This study was conducted to investigate the responses of soil properties and microbial communities to different agricultural management and soil types, including organic management in Andisols (Org-A), organic management in Non-andisols (Org-NA), conventional management in Andisols (Con-A) and conventional management in Non-andisols (Con-NA) by using a pyrosequencing approach of 16S rRNA gene amplicon in Radish farms of volcanic ash soil in Jeju island. The results showed that agricultural management systems had a little influence on the soil chemical properties but had significant influence on microbial communities. In addition, soil types had significant influences on both the soil chemical properties and microbial communities. Organic farming increased the microbial density of bacteria and biomass C compared to conventional farming, regardless of soil types. Additionally, Org-NA had the highest dehydrogenase activity among treatments, whereas no difference was found between Org-A, Con-A and Con-NA and had the highest species richness (Chao 1) and diversity (Phyrogenetic diversity). Particularly, Chao 1 and Phyrogenetic diversity were increased in organic plots by 12% and 20%, compared with conventional plots, respectively. Also, regardless of agricultural management and soil types, Proteobacteria was the most abundant bacterial phylum, accounting for 21.9-25.9% of the bacterial 16S rRNAs. The relative abundance of putative copiotroph such as Firmicutes was highest in Org-NA plot by 21.0%, as follows Con-NA (13.1%), Con-A (6.7%) and Org-A (5.1%.), respectively and those of putative oligotrophs such as Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes were higher in Con-A than those in the other plots. Furthermore, LEfSe indicated that organic system enhanced the abundance of Fumicutes, while conventional system increased the abundance of Acidobacteria, especially in Non-andisols. Correlation analysis showed that total organic carbon (TOC) and nutrient levels (e.g. available P and exchangeable K) were significantly correlated to the structure of the microbial community and microbial activity. Overall, our results showed that the continuous organic farming systems without chemical materials, as well as the soil types made by long-term environmental factors might influence on soil properties and increase microbial abundances and diversity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-salinity wastewater on the microbial activity of Aerobic Granule Sludge (AGS). Laboratory-scale experiments were performed using a sequencing batch reactor, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nitrogen removal efficiency, sludge precipitability, and microbial activity were evaluated under various salinity injection. The COD removal efficiency was found to decrease gradually to 3.0% salinity injection, and it tended to recover slightly from 4.0%. The specific nitrification rate was 0.043 0.139 mg NH4 +-N/mg MLVSS·day. The specific denitrification rate was 0.069 0.108 mg NO3 --N/mg MLVSS·day. The sludge volume index (SVI30) ultimately decreased to 46 mL/g. The specific oxygen uptake rate decreased from an initial value 120.3 to a final value 70.7 mg O2/g MLVSS·hr. Therefore, salinity injection affects the activity of AGS, causing degradation of the COD and nitrogen removal efficiency. It can be used as an indicator to objectively determine the effect of salinity on microbial activity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system application on microbial hazard management levels of pork and manufacturing environments. In this study, we compared and analyzed microbial levels in raw meat, finished products, and manufacturing environments (knifes, gloves, and cutting boards) of HACCP and non-HACCP meat markets. In addition, we surveyed the hygiene statuses of HACCP and non-HACCP meat markets. The general bacterial counts in raw meat, finished products, and manufacturing environments were lower in HACCP meat markets than in non-HACCP meat markets. Particularly, non-HACCP meat markets exceeded the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety microbiological recommendation criteria for raw meats (8.7%) and finished products (8.7%). Escherichia coli and coliform counts in raw meat, finished products, and manufacturing environments were also lower in HACCP meat markets than in non-HACCP meat markets. The biological hazard levels of finished products from non-HACCP meat markets were affected by raw meat and manufacturing environment. Moreover, according to questionnaire survey results, personal hygiene, manufacturing environment, and facility standards were lower in non-HACCP meat markets than in HACCP meat markets. Implementation of HACCP at meat markets is expected to minimize food poisoning by reducing the biological hazard levels to provide safe livestock products to consumers.

In this study, basic research was carried out to improve the absorption rate which is a problem in increasing the recycling rate of recycled fine aggregate and to improve the usability as concrete aggregate. It was confirmed that the absorption rate of the recycled aggregate measured after immersing in the microbial culture solution for the purpose of improving the absorption rate of the circulating fine aggregate for concrete was decreased. However, further studies such as improvement of microbial culture are required to satisfy KS standards.

