Introduction Since most companies are constantly confronted with incremental technology obsolescence and the risk of disruptive innovations, they have been struggling to pursue both incremental and radical new product developments (NPD). Due to these practical concerns, scholars have conducted research to reveal which factors promote “ambidexterity (O’Reilly & Tushman, 2008)” of both explorative activities, including radical NPD, and exploitative activities, including incremental NPD, mainly focusing on organizational structures and systems. For example, previous studies have suggested organizational structures (Gibson & Birkinshaw, 2004), cross-functional integration (Brettel, Heinemann, Engelen and Neubauer, 2011), and management systems (Benner & Tushman, 2003) are the factors to promote ambidexterity. Furthermore, recent studies have emerged suggesting the importance of cognition in pursuing both radical and incremental NPD (Smith & Tushman, 2005; Eling, Griffin, & Langerak, 2014). Although the importance of cognitive processes in NPD has been suggested in some studies, the research exploring these roles is scarce. Therefore, this study attempts to fill in the gaps by revealing the roles of cognitive processes (analytical processing, intuitive processing, and associative processing) on radical and incremental NPD performance empirically. Theoretical Background and Literature Review The purpose of this section is to attempt to reveal the points not addressed adequately in extant literature. In order to do so, firstly, this section tries to classify the cognitive processing in previous studies, according to some criteria. Secondly, the section reviews the empirical research regarding the effects of cognitive processing on decision-making. Lastly, it goes on to compare the reviewed empirical studies with the classification of cognitive processing that are indicated and attempts to review the gaps in previous research. The research on cognitive processing Referring to the rule-based processing and the associative processing, proposed in Smith & Decoster (2000), as well as the logico-deductive manner of rational choice and the associative thinking, proposed in Gavetti (2005, 2012), this study proposes three types of cognitive processing: analytical, intuitive, and associative processing.Analytical processing involves a comprehensive consideration of various factors, such as market environments, competitors’ behaviors and strategic alternatives, to make a judgement. One example of analytical processing is that we use a 3C framework to make a judgement regarding a new product concept. Intuitive processing involves making a judgement based on intuition, or judging without deliberation. One example of intuitive processing is adopting the product design that arouses feeling of rightness of choice (Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006) or excitement (Agor, 1986) without clear bases. Associative processing involves consciously searching for a past experience or knowledge which is similar to a current situation, and making a judgement based on it. One example of this is when we intentionally recall a past experience in NPD, or a case in another industry that is similar to the current NPD situation, and determine the strategy by following it. The empirical research on the effect of cognitive processing There is an accumulation of empirical research on the effect of cognitive processing on decision making performance, management, and marketing literature. Dean and Sharfman (1996) empirically considered the relationship between the procedural rationality, defined as “the extent to which the decision process involves the collection of information relevant to the decision and the reliance upon analysis of this information in making the choice” (p. 373) and strategic decision effectiveness. Menon, Bharadwaj, Adidam and Edison (1999) empirically examines the relationship between situation analysis, referring to “rational and systematic consideration of the organizational SWOTs in a marketing strategy domains” (p. 21), and market performance, strategy creativity, and organizational learning. Yamashita, Fukudome, Uehara, and Sasaki (2012) studies the relationship between marketing strategy, referring to the extent that the marketer uses STP framework in the phase of decision making, and business unit’s performance. The constructs, such as procedural rationality, situational analysis, and marketing strategy, seem to approximately correspond to the analytical processing indicated in the previous section. Although previous research reviewed so far only focuses on analytical processing, there is research considering other cognitive processing. De Visser et al. (2014) examines the effects of NPD team’s intuitive information processing and analytical information processing on incremental and radical NPD’s overall performance. This study suggests that analytical processing affects overall NPD performance positively while intuitive processing affects only radical NPD performance in a positive manner. Table 1 indicates the arrangement of the reviewed empirical studies. The gaps in the literature From the previous research review, this study indicates three points not addressed adequately in the literature. First, as shown in Table 1, there is little research focusing on cognitive processing aside from analytical processing (especially on associative processing). Second, the research considering the relationship between cognitive processing and radical/ incremental NPD performance is scarce (except for de Visser etal (2014)). Third, little research has considered the effects of the cognitive processing of a new product development (NPD) leader, on the NPD performance. Given these points, this study