본 연구는 강원도 소재 동해항만에서 발생하는 미세먼지 관리를 위한 환경비용편익을 산출하는 것이다. 항구 인근에 부유하는 미세먼지의 농도는 매우 높은 편이며, 지점에 따라 국가 기준인 100μg/m3 이상으로 관측되는 곳도 있다. 시험대상 항구는 주로 석회석과 석탄을 취급함으로써 미세입자상 물질이 하역시 다량 발생한다. 연구결과 PM10을 기준으로 년간 12톤의 미세먼지가 하역작업 시 발생하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 덧붙여서 원료물질을 비롯한 다양한 화물을 운송하는 대형차량 및 중장비는 디젤 검댕이를 발생하고, 도로먼지의 비산을 유발한다. 지방정부는 해마다 20억원 이상의 비용을 투자하여 대기중 미세먼지를 제거하고 있다. 편익대비 비용을 산출한 결과 그 효과는 최소 240%에서 최대 720%까지 얻을 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigated the effect of smoking on Indoor Air Quality in smoking allowed buildings. Total 26 buildings(Restaurants 3, Billiards 4, Karaokes 6, Golfs 7, Pubs 6) were surveyed for nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂, CO, NO₂, HCHO, TVOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene and xylene at quiet and busy time, respectively. The concentrations of nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂ and benzene were significantly higher(p<0.05) at busy time compared to the quiet time. Some buildings exceeded Indoor Air Quality Standards for PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO and TVOCs. Our results show that smoking-ban legistration should be introduced to improve Indoor Air Quality.

본 연구에서는 딸기의 냉장 및 상온 저장 시 일반세균, pH, color, firmness 등의 품질특성에 있 어 염수 세척에 따른 영향을 분석하였다. 시료는 세척하지 않은 대조구, 염수세척 시료구, 염수세척 후 물기제거한 시료구 세 가지 종류로 준비하였다. 일반세균의 경우 염수세척 후 물기제거한 경우 에 염수세척 시료구와 비세척 대조구에 비해 세균수가 저감화되었으며, 대수증식기가 나타나지 않 았다. pH의 경우, 비세척 대조구와 염수세척 시료구에서는 다소 감소했으나, 염수세척 후 물기를 제거한 시료구에서는 거의 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 적색도는 비세척 대조구와 염수세척 후 물기제거 시료구에서 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 증가되었으나, 염수세척 시료구에서는 감소되었다. 경도의 경우 4℃에서 저장했을 때, 저장 간에 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 딸기를 염수세 척하여 물기를 제거할 경우, 저장기간을 크게 연장할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to assess an alternative method to characterize indoor environmental factors by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Using a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor and source strength factor were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. This study was performed in 30 selected apartments in Seoul, Asan, and Daegu area which were constructed within 4 years and over 4 years, to measure the concentration of NO₂ from July, 2004 to September. The results of this study are as follows. The average concentration of NO₂ in Seoul, Asan, and Daegu area in the apartment constructed within 4 years are nitrogen dioxide 48.01㎍/m³ and in the apartment over 4 years are nitrogen dioxide 46.54㎍/m³. Mean ratios of indoor to outdoor NO₂ concentrations are Seoul 0.99, Asan 0.83, Daegu 1.18. The deposition constant and the source strength of NO₂ were 0.97±0.55 hr-1 and 16.33±12.30 ppb/h, respectively. In conclusion, indoor environmental factors were effectively characterized by this method using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

Indoor, outdoor, and personal nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposures were studied in a population of housewives. Daily Indoor and outdoor NO₂ concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously personal exposures of 17 housewives for 7 consecutive days in 17 houses. In this study, indoor and outdoor NO₂ samples at home were collected only while the housewives were at home samples. Time activity patterns and house characteristics were used to determine the effects of these factors on personal exposure. Since housewives spent their times in indoor houses with mean of 78.3%, their NO₂ exposures were associated with indoor houses NO₂ levels (r= 0.89) rather than outdoor NO₂ level (r= 0.85). Contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration on personal exposure was estimated by 70.77% by using of mass balance model. The close association between measured indoor NO₂ concentrations and measured personal exposure and contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration suggests that measuring indoor concentrations of NO₂ in the home is sufficient to estimate personal exposure accurately.