In this study, the crack healing performance of concrete containing microbial - based self - healing agent for the purpose of crack crack healing was evaluated by the permeability test. As a result of the addition of the microbial culture solution to the mixed water at an alternative ratio, the permeability recovery rate increases as the substitution rate increases. It is necessary to develop a microbial concentrate and to study the application of mixed microorganisms for the purpose of increasing the rate of permeability recovery and decreasing the substitution rate of microbial solution.

As a method to improve the water purification performance of porous concrete through existing studies, it has been analyzed how to substitute effective microorganisms at a certain rate for use or immersing porous concrete in a culture solution. In this study, we tried to compare and analyze the viability of microbial cells after mixing spherical microbial cells with useful microbes and natural materials in order to more easily apply high - concentration microbes.

In this study, we evaluated the energy production from plant-microbial fuel cells using representative indoor plants, such as Scindapsus aureus and Clatha minor. The maximum power density of microbial fuel cell (MFC) using S. aureus (3.36 mW/m2) was about 2 times higher than that of the MFC using C. minor (1.43 mW/m2). It was confirmed that energy recovery is possible using plant-MFCs without fuel. However, further research is needed to improve the performance of plant-MFCs. Nevertheless, plant-MFCs have proved their potential as a novel energy source to overcome the limitations of the conventional renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar cells, and could be employed to a power source for the sensor in charge of the fourth industrial revolution.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary microbial-fermented molasses on egg production and egg quality in laying hens.In total, 90 Hy-line Brown laying hens were divided into two treatment groups (control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses)with three replicates of 15 birds each. During the experimental period, supplementation of hen diets with 1% microbial-fermented molassesdid not influence egg weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05), except for feed intake. Regarding egg quality, diets containing 1% microbial-fermented molasses significantly affected eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height (p < 0.05). However, there were no remarkable differences between control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses in eggshell color and egg yolk color (p > 0.05). These results indicate that supplementing 1% microbial-fermented molasses to the diet of laying hens improved egg quality parameters such as eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height rather than egg production.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 (KACC 91283P) on the growth of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.). The study consisted of three treatments, no treatment (NT), twice application of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 before transplanting (KC1), and five times application around transplanting (KC2). We determined the chemical properties of soil before and after the treatments, and compared the growth characteristics of watermelon among treatments. The treatment of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 at 1.0×106 cfu mL-1 significantly increased available P2O5. The organic matter showed to increase for all treatments, while soil pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg tended to decrease for all treatments. The leaf width was increased by 11.6% for KC1 and 26.2% for KC2 compared to NT. But there were no significant differences in yield, leaf length, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and pericarp thickness among treatments. The contents of free sugars such as fructose and glucose were increased by microbial treatments but sucrose was not different from NT. The content of glucose in watermelon was increased by 13.8% in KC1 and 12.8% in KC2 compared to NT. The content of fructose increased by 14.6% in KC1 and by 39.8% in KC2 compared to NT. The results from the study imply that Kluyvera sp. CL-2 can be used to increase sugar content in watermelon.

This study was carried out to investigate the economic value of organic rice production using gelatin ․ chitin microorganisms in eco-friendly complex, Gongsan, Naju city. The soil condition of experiment paddy field was Jeonbuk series and silt loam with a slightly poor drainage. Except for the high effective silicate, the chemical characteristics of soils used were included in the optimum range of paddy soils in Korea. In growth, plant length, tiller number, ear number, and ear length were observed to be higher in conventional paddy fields than organic paddy fields. However, number of grain per panicle and grain filling ratio (%) were higher in organic paddy fields than conventional paddy fields. Incidences of diseases and insect pests were slightly higher in the organic paddy fields. Water weevil, sheath blight, rice leaf roller and rice blast were more occurred in organic paddy field. On the other hand, false smut was higher occurred in conventional paddy field. There was a significant negative correlation between rice sheath blight and rice leaf roller, and rice yield. In the milled rice quality, the quality of organically cultivated milled rices was lower by the increase of broken rice than that of conventionally cultivated milled rices. The quality and palatability of rice were higher in organic cultivation with decreasing of protein content. Net income of conventionally and organically cultivated rice was 360,000 won/10a and 610,000 won/10a, respectively. Premium net income of the organically cultivated rice was 68%.

