based on the experimental data of the galvanized steel sheet, an electrode life prediction algorithm for electrode wear was derived through CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) model of machine learning training.

The temperature distributions were numerically calculated for the two-dimensional transient conduction heat transfer problem of a square plate. The obtained temperature distributions were converted into colors to create images, and they were provided as learning and test data of CNN. Classification and regression networks were constructed to predict representative wall temperatures through CNN analysis. As results, the classification networks predicted the representative wall temperatures with an accuracy of 99.91% by erroneously predicting only 1 out of 1100 images. The regression networks predicted the representative wall temperatures within errors of C. From this fact, it was confirmed that the deep learning techniques are applicable to the transient conduction heat transfer problems.

Natural gas is the most realistic fuel among eco-friendly fuels. Natural gas production is limited, and in Korea, it is supplied and utilized in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In the case of LNG, the vaporization point is 163 degrees below zero, so ordinary metal cannot be used due to its brittleness. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) defines metals that can be used in the IGC Code, and is used for storage containers, transportation containers, etc. based on the metals. Welding is essential in the manufacture of large structures such as LNG storage tanks. In this study, weldability studies related to cryogenic materials were conducted. In Part I of this study, high-manganese steel and part II were studied for two types of stainless steel (STS304L, STS316L), and in Part III, aluminum (AL5083). During laser welding, the shape of the Bead on Plate (BOP) was analyzed, and a total of nine cases were analyzed using laser power and welding speed as variables. It was confirmed that the penetration and the width of the welding width were linearly proportional to the amount of heat input. Based on this study, it is possible to conduct a follow-up study to find the optimal welding conditions for butt welding and fillet welding.

As the part of efforts to respond to the environmental pollution, the demand for clean energy is increasing. Natural gas is one of the most realistic alternatives, and interest in the storage and transportation containers to utilize the natural gas is growing. The production area of ​​natural gas is limited, and in Korea, it is imported in the form of liquefied natural gas. LNG is a cryogenic state with a vaporization point of -163°C, so the ordinary metal cannot be used due to its brittleness. The international maritime organization (IMO) defines the metals that can handle LNG in the IGC Code, and the research is ongoing. This study was a preliminary study to check the weldability of related metals and confirmed the shape of bead on plate (BOP) during the laser welding for each material. In part I, a study was conducted on the high manganese steel, and in part II, a study was conducted on the materials of STS304L and STS316L among the stainless steel. Based on this study, it can be used as an optimal welding condition for the butt and fillet welding.

As demand for eco-friendly energy increases, demand for natural gas and Liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage technologies continues to increase. LNG is a cryogenic environment with a temperature of -163°C, so ordinary metals cannot be used due to brittleness. Accordingly, IGC Code designates the cryogenic materials such as Invar, STS304L, Al5083-0, and High Manganese Steel. For fabricating those materials, research on welding possibility is the most important. Thus this study focused on the possibility of laser welding of the cryogenic materials. The weldability of High Manganese Steel was researched in this paper, the shape and the dimensions of the beads after bead on plate (BOP) welding were observed. The experiment was conducted on a total of 25 cases with laser power and welding speed of 5 cases each, and the width, height, and penetration of the beads were confirmed. It was confirmed that the paramenter of bead increased linearly with the laser power, and the paramenters of bead increased linearly with decreasing welding speed. Based on this study, high manganese steel can be applied in various industries by applying it to butt welding.

선박 및 해양구조물에서 사용하고 있는 고강도 알루미늄 합금들은 스틸과 비교해서 많은 이점을 가지고 있다. 최근 고강도 알루미늄 합금들은 육상 및 해양에 폭넓게 사용되고 있으며, 특히, 특수목적 선박의 선체 외판구조에 많이 이용되고 있고, 교량 구조물에 사용되는 상자 구조물, 그리고 고정식 해양플랫폼의 상부구조에서 소비율이 증가하고 있다. 알루미늄 재료는 스틸보다 1/3의 중량 구성비를 통하여, 구성 중량을 줄이게 하여 연비 절감을 가능하게 한다. 일반적인 강구조물의 응력-변형률 관계와 비교하면, 용접가공에 따라 발생하는 열영향부의 존재로 인하여 상당히 다르게 나타난다. 왜냐하면, 강구조물과 비교하면 열전도율이 높아서, 열영향부(heat affected zone, HAZ)가 남아 있어 구조 강도 저하를 가져온다. 본 논문에서는 MIG(Metal inert gas) 용접 때문에 발생하는 열영향부를 고려하고, 종방향 압축 하중에 대한 알루미늄 보강판의 좌굴 및 최종강도 특성을 분석하였다. MIG 용접에 따른 열영향부를 고려한 경우, 좌굴 및 최종강도 모두 감소하며, 열영향부의 범위가 15 mm부터 항복 이후 에너지 소실률이 크게 나타나며, 25 mm 이상부터는 그 차이가 크지 않다. 따라서, 알루미늄 합금재료를 적용한 보강판의 구조 거동을 파악하기 위해서는 열영향부 영향에 대한 검토 및 분석이 중요하다.