focuses on the cognitive process of a NPD leader and considers the effects of analytical processing, intuitive processing, and associative processing, on incremental/ radical NPD project performance. Table 1 Research Hypotheses Generally, the uncertainty of incremental NPD projects is low. In such situations, it is relatively easy for NPD leaders to collect and analyze various data for judgements (analytical processing), enabling them to estimate and predict the surrounding situation more accurately. Thus, analytical processing affects the incremental NPD project positively. Using intuitive processing, a NPD leader makes judgements, automatically referring to past repeated experiences (cf. Smith & DeCoster, 2000). These judgements are correct in most cases, but judgement errors are sometimes brought about, due to inaccurate application of repeated experiences to a judgement. Furthermore, due to its automatic and preconscious nature, the bases of the judgement guided by intuitive processing cannot be explained clearly (Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Eling et al., 2014), which seems to increase the frequency of conflicts. Taking these effects in consideration, this study predicts that intuitive processing does not affect incremental NPD project performance. Using associative processing, a NPD leader replaces an uncertain situation with a past experience or knowledge that is more familiar to them, in order to make a judgement. However, such replacement is not effective in incremental NPD projects because, in general, they tend to be less uncertain. Thus, it is predicted that associative processing does not affect incremental NPD project performance. H1a: As a NPD leader uses the analytical processing more frequently in an incremental NPD project, the NPD project performance will be higher. H1b: The frequency of using intuitive processing by a NPD leader does not affect the incremental NPD project performance. H1c: The frequency of using associative processing by a NPD leader does not affect the incremental NPD project performance. Generally, as the needs of radical NPD deviates from organizations’ existing routines (Smith & Tushman, 2005), its uncertainty increases. In these situations, analytical processing is not appropriate for judgements due to the factors such as a lack of information and defined criteria (March, 2006). Part of the previous research suggests the positive effect of intuitive processing on radical NPD performance due to its tendency to generate creative ideas (de Visser et al., 2014). Given this, it is predicted that intuitive processing by a NPD leader positively affects the radical NPD performance. In contrast, it is also said that intuitive processing is likely tocause error of judgement in novel situations or strategies (cf. Miller & Ireland, 2005), and conflicts. Considering these, this study does not posit that any directional relationship between intuitive processing and radical NPD project performance. Associative processing can cope with uncertain situations by relating and drawing similarities from a previous familiar experience to the current uncertain situation (Gavetti, 2012). In addition, since associative processing is a conscious mental activity, its risk of error of judgement is lower than that of intuitive processing (cf. Stanovich & West, 2000). Considering this, it is predicted that there will be a positive effect of associative processing on radical NPD project performance. H2a: The frequency of using analytical processing by a NPD leader does not affect the radical NPD project performance. H2b: The frequency of using intuitive processing by a NPD leader affects the radical NPD project performance. H2c: As a NPD leader uses the associative processing more frequently in a radical NPD project; the NPD project performance will be higher. The depth of NPD leader’s experience refers to the extent that he has engaged in many NPD projects in one product category. The width of the NPD leader’s experience means the extent that he has engaged in NPD projects in various product categories. For want of space, the detailed explanation of H3 is skipped in this abstract. H3: The depth and width of the NPD leader’s experience moderate the relationship between cognitive processing and NPD project performance. Figure 1 METHODOLOGY This study uses the data collected from Japanese high-tech manufacturing companies, through survey research. The collected data will be used to empirically test the hypotheses. At the empirical test, the samples will be divided into two groups according to the NPD radicalness, and each group will be applied hierarchical multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship among the constructs. This study incorporates three independent variables, one dependent variable, three moderator variables and three control variables, into the model. The independent variables are analytical, intuitive, and associative processing. The dependent variable is overall NPD project performance. The moderator variables are NPD radicalness, depth and width of NPD leader’s experience. The control variables are firm size, devoted resource and the development period of a new product. The main variables of this model will be measured as follows. The scales of analytical processing and intuitive processing are developed, referring to those of Epstein et al. (1996) and de Visser et al. (2014). The scale of associative processing is developed for this study by drawing on the extant literature such as Gavetti(2005; 2012). Overall NPD project performance is measured by adopting the scale of Hoegl, Weinkauf, and Gemuenden (2004). The results of the analysis will be reported at the presentation in 2016 Global Marketing Conference in Hong Kong.