콘크리트 자기치유를 목적으로 미생물 혼입 하이드로젤 지지체 첨가에 따른 콘크리트의 특성을 검토하였다. 자기치유 콘크리트의 슬럼프 측정결과, 모든 배합조건에서 목표슬럼프를 만족하였으나, 하이드로젤 지지체의 혼입량 증가에 따라 슬럼프 감소가 있었다. 하이드로젤 지지체 혼입에 따른 공극률의 변화는 미미하였다. 자기치유 콘크리트의 압축강도 평가결과, 하이드로젤 지지체의 혼입은 강도에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 하지만 동일 배합조건하에서 시험체간의 분산값이 하이드로젤 지지체 혼입량 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 하이드로젤 지지체의 혼입에 따른 자기치유 콘크리트의 투수시험 결과, HC-B1.5 배합의 경우 최대 45.6%의 투수계수 회복율을 나타내어 하이드로젤 지지체의 혼입이 투수계수 감소에 효과가 높은 것으로 확인되었다

Background: Some phenolics detected in the soil may inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng (Panax ginseng). This study investigated the effect of irrigation and ginseng root residue addition on the soil microbial community and root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng. Methods and Results: Each 20 ℓ pot was filled with soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens, and irrigated daily with 2 ℓ of water for one month. After the irrigation treatment, ginseng fine root powder was mixed with the irrigated soil at a rate of 20 g per pot. In descending order, NO3 −, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) decreased due to irrigation. In descending order, NO3 −, EC, Ex. K, and available P2O5 increased with the additon of ginseng powder to the soil. The abundance of Trichoderma crassum decreased with irrigation, but increased again with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Haematonectria haematococca increased with irrigation, but decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp., which cause ginseng root rot, increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae increased with irrigation. The abundance of Streptomyces lavendulae decreased, and that of Arthrobacter spp. increased, with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Conclusions: Ginseng root residues in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

Background : Root rot is a major factors of replanting failure in ginseng cultivation. Some of the phenolics detected in the soil could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng. Methods and Results : Water of 2 ℓ was irrigated per pot (20 ℓ) into the soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens for one month every day. After the irrigation treatment, the powder of ginseng fine root of 20 g per pot was mixed with the irrigated soil. NO3 -, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) were decreased in descending order by irrigation. NO3 -, EC, Ex. K, and available P2O5 were increased in descending order by incorporation of ginseng powder into soil. Trichoderma crassum was decreased by irrigation, but it was increased again by incorporation of powder. Haematonectria haematococca was increased by irrigation, but it was decreased by incorporation of powder. Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp. causing ginseng root rot were increased by incorporation of powder. Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae were increased by irrigation. Streptomyces lavendulae was decreased, and Arthrobacter spp. was increased by incorporation of powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot was increased by incorporation of powder. Conclusion : The residues of ginseng root in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

Background : Cirsium setidens is a perennial wild herb that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It grows in the mountainous region of Gangwon-do in Korea and is also called gondre. The bioconversion technology applied in this study has the same meaning as biosynthesis, biocatalyst, etc., and refers to a technique for producing desired products from precursors using enzymatic functions of microorganisms. Therefore, useful microorganisms having immunological activity were selected and Cirsium setidens fermentation products were prepared by applying bioconversion technology. And fermented product extracts were prepared to consider as a good sources of natural immune enhancement and functional food ingredients. Methods and Results : Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Weissella cibaria, and Lactobacillus plantarum were used as isolates from traditional foods. The fermentation product was set to a condition that the inherent physical properties did not change and did not generate a unique odor during fermentation. Cirsium setidens was fermented at 37℃ for 24 hours. And the fermented material was sterilized at 9 0℃ for 1 hour and then dried at 70℃ and pulverized. The contents of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin, which are non - glycosides, were analyzed before and after fermentation using HPLC. Also NO production was measured in RAW264.7 cells after extract treatment at various concentrations using Griess reagent kit . The content of pectolinarin was increased in fermented Crisium setidens before fermentation, but the content of pectolinarigenin was increased after fermentation. In addition, the water extract of the fermented material accelerated the NO production compared to the pre - fermented material. Conclusion : As a result, relatively high immunostimulating effect were observed in dried Crisium setidens after fermentation, and it was confirmed that it could be a ingredient material for health functional food.

