미역 추출액의 식품가공 적성을 검토하기 위하여 Brookfield digital viscometer(SPDL21)를 사용하여 전단속도를 달리하면서 정상유통특성을 조사하였다. 100℃, 2시간 열수 추출한 미역 추출액의 유통특성을 측정한 결과는 항복응력을 가진 pseudoplastic 거동을 나타내었다, 유동특성과 온도의 관계를 알기 위하여 온도 변화에 따라서 겉보기점도와 1/ T의 관계를 도시한 결과 겉보기 점도는 회전속도 10rpm에서 온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 활성화 에너지는 1.15 kcal/mole로서 온도의 의존성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of gas, and trajectories and cooling characteristics of droplets/particles in a gas atomizer were investigated by a numerical simulation using FLUENT code. Among several kinds of solution method, the k- turbulent model, power-law scheme, SIMPLE algorithm is adopted in this study. Momentum and heat exchange between a continuous phase(gas) and a dispersed phase(particle) were taken into account. Particle trajectories are simulated using the Lagrangian method, and Rosin-Rammler formula is used for the particle size distribution. Streamlines, velocities and pressures of gas, and trajectories, velocities and cooling rates of particles have been investigated for the various gas inlet conditions. Small but very intensive recirculation is found just below the melt orifice, and this recirculation seems to cause the liquid metal to spread radially. Particle trajectory depends on the particle size, the location of particle formation and the turbulent motion of gas. Small particle cools down rapidly, while large diameter particles solidify slowly, and this is mainly due to the differences in thermal inertia.

3차원 실내공간의 상부에서 일정유속이 유입하여 양측면 하부쪽으로 유출될 경우, 책상형의 가열 장애물 영향에 의한 유동장의 변화와 온도분포를 수치계산 한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. (1)표준 k-ε 2 방정식 모델로 난류유동장을 해석한 결과 장애물을 기준으로 상하부에는 독립적인 큰 재순환 영역이 존재함을 알 수 있었다. (2) 유입류의 속도 변화에 따른 전제적인 유동패턴은 큰 변화없이 상사적인 분포를 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. (3) 유입속도가 감소함에 따라서, 공간에 대한 발열체의 온도영향이 커진다. (4) Re수가 작은 범위 (10 상(4)-10 상(5)에서는 열전달이 급격히 상승하여, Re수가 10 상(5)이상이 도면 열전달이 거의 일정하다.

열유도 상분리법을 이용하여 제조되는 분리막의 구조 변화를 열역학 및 속도론적 관점에서 고찰하였다. Polypropylene과 희석제로서 n-alkanes, n-fatty acids, n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) tallowamine을 model system으로 하였다. 고분자/희석제 system의 상변화의 종류에 따라 다양한 형태의 분리막구조가 얻어졌다. 분리막의 구조에 영향을 미치는 변수로서 고분자/희석제간의 interaction parameter, 희석제의 분자 크기, 용액의 조성, 냉각 조건, 희석제의 결정화 온도 등이며, 각 변수의 역할을 전자현미경을 사용하여 규명하였다. 열유동 상분리법에 의하여 제조된 분리막은 inter-spherulitic 및 intra-spherulitic pore의 이중 구조로 이루어짐을 확인하였다.

The fast pyrolysis of biomass (larch) in a circulating fluidized bed pyrolyzer was performed and the physico-chemical characteristics of biocrude-oil was investigated. Standard sand was used for fluidizing material and various reaction temperatures from 400℃ to 550℃ was applied. Wood (larch) sample was examined thorough proximate analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). From the results of the sample test, thermal decomposition characteristics of wood (larch) was investigated. Various analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of biocrude-oil such as Higher heating value (HHV), water content, viscosity, ash content and microscopic anaysis. The maximum biocrude-oil yield was 49.9wt.% at 550℃. At this temperature, HHV and water content were 4562.0 kcal/kg and 13.8wt.%, respectively. From the study results, wood (larch) has potential as an alternative energy source.

To produce palm kernel shell (PKS) biocrude oil, a bubbling fluidized bed pyrolyzer was used with different sample sizes and reaction temperatures. The PKS sample sizes used were 0.1 ~ 0.4 mm, 0.4 ~ 1.0 mm, and 1.0 ~ 2.0 mm and the reaction temperature were 465oC, 490oC, 530oC, 560oC, and 590oC. The yield of PKS biocrude oil increased with decreasing the sample size. The maximum yield of PKS biocrude oil was 47.31% at 560oC with a PKS sample size of 0.1 ~ 0.4 mm. In addition, the maximum energy yield of PKS biocrude oil was 45.05% at 560oC and size 0.1 ~ 0.4 mm. Among the characteristics of PKS biocrude oil, the high heating values are from 15.98 MJ/Kg to 20.29 MJ/Kg, the moisture content is from 20.14wt.% to 31.57wt.%, and the viscosity ranges from 0.0117 N s/m2 to 0.0408 N s/m2. In addition, proximate analyses and elemental analysis of PKS biocrude oil were conducted.