Research findings show that money attitude dimensions variedly affect compulsive buying. We surveyed 750 Generation Y South Africans to examine whether gender and family resources received during childhood is influencing the varied impact of money attitude dimensions on compulsive buying. Depending on whether low or high family resources were received during childhood, we found gender differences and a similarity on how money attitude dimensions affect compulsive buying. In terms of similarity, we found that high provision of both tangible and intangible family resources during childhood promotes the development of budget money attitude, which negatively affects the development of compulsive buying behavior.

This paper establishes the link between the “World of Barbie” and its influence in shaping the mindset of young, educated, urban Indian girls born post 1985 to belong to an albeit Transnational Imagined Community. Barbie, launched in India in 1985 by Mattel Toys India Ltd, quickly captured the mind, hearts and lives of young girls in the age 4-8years. Girls in the urban affluent Indian households became addicted to this “World of Barbie” and have enthusiastically imbibed the Barbie culture. Barbie, as Macdougall (2003) calls is a “Transnational Commodity”, has changed the way young Indian girls think of themselves belonging to a “Transnational Imagined Community”’ – be it the type of outfit they wear, how they converse with their peers, the way they define ‘glamour’ or ‘well-turned out’, or their aspired future state. The authors conducted a research amongst English speaking educated urban Indian affluent girls born between 1985 and 1998 who have internalized the “World of Barbie” which includes fashion accessories, bath sets, kitchen accessories etc. and enquired into how young girls think beyond their immediate environment , so as to delve deeper into the seminal work of Anderson(1983) on “Imagined Communities”. The present paper adopts the mix method research approach. Study 1 (Depth Interview) uses the deep understanding principle of case study research. Case study research is knowledge of “sense-making” processes created by individuals for a given stimuli (Woodside, 2010). Theory is built using case study research (CSR). “CSR method is an inquiry that focuses on describing, understanding, predicting, and/or controlling the individual” (Woodside (2010). Using CSR approach, Study 2 (focus group discussion) with Control group (girls not played with Barbie) and Research group (played with Barbie) was conducted. The authors used interpretive phenomenological analysis to infer the transcripts to understand the influence of “World of Barbie” on Transnational Imagined Community. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) explores in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world; the inferences were given conceptual code as following factors viz.,i) Past memories with Barbie, ii) Possession Attachment iii) Personal Internalization, iv) Behavioral Manifestation v) Global Imagined Community. The study 3 was fixed point (Likert type) survey analysis. The questionnaire consisted of 35 questions covering above mentioned factors. The final survey was conducted with sample size of N= 315. Structural equation modeling was used to derive the results. To conclude, ‘home country culture’ into which the respondent is born is seen to be malleable if internalization of certain alien culturalartifacts are positively imbibed into early childhood. The process of internalization of this new culture should be embedded in early childhood memories to bring about this cultural transformation in adulthood. This process of reculturation in the young urban Indian girls has been facilitated through the ‘World of Barbie’ helping their mindset to migrate into a distinctly different global culture as defined in the Transnational Imagined Community.

This research aims to examine the effects of national culture and leadership style on safety performance in bulk shipping companies. Survey data collected from 322 respondents working in dry bulk carriers was used, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze the influence of national culture and leadership styles (i.e. transformational, passive management, and contingent reward) on safety attitude and safety behavior. The results indicate that national culture dimensions such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, and long-term orientation had a positive influence on safety behaviour. Long-term orientation had a positive influence on safety attitude, whereas masculinity had a negative influence on safety attitude of seafarers. Specifically, this research found that transformational leadership had a positive influence on safety attitude and safety behaviour of seafarers. Moreover, practical implication from the research findings to improve ship safety in dry bulk shipping were discussed.