본 연구에서는 대표적인 향신료가공품인 고춧가루, 후춧가루, 생강가루, 마늘가루의 일반세균, 대장균군 및 식중독세균 오염도를 분석하여 시중 유통 중인 향신료 제품의 미생물학적 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 재료는 고춧가루 45건, 후춧가루 28건, 생강가루 29건, 마늘가루 17건, 총 119건의 향신료를 사용하였다. 일반세균, 대장균군 및 식중독 세균은 식품공전에 따라 실험하였으며, B. cereus의 독소 유전자는 PCR을 이용하여 분석하였다. 일반세균수는 HACCP 인증 제품에서 평균 6.2±1.2 log CFU/g, HACCP 미인증 제품에서 평균 5.4±1.8 log CFU/g으로 나타났다. 대장균군 오염도는 HACCP 인증 제품에서 35.1%, HACCP 미인증 제품에서 32.9% 검출되어 HACCP 인증 제품에서 높은 오염도를 나타내었다. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, E. coli O157, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus 등 7종의 식중독균을 실험한 결과 17건의 향신료에서 B. cereus가 검출되었다. 또한 HACCP 인증된 37건 중 7건(18.9%), HACCP 미인증 82건 중 10건(11.8%)에서 B. cereus가 검출되었다. 본 실험결과 시중 유통되고 있는 향신료 제품의 경우 HACCP 인증 여부와 관계없이 대장균군 및B. cereus 오염도를 나타내어 향신료 재배에 농산물우수관리 제도를 도입하여 대장균군 등 미생물 오염 원인을 관리하고 기존 HACCP 시스템의 미생물 살균공정 등을 개선하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

국내 일부 시설재배지는 장기간 과도한 양분 투입 등에 의한 염류 집적 현상이 문제가 되어왔으며, 최근 이상기온에 따른 온도장해에 의한 피해도 발생하고 있다. 이러한 현상에 대해 친환경적으로 대처하기 위하여 고염류와 온도 스트레스에 대해 작물에 내성을 증강시키는 미생물을 선발하였다. 국내 토양에서 분리한 1,944균주중 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스 조건에서 세균의 생장과 식물생장촉진 관련 특성(IAA 생성, ACC deaminase 활성, 인산가용화능)을 고려하여 20균주를 1차 선발(전체 균주의 1.03%)하였다. 1차 선발한 20균주 중 토마토 식물검정을 통해 고염류 또는 온도스트레스에 대한 내성을 유도하는 7세균(1차 선발균주의 35%, 전체 균주의 0.36%)을 단계적으로 선발할 수 있었다. 선발된 세균은 16S rRNA 유전자의 염기서열 분석을 통해 모두 Bacillus 속에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과로 선발된 7균주는 토마토의 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스에 대한 효과적인 미생물 제제로 활용이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 실험은 비 전리방사선인 가시광선을 조사한 미생물에서의 생리적 대사특징을 연구하였다. 이 실험에 사용된 미생물은 화학합성미생물인 Phodospirillum Rubrum KS-301이었다. glucose의 회분발효를 수행하였고 발효결과는 테이터의 기초가 되었다. 첫째, 비 전리방사선인 가시광선을 조사를 안 할 때의 잔류 glucose(기질량)량을 5.03 g/L -2.17 g/L로 감소하면은 균체량은 1.08 g/L - 3.14 g/L로 수소생성량은 0.02 g - 0.19 g로 증가 하였다. 둘째, 비 전리방사선인 가시광선을 조사 할 때의 잔류 glucose(기질량)을 13.17 g/L - 5.2 g/L로 감소하면은 균체량은 4.7 g/L - 10.57 g/L로 수소생성량은 0.186 g - 0.3 g로 증가 하였다. 이 실험결과를 종합해 볼 때 비 전리방사선인 가시광선을 조사한 미생물에서의 생리적 대사특정으로는 가시광선을 미생물에게 조사한 결과 생명의 활동이 활발하게 일어나고 있음을 알았고 그 반대로 다양한 연구논문에 따르면 감마선, 엑스선, 전자선을 조사한 미생물에서는 세포치사나 세포의 기능적, 형태학적 장해를 나타내었음을 알 수가 있었다.