The development of renewable energy is currently strongly required to address environmental problems such as global warming. In particular, biomass is highlighted due to its advantages. When using biomass as an energy source, the conversion process is essential. Fast pyrolysis, which is a thermochemical conversion method, is a known method of producing bio-oil. Therefore, various studies were conducted with fast pyrolysis. Most studies were conducted under a lab-scale process. Hence, scaling up is required for commercialization. However, it is difficult to find studies that address the process analysis, even though this is essential for developing a scaled-up plant. Hence, the present study carries out the process analysis of biomass pyrolysis. The fast pyrolysis system includes a biomass feeder, fast pyrolyzer, cyclone, condenser, and electrostatic precipitator (ESP). A two-stage, semi-global reaction mechanism was applied to simulate the fast pyrolysis reaction and a circulating fluidized bed reactor was selected as the fast pyrolyzer. All the equipment in the process was modeled based on heat and mass balance equations. In this study, process analysis was conducted with various reaction temperatures and residence times. The two-stage, semi-global reaction mechanism for circulating fluidized-bed reactor can be applied to simulate a scaled-up plant.

This study aims to investigate the behavior characteristics of solid particles within conical spouted beds depending on the inlet gas velocity. Electrical capacitance volume tomography was applied to the measurements of the instantaneous gas-solid flow structures in a conical spouted bed. The effects of inlet gas velocity on the solid volume fraction and pressure were investigated. The different inlet gas velocities showed a certain influence on the gas?solid flow behaviors in the conical spouted bed. A symmetric core-annulus structure in the conical spouted bed was observed. Solid particles in the core and annulus areas were mixed at the ratio U/Ums = 1.6. It would be efficient to operate a fast pyrolysis reactor for the high heat and mass transfer of waste woods and sand particles.

화석연료의 고갈문제와 더불어 지구온난화 등의 환경문제에 대한 대응방안으로 전 세계적으로 지속가능한 에너지자원의 확보에 대한 필요성과 관심이 높아지고 있다. 중국, 인도 등의 국가에서 경제 성장을 위한 화석연료 의존도가 계속 높아지고 있다. 그러나 화석연료는 가격의 변동이 심하고, 한정된 매장량을 지니기 때문에 지나친 화석연료의 사용은 환경적으로 심각한 악영향을 미칠 수 있다. 바이오매스 및 폐자원을 활용하여 에너지를 생산하는 바이오에너지 분야는 최근 각광받는 신재생 에너지 분야 중 하나이다. 바이오에너지는 바이오매스, 폐자원으로부터 전환된 에너지 사용 시 발생되는 이산화탄소가 순환을 통하여 바이오매스의 성장에 다시 쓰이게 되므로 탄소중립적인 친환경 에너지이며 바이오매스의 경작, 재배를 통하여 지속적으로 생산 할 수 있다는 장점을 가진다. 바이오매스는 열분해, 가스화, 연소 등의 열화학적 분해공정을 통하여 더욱 가치있는 에너지의 형태로 활용 가능하며, 그 중 급속열분해 공정은 무산소 조건, 약 500℃의 반응온도, 2초 이하의 짧은 기체체류시간을 반응조건으로 하여 생산된 타르를 응축과정을 통해 액상 생성물인 바이오원유로 회수하는 공정이며 바이오원유의 회수율을 가장 높일 수 있는 공정이다. 바이오오일의 수율 및 성상은 급속열분해 운전조건에 따라 영향을 받으며 그 중 반응온도가 가장 중요한 인자이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 낙엽송 톱밥을 원료로 하여 400 - 550℃로 반응온도를 변화시켜가며 바이오원유를 생산하고 생산된 바이오원유의 수율 및 다양한 물리화학적 분석(고위발열량, 수분함량, 점도, pH 등)을 통하여 그 특성을 파악하는 연구를 진행하였다.

For material recovery of black carbon and pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis is considered as an alternative to combustion-based technologies for treatment of waste tire. This study investigated the heat transfer optimization in a pyrolysis reactor for waste tire chips with a capacity of 24 t/d. The reactor was required to have a larger heat transfer rate from hot gas to tire chips in the early stage of pyrolysis, whereas the rate in the later stage should be lower. This was to prevent thermal cracking of heavy compounds in the pyrolysis vapor and to improve the quality of black carbon. CFD was applied to analyze the flow and heat transfer in the complex geometry of the reactor for a total of nine design cases. It was found that modifications to control the distribution of gas flow rate along the reactor are more effective for the present reactor than adjusting the measures for heat transfer enhancement (such as fins). The ideal design improvement was to divide the reactor into two gas sections for a separate control of the flow rate, and to remove the fins of which its alignment perpendicular to the flow inhibits the hot gas from approaching the tube of tire chips.

Heat transfer and flow characteristics in a pipe in which the rotating cutting tool for boring a underground pipe without digging were considered in this study. The amount of heat generation due to the friction between the rotating cutter and pipe wall, mixing flow of air and water injected to cool down are the two important factors to design the boring machine. Computational fluid dynamics analysis using the Eulerian mixture model and the standard k-ε turbulence model was used to analyze the complex phenomena in a pipe during the process. Results show that pipe wall temperature decreased with increasing the cooling water inlet velocity. It is also shown that pipe wall temperature was lowered when the cutter rotation speed was increased until 600 rpm. There was no further cooling effect over 600 rpm.