The scope of this paper is implementation issues of the e-Navigation concept of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). IMO has adopted the e-Navigation strategic implementation plan (SIP) in 2014. This plan, i.a., bases on estimating the effect of e-Navigation applications on reducing navigational accidents, including collisions and groundings of ships falling under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) by approximately 65 per cent. However, IMO Member States are responsible for safety of navigation and efficient vessel traffic at international but also on national levels. Regarding the introduction of new concepts and innovative systems into vessel traffic there is a need to comprehensively assess potential effects not only for SOLAS ships but also for non-SOLAS ships. This paper aims at a more comprehensive and theoretically sounded estimation of e-Navigation potentials by investigating and applying IMO’s methodology for quantification of those effects also to the implementation of e-Navigation solutions to ships not falling under the SOLAS convention (non-SOLAS ships). The authors carried out a case study using the SMART-Navigation concept of Korea as model case for impact assessment. For the mentioned purpose, this paper identifies main tool kits of IMO e- Navigation, proposes and applies a set of formulas to comprehensively assess and quantify effects of new functions or services based on IMO’s methodological approaches. From gained results authors suggest investigations not only taking into account expert opinions but also simulation trials to identify factors and coefficients for thorough calculations. From the results the authors conclude and recommend to extend the impact assessment of e-Navigation also to vessel traffic involving non-SOLAS ships as a general and global recommendation to coastal states. Further, results are provided as a potential model case for IMO Member States’ reference for their statespecific individual situation and conditions.

저장조에 위치한 사용후핵연료는 가혹한 원자로 조건에 의해 구조적 건전성이 와해되므로 외력에 취약하다. 따라서 운반 및 취급 중 사고 상황이 고려되어야 한다. 극단적인 경우, 핵연료 취급 중 사고로 인해 핵연료 저장조에서 핵연료집합체 낙하 가 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 사고 상황 하에서 연료봉 파손 등을 평가하기 위해서 수조에 충돌할 때 발생하는 충돌력을 분석 할 필요가 있다. 이는 핵연료가 수조 바닥에 충돌할 때의 속도를 입력으로 하여 평가될 수 있다. 연료봉이 핵연료 중량 및 부 피의 대부분을 차지하고 있으므로, 연료봉 다발은 수중 항력을 예측하는데 중요한 역할을 한다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 3×3 의 짧은 연료봉 다발을 모델로 사용하여 수중에서 낙하할 때 받는 수력을 계산하였고, 이를 전산모사와의 비교를 통하 여 검증하였다. 본 방법론을 사용후핵연료 건전성 평가에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

공동주택의 거주자들이 행복하려면 집은 편안하고 쾌적한 환경이어야 한다. 그러나 인구의 도시집중과 주택공급의 부족으로 수많은 공동주택이 건설되었고 그에 따른 많은 문제점이 뒤따르게 되었다. 많은 문제점 중에서도, 가장 지속적이고 해결하기 곤란한 문제는 층간소 음이라고 할 수 있다. 더구나, 요즘은 층수가 높아지면서 벽체와 바닥이 더욱 얇아지고 경 량화 되어 전반적으로 바닥 중량이 줄어들면서 층간소음이 더 증가하게 되었을 뿐만 아니 라, 국민들의 생활 수준이 향상되고 보다 높은 삶의 질을 추구하게 되면서 층간소음은 커 다란 사회문제가 되기에 이르렀다. 층간소음으로 인한 분쟁이 늘어나자 정부에서는 공동주 택을 건축할 때 시공사의 공동주택 층간소음 방지기준을 마련하고, 거주자간의 층간소음 방지기준도 마련하였지만 공동주택 층간소음의 문제해결은 요원하기만 하다. 이에 본 연구 에서는 공동주택 층간소음의 법적문제와 개선방안을 모색해 보았다.