This study aimed to estimate the effect of inoculant application level on chemical composition and bacterial count of fermented chestnut meal (FCM), and its rumen fermentation characteristics. The inoculant contained Lactobacillus acidophilus (1.2 x 1010 cfu/g), Bacillus subtilis (2.1 x 1010 cfu/g), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.3 x 1010 cfu/g). The chestnut meal mixed with molasses, double distilled water, and inoculant at 1 kg, 3 g, 480 mL, and 20 mL ratio for the basal chestnut meal diet. The double distilled water from basal chestnut meal diet was substituted with bacterial inoculant at a level of 0 (Control), 20 (Medium), and 40 mL (High) in the experimental diets. The mixed experimental diets were incubated at 39°C for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. On 7 days of FCM incubation, the contents of crude protein (CP) (quadratic, P=0.043) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.071) decreased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas bacterial count (quadratic, P=0.065) and rumen NH3-N (linear, P=0.063) increased. By increases of inoculant application levels on 14 days of FCM incubation, the increases were found on dry matter (DM) (quadratic, P=0.085), CP (quadratic, P=0.059), acid detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.056), in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002), rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (linear, P=0.057), and rumen iso-butyrate (linear, P=0.054). However, the decreases were found on bacterial count (linear, P=0.002), propionate (linear, P=0.099), and butyrate (quadratic, P=0.082). On 21 days of FCM incubation, in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002) and total VFA (linear, P=0.001) increased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas the contents of CP (quadratic, P=0.034) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.047) decreased. These results indicate that the FCM with a medium level of inoculant application and 14 of fermentation had beneficial effects by increasing DM digestibility and rumen total VFA content, without altering bacterial count.

하수처리과정에서 발생하는 슬러지의 부피를 줄이는 동시에 이들의 유기물 성분을 메탄 등의 바이오가스로 전환하기 위해 중온(35℃)에서의 혐기소화 공정이 널리 적용되고 있다. 혐기소화공정의 안정성이나 에너지 투입량 측면에서는 중온혐기소화가 적합하다고 알려져 있지만, 높은 유기물 부하량(organic loading rate, OLR)을 처리하기 위해 반응속도를 상승시키거나 SRT(sludge retention time)을 줄이기 위해 고온(55℃) 혐기소화를 적용하기도 한다. 고온 혐기소화공정을 새롭게 시작할 때 접종물을 기존의 고온 혐기소화공정으로부터 얻기 힘든 경우 중온혐기소화액을 고온에서 적응시켜 접종하기도 한다. 이때 온도를 적응시키는 방법에 따라 공정 효율이 달라지는데, 연구에서는 중온혐기소화액으로부터 고온 혐기소화 접종물을 제작하기 위한 방법으로 온도를 올리는 방법을 달리하였을 때 이들의 메탄 생산과 미생물 군집에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구수행을 위해 광주 제 1 하수처리장에서 중온혐기소화액, 1, 2차 농축 슬러지 등을 샘플링 하여 두 대의 반응기(Working volume : 3L)를 설치하여 회분식(Batch)운전 후 연속교반탱크형반응기(CSTR)로 운전(SRT 20, 40일)하였다. 먼저 한 대의 반응기는 35℃에서 55℃로 한 번에 온도변화를 주었고, 다른 반응기의 경우에는 35℃에서 하루에 1도씩 올려서 약 20일에 걸쳐 55℃로 올린 뒤 55℃로 유지하였다. 반응기의 효율을 확인하기 위해 메탄 발생량, total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), soluble components (protein, carbohydrate), pH 등을 측정하였으며, NGS (next generation sequencing)를 활용하여 혐기소화 전/후의 소화액의 미생물 군집변화를 알아보았다.

Background : The continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale is a serious problem for the cultivation practices, which is an unelucidated subject. This study is concerned mainly with rhizosphere microbiome and meteological factors on the cause of physiological damage in the continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : Microbial population and community dynamics was evaluated with metagenomic DNA by IonTorrent PGM. Results of HPLC profiling revealed that metabolic components of symbiotic interaction with Cnidium officinale was not detected in cultivated soils. Proteobacteria groups such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia of rhizosphere soil in continuous cropped fields mainly decreased compared to the first cropped soil. Principle component analysis of bacterial community showed a significantly differentiated vector between first cropping field and continuous cropped fields. Although growth characteristics including height, leaf length, leaf diameter amd stem diameter etc., was not different with continuous cultivation year until mid-July, physiological damage was dramatically started from late July. Yield of Rhizoma in continuous cropped fields significantly decreased compared to first cropped field. Evapotranspiration of Cnidium officinale with lysimeter for summer season was evaluated. It showed high relationship between solar radiation and evapotranspiration with R2 = 0.7778 and 41% of solar radiation converted into evapotranspiration during 16 days. This result imply that evapotranspiration is mainly controlled by radiation energy in clear days. Water and heat cycle through evapotranspiration is suppose to be one of the important factors related with physiological disorder of Cnidium officinale. Conclusion : This result imply that physiological damage resulted from continuous cropping is involved in decrease of Proteobacteria at rhizosphere soils under stressed conditions.