The performance characteristics of a lead acid battery are investigated with the content of Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate (SPT, NaBO3·4H2O) in a positive plate active material. SPT, which reacts with water to form hydrogen peroxide, is applied as an additive in the positive plate active material to increase adhesion between the substrate (positive plate) and the active material; this phenomenon is caused by a chemical reaction on the surface of substrate. A positive plate with the increasing content of SPT is prepared to compare its properties. It is confirmed that the oxide layer increases at the interface between the substrate and the active material with increasing content of SPT; this is proven to be an oxide layer through EDS analysis. Battery performance is confirmed: when SPT content is 2.0 wt%, the charging acceptance and high rate discharge properties are improved. In addition, the lifetime performance according to the Standard of Battery Association of Japan (SBA) S0101 test is improved with increasing content of SPT.

In this study, we fabricate a thin- and dense-BCuP-5 coating layer, one of the switching device multilayers, through a plasma spray process. In addition, the microstructure and macroscopic properties of the coating layer, such as hardness and bond strength, are investigated. Both the initial powder feedstock and plasma-sprayed BCuP-5 coating layer show the main Cu phase, Cu-Ag-Cu3P ternary phases, and Ag phase. This means that microstructural degradation does not occur during plasma spraying. The Vickers hardness of the coating layer was measured as 117.0 HV, indicating that the fine distribution of the three phases enables the excellent mechanical properties of the plasma-sprayed BCuP-5 coating layer. The pull-off strength of the plasma-sprayed BCuP-5 coating layer is measured as 16.5 kg/cm2. Based on the above findings, the applicability of plasma spray for the fabrication process of low-cost multi-layered electronic contact materials is discussed and suggested.

최근 국내 구조물들의 노후화가 진행됨에 따라 구조물 보강과 관련된 연구에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. FRP보강은 노후화가 진행되어 성능이 저하된 구조물을 보강하는데 사용되며 주로 유리섬유를 사용한다. 그러나 이 유리섬유는 환경적 재 활용의 문제점이 대두되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 친환경적이고 내열성이 우수한 현무암 섬유를 활용한 휨 보강 플레이트 적용방법과 기존 FRP 외부부착의 문제점을 해소하기 위하여 연성 코팅용 보강페인트를 활용한 휨 보강 페인팅 적용방법을 통하여 각각의 경우에 대한 3점 휨 시험을 통하여 보강성능을 평가, 비교하였다. 그 결과 BFRP 보강의 경우 무보강 시험체에 비하여 약 1.2배 높은 강성 값을 나타내었고 콘크리트-BFRP 계면 부착력에 의한 연성효과도 나타났다. 반면 연성 코팅 보강페인팅 적용을 통한 휨 보강의 경우, 무보강 시험체에 비하여 약간의 개선효과는 나타났으나 실험체 제작의 오차 등을 고려할 때 실질적인 보강효과는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 연성 코팅페인팅을 활용한 보강방법의 경우, 향후 다양한 시공조건에 따른 추가연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we will develop a hybrid cross-sectional shape of steel inserted type glued-laminated timber that can improve the strength of structural glued-laminated timber and maximize the ductility by using steel plate with excellent tensile and deformation ability. A total of three specimens were fabricated and the flexural performance test was carried out to evaluate the structural performance of the steel inserted type glued-laminated timber. In order to compare the effect of steel inserted glued-laminated timber, one structural glued-laminated timber test specimen composed of pure wood was manufactured. In addition, in order to evaluate the adhesion performance of the steel inserted, one each of a screw joint test specimen and a polyurethane joint test specimen was prepared. As a result, all the specimens showed the initial crack in the finger joint near the force point. This has been shown to be a cause of crack diffusion and strength degradation. The use of finger joints in the maximum moment section is considered to affect the strength and ductility of the glued-laminated timber beam. Polyurethane-adhesive steel inserted glued-laminated timber showed fully-composite behavior with little horizontal separation between the steel plate and glued-laminated timber until the maximum load was reached. This method has been shown to exhibit sufficient retention bending performance.