This study was aimed to demonstrate how the analysis of the impact on confidence in the safety-conscious organizations target the clothing distribution center employees and organizational commitment. Safety awareness of employees of the clothing distribution center safety rules, safety education, road safety interests, divided into risk handling and trusted organization with the emotional trust and cognitive trust, organizational commitment was divided into affective, cognitive and normative commitment. Data collection was surveyed 185 people clothing distribution center workers, tested the hypothesis through regression analysis. The results are safety conscious exerts a positive effect on organizational trust, organizational trust was found to have a positive impact on organizational commitment.

본 연구는 학습자 중심 수업이 비판적 사고 전략의 향상에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것을 목적으로 수행 되었다. 이를 위해 서울, 충청도 소재 4년제 사립대학교의 3학년 학생 260명을 대상으로 플립드 러닝 (flipped learning)을 기반으로 한 학습자 중심 수업 설계를 16주에 걸쳐 적용하였다. 이를 위하여 비판 적 사고 전략 검사의 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 수업 전과 후의 비판적 사고 전략의 수준의 차이를 분석하였다. 또한 수업 전의 비판적 사고 전략 수준에 따라서 수업 후에 변화의 양상이 어떠한가를 알아 보기 위해 상ㆍ하 집단(25%, 75%)으로 분류하고, 이들의 차이를 분석하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 비판적 사고 전략 검사는 대학생의 비판적 사고 전략을 측정하기에 적합한 요인구조를 가졌음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 학습자 중심 수업은 비판적 사고 전략의 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 가장 높은 차원인 비판적 반성 전략의 경우 수업 적용 전에 비해 가장 큰 향상 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 수업 전의 비판적 사고 수준이 낮은 집단이 수업 후의 비판적 사고향상의 폭이 더 크게 나타나 하위집단일수록 학습자 중심 수업이 효과적이라는 선행연구 결과와 일치하는 결과를 확인하였 다. 이러한 연구 결과는 몇 가지의 제한점에도 불구하고 비판적 사고의 향상을 위해서는 학습자의 활동 과 개별학습, 협업, 소통이 중시되는 학습자 중심 수업을 충분히 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사하였고, 학습 수준에 따라 학습자 중심 수업을 어떻게 활용할 것인가에 대한 자료를 제공하였다는 측면에서 의의 가 있었다.

본 연구에서는 소셜 비디오 플랫폼 환경에서 동영상 기반 커뮤니케이션을 통해 동영상을 시청하는 사용자와 타인 들 간의 관계가 사용자의 긍정적 감정과 사회적 소속감에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 해당 연구에서는 사 회 충격 이론(Social Impact Theory)과 자기 점검 이론(Self-Monitoring Theory)이라는 심리학 이론을 토대로 동영상 기반의 새로운 상호작용 수단을 활용한 대안을 검증하기 위해 실제 동영상 기반의 소셜 비디오 플랫폼 환경을 구축 하여 실험 연구를 진행하였다. ANOVA 분석 결과, 동영상을 보는 환경에서 타인의 모습이 실시간으로 보일 때, 또는 나 자신의 얼굴이 화면에 함께 제시될 때, 그렇지 않을 때 보다 사용자는 긍정적인 감정과 사회적 소속감을 더 크게 느끼는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 위의 두 조건이 동시에 제공될 때가 그렇지 않을 때보다 사용자들이 느끼는 긍정적 감정의 증가 폭이 더 컸다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 궁극적으로 새로운 소셜 비디오 플랫폼의 형태에 대한 통찰을 얻을 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

최근 국내 은행산업의 시장 포화상태로 성장의 한계에 직면함과 동시에, 세계 수위를 다투는 조선, 건설, 자동차 등 우수한 경쟁력을 보유한 한국의 타 산업 대비 상대적으로 매우 미비한 국제경쟁력을 가진 국내 상업은행들에 게 있어, 적극적인 국제화의 추진은 더 이상 피할 수 있는 명제가 아니다. 반면에 상업은행의 국제화가 경영성과 에 미치는 영향에 대한 국내외 선행연구는 일반기업 대상의 국제화 관련 연구와 달리 쉽게 찾아보기 힘든 실정이 다. 이에 본 연구는 상업은행의 국제화와 경영성과 간의 관계에 대한 고찰을 수행함과 동시에, 기존 관련연구에 서 논의가 미비했던 전략유형을 조절변수로 도입하여 특정한 전략유형이 국제화에 따른 경영성과에 어떠한 영향 을 미치는지 실증 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 2012년 자산규모 기준 상위 200개의 전 세계 상업은행을 분석대상 으로 삼아 1999년부터 국제적인 금융위기가 본격화되기 이전인 2007년까지 9개년도 재무지표의 패널자료를 수 집하여 횡단면분석 및 다중회귀분석(Pooled-OLS)을 실시하였다. 각 은행별로 분석기간 중 재무지표의 평균값을 변수로 사용한 횡단면분석을 통해 국제화 수준 자체는 상업은행의 수익성 및 도산위험과 유의미한 관계가 없었으 며, 수익구조 다변화전략을 동시에 추진한 경우에 한하여 해당 은행의 경영성과가 유의미하게 우수함을 발견하였 다. 본 연구는 은행산업의 국제화 관련연구에서 최근 국내외에서 주로 논의되고 있는 은행산업의 전략유형을 독 립적인 조절변수로 채택하여 실증분석을 시도한 점에서 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 또한 은행산업의 특성을 감안하여 종속변수인 경영성과를 수익성 뿐 아니라 도산위험가능성을 추가로 고려한 점도 의의가 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과가 국내 상업은행이 국제화를 추진함에 있어서 경영진과 여러 이해관계자들이 전략적 측면에서 사전에 면밀 히 분석하고 대응함으로써 성공적인 국제화를 도모하고 신규 해외시장 개척에 일조할 수 있기를 기대한다.

수온 상승에 따른 조류 등 이취미 물질의 증가, 미량 유해물질의 검출로 인해 기존 여과 공정으로 시민들의 수질 기대조건을 충족할 수 없기 때문에 오존+활 성탄 등의 고도정수처리 공정의 도입이 활성화되었으며, 이미 대도시, 광역단위 에는 고도정수처리 공정 도입이 완료된 상황이다. 대부분의 국내 정수장의 여과 공정은 급속 모래여과 공정으로 구성되어 있으며, 10년간 막여과 공정이 등장하여 여과 공정에 따른 후단 오존+활성탄 공정에 미치는 영향을 파악하는 것이 필요하다고 판단되었다. 서울시 Y 정수장에 설치된 고도정수처리 파일럿 플랜트 를 활용하여 고도정수처리 공정에 모래여과수와 막여과수가 유입되었을 경우 수질 및 제거율의 변화와 활성탄 표면 변화를 관찰하였고 이를 통해 막여과 정수처리 공정 도입 필요성을 검토하였다.

In this study, the fracture property of impact absorption is investigated using the carbon fiber composite material. And this property is compared with the carbon fiber composite material with aluminum foam. Carbon fiber composite material has the high specific strength and rigidity and the superior durability and fatigue life and light weight. On the ground of these properties, this material has been used widely at the fields of airplane, national defence industry, vehicle and the various industrial areas. Aluminum foam can also be applied at the various areas as it is the material with the superior properties. And this foam is the material which can solve the problem on the light weight of particular product. At the condition of the impact energy of 20J, the maximum loads of CFRP sandwich composite and CFRP sandwich composite with aluminum foam core are shown to be 5.7 kN and 6.5 kN respectively. In case of maximum energies, these values are shown to be 19 J and 17.5 J respectively. At the impact energy of 50 J, the maximum loads of CFRP sandwich composite and CFRP sandwich composite with aluminum foam core are shown to be 7 kN and 8.8 kN respectively. In case of maximum energies, these values are shown to be 43 J and 48 J respectively. At the impact energy of 80 J, the maximum loads of CFRP sandwich composite and CFRP sandwich composite with aluminum foam core are shown to be 9.2 kN and 11 kN respectively. In case of maximum energies, these values are shown to be 70 J and 63 J respectively. As the result of this study, the mechanical properties are investigated through the impact experiments on the composites composed of the closed aluminum foam and the carbon fiber reinforced plastic used frequently as absorbents.

Seawater flow characteristics around deep-sea sediment resuspension system was analyzed using CFD simulation. Seawater flow is influenced by migration velocity of DSSRS and the resuspension system with disturbance device. Especially complicated flow field is generated with discharged flow in the vertical direction, and there is large variation of seawater velocity near the system with vortex flow. Turbulent kinetic energy near the system increases 2～6 times, and its variation is also affected by the operation condition of the disturbance device. The results of this study are expected to be useful in evaluating the environmental effects of the suspended solid matters which are generated in the deep sea sediment disturbance process.

본 연구는 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원들의 동료관계가 생활의 질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 상급종합병원에 근무하는 영양사, 조리사, 조리원들을 대상으로 동료관계와 생활의 질에 대한 조사를 실시하였으며 본 연구 결과의 주 요 내용은 다음과 같다. 선행연구를 기반으로 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원의 생 활의 질 33개 문항을 요인분석 실시하여 위탁급식운영 병원 급식종사원들의 생활의 질은 직원몰입, 직무조절, 직무환경, 가정-일 관계, 직원 및 경력만족으로 총 5개 요인으로 구분 되었다. 선행연구에서 제시된 7개 요인으로 제시되었으나 직 원몰입(Employee engagement)과 직무조절(Control at work) 의 문항이 같은 성분으로 구분되었으며, 직무환경(Working condition)과 직업 및 경력만족(Job and Career satisfaction) 이 같은 성분으로 구분되었다. 병원위탁급식 종사원들의 동 료관계에 관한 요인분석을 실시한 결과 전체 9문항 중 협력 적인 동료관계와 경쟁적인 동료관계로 분류되었다. 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원들의 동료관계가 생활의 질 에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 협력적 동료관계가 직원몰입 에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 동료관계가 직무스트레 스에 미치는 영향에 있어서는 협력적인 동료관계가 직무스 트레스에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 동료관계가 가정-일 관계에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났고 협력적인 동 료관계가 직무환경에는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데 협 력적인 동료관계를 통해 생성된 심리적 안전감이 직무환경 에도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 동료관계가 일반적 행복에 미치는 영향에 있어서는 협력적인 동료관계 가 일반적 행복에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원의 직군별(영양사, 조리사, 조리원)로 동료관계가 생활의 질에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결본 연구는 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원들의 동료관계가 생활의 질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 상급종합병원에 근무하는 영양사, 조리사, 조리원들을 대상으로 동료관계와 생활의 질에 대한 조사를 실시하였으며 본 연구 결과의 주 요 내용은 다음과 같다. 선행연구를 기반으로 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원의 생 활의 질 33개 문항을 요인분석 실시하여 위탁급식운영 병원 급식종사원들의 생활의 질은 직원몰입, 직무조절, 직무환경, 가정-일 관계, 직원 및 경력만족으로 총 5개 요인으로 구분 되었다. 선행연구에서 제시된 7개 요인으로 제시되었으나 직 원몰입(Employee engagement)과 직무조절(Control at work) 의 문항이 같은 성분으로 구분되었으며, 직무환경(Working condition)과 직업 및 경력만족(Job and Career satisfaction) 이 같은 성분으로 구분되었다. 병원위탁급식 종사원들의 동 료관계에 관한 요인분석을 실시한 결과 전체 9문항 중 협력 적인 동료관계와 경쟁적인 동료관계로 분류되었다. 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원들의 동료관계가 생활의 질 에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 협력적 동료관계가 직원몰입 에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 동료관계가 직무스트레 스에 미치는 영향에 있어서는 협력적인 동료관계가 직무스 트레스에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 동료관계가 가정-일 관계에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났고 협력적인 동 료관계가 직무환경에는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데 협 력적인 동료관계를 통해 생성된 심리적 안전감이 직무환경 에도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 동료관계가 일반적 행복에 미치는 영향에 있어서는 협력적인 동료관계 가 일반적 행복에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 위탁급식운영 병원급식 종사원의 직군별(영양사, 조리사, 조리원)로 동료관계가 생활의 질에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결

이 논문에서는 벽체의 형상(평면벽체, 곡면벽체) 및 벽체에 도입된 긴장력이 충돌저항성능에 미치는 영향을 수치해석적 기법을 사용하여 평가하고자 하였다. 벽체의 곡률 및 긴장력 도입률을 변수로 총 12 케이스의 충돌해석을 수행하였으며, 충돌체로는 상용 민항기엔진의 3차원 상세모델을 사용하였다. 충돌저항성능을 평가하기 위해 관입깊이와 벽체 중앙부 후면의 최대 변위를 비교하였다. 긴장력의 도입에 의해 관입깊이는 약 60∼80% 수준으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나, 후면 변위는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 벽체 형상에 따른 차이는 상대적으로 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigates the analytical study for evaluating impact resistance capacity and failure mode of PROTECT (Poly-Resilience-Oriented hybrid TEChnology plaTe) panel. PROTECT panel is a composite panel with two steel plates and nano-composite. In order to perform impact analysis, dynamic properties of steels and nano-composite were determined. Finite element analysis is performed with these properties under the drop-weight impact. From the FEA, different failure modes corresponding to different impact energy is derived.

Climate change can affect major changes to the dynamics of individual insect. The increase of surface temperature would cause multivoltine species to increase the number of generations (i.e. voltinism) per year. Determining the voltinism was based on the climate data and biological parameters. The soybean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is one of major pests of soybean and has multi host plants. To estimate the voltinism of R. pedestris, the climate data were obtained from the web site of the Korea Meterological Administration(KMA) from 1966 or 1973 to 2015 at 77 locations, respectively. We used the lower developmental threshold (15.0°C) and thermal constant (312.5DD) for R. pedestris from egg to adult emergence. Degree-days were calculated by using simple cutoff method and cumulating degree-days (CDD) were obtained by summing calculated degree-days. The voltinism of R. pedestris was calculated by dividing CDD per specific period by the thermal constant requirement of R. pedestris development from egg to adult emergence. The number of generations varied depending on the season, with the lowest in February and the highest in August at each location. At least one generation per month would be possible from July to August. The average voltinism from 1966 to 2015 was highest at Seoguipo, and was followed by Daegu, Jejusi, Gwangju and Jeonju. The average voltinism from 1966 to 2015 was lowest at Ulreundo. The voltinism of R. pedestris observed the last 50 years was attributable to human activities at some locations.

Building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is a new initiative for international cooperation. It will have a positive impact on the peaceful use of the South China Sea by encouraging a Code of Conduct to Parties in the South China Sea between China and ASEAN members; realizing a breakthrough of jointly developing oil and gas resources in the area; promoting comprehensive cooperation in maritime non-traditional security field; and providing a peaceful external environment for the South China Sea dispute settlement. The South China Sea dispute is a negative challenge to building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. However, the pace building should not be stopped because of it. In the future, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road will be on the international consensus as an international legal regime. Also, it will improve the domestic legal system regarding building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road for China as well as the countries along the Belt and Road, especially the ASEAN members.

This paper examines how the Chinese government reduces economic disparities across regions and industries through the mean of tax benefits among enterprises. This paper applies multiple regression, which proves that the Chinese government imposed favorable effective tax rates (ETR) on the technology industries in Eastern areas and plantation industries in Western areas at the expense of other industries located in the Central and Northeast areas. This result has several implications. First, the government tried to achieve political stability through its fiscal policy, facing a fundamental dilemma such as farmers' movements against high fee burdens and the political dissatisfaction of minorities in Western areas in China. Second, as the tax is favorable for high-tech companies in Eastern areas, the investments of high-tech companies in these areas is more effective than in other areas.