The aim of this study is to estimate and compare indoor air quality(IAQ) at stock rooms in general library and in National Archives and to provide fundamental data in order to enact the law on management of IAQ at stock rooms in general library. The survey of IAQ in stock rooms was performed in Seoul National Archives in August 2009, and the basic data on level of indoor air pollutants in stock rooms at general library was collected from domestic journal. The concentration of NO₂ was 114.1 ppb at audiovisual documentary stock rooms in National Archives. That value exceeded 50 ppb guideline that was legislated by the Korean Ministry of Public Administration and Security. The concentration of PM₁₀ and VOCs were 59±9㎍/m³ and 367±83㎍/m³, respectively at stock rooms in general library. These values were exceeded from the guideline of Korean Ministry of Public Administration and Security that is 50㎍/m³ for PM₁₀ and 400㎍/m³ for VOCs. Also, the exceeded probability from the guideline was 83.7% in PM₁₀ and 35.6% in VOCs. Therefore, we suggest that a national plan for the management of IAQ at stock rooms in general library should be established.

This study investigated the indoor air concentrations and the harmful effects on health by hazardous pollutants in the normal classrooms and special classrooms of 132 elementary, middle, and high schools located in 13 sites in Chungnam from February 2006 to June 2007. The results obtained from this investigation are as follows. As the results of the survey on the indoor air quality, volatile organic compounds were higher in normal classrooms(251.67㎍/m³) than special classrooms (181.59㎍/m³), and formaldehyde was significantly higher in special classrooms (34.22㎍/m³) than normal classrooms (24.61㎍/m³). With regards to the differences of pollutant distribution among elementary, middle, and high schools, volatile organic compounds were the highest in elementary schools (210.79㎍/m³) followed by middle schools (207.79㎍/m³) and high schools (195.96㎍/ m³), and formaldehyde was the highest in high schools (36.03㎍/m³) followed by elementary schools (29.84㎍/ m³) and middle schools (29.16㎍/m³). With regards to the mean concentration of pollutants by school building age, VOCs were the highest in less than 1 year old classrooms (410.93㎍/m³), followed by less than 3 years old classrooms (156.52㎍/m³) and less than 2 years old classrooms (120.18㎍/m³). Formaldehyde was also investigated to be significantly higher in less than 1 year old classrooms (41.37㎍/m³) than 2 or 3 years old classrooms (31.50㎍/m³, 22.21㎍/m³, respectively).

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. Toluene and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations of residential indoor and outdoor were simultaneously measured and compared in 16 houses, using passive samplers during every 3 days for 60 days. Concentrations of toluene and NO₂ were analyzed by gas chromatography and spectrophotometer, respectively. Using a mass balance model, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source generation factor (source generation rate divided by sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. The mean contributions of toluene of indoor and outdoor sources on residential indoor air quality were estimated to be 31.01% and 67.00%, respectively. On the other hand, mean contributions of NO₂ were 58.93% and 41.06%, respectively. These results could be explained that contributions of indoor and outdoor air pollutants sources are different to residential indoor air concentrations. In conclusion, contributions of outdoor air and indoor sources affecting indoor air quality were effectively characterized using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

The purpose of this study are to examin the level of temperature, relative humidity and pollutants at stock rooms in National Archives and to provide fundamental data in order to protect damage of archives. The survey of indoor air quality(IAQ) in stock rooms was performed in Busan National Archives in August and December 2007, and collected basic data, on level of them at stock rooms in National Archives that were published. The temperature and relative humidity in stock rooms were within the terms of national law of the public archives administration. The concentration of PM10 in stock rooms in National Archives exceeded 50 ㎍/m³, which is the guideline of national law for the public archives administration. The concentration of CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and Formaldehyde in stock rooms did not exceeded the guideline of national law. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds was shown to exceed the guideline of natioanl law. Therefore, we suggest that a national plan for the management of IAQ at stock rooms in National Archives should be established through a long-term, continuous investigation

Recently Korean government introduced and strengthened the environmental polices to manage and enhance indoor air quality as a major assignment. As a result,“Indoor Air Quality Management Act”has been activated since May 2004. However, among many multi-usage facilities, the school environment has been excluded from such regulations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to survey indoor aerosol and CO2 concentrations in a university library which is one of major school facilities. Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were intensively measured every 5 minute interval by means of a dust monitor with light-scattering principle. The mini-volume air samplers were used further to analyze inorganic elemental compositions of PM10 and to inter-compare with the dust monitor. Carbon dioxide was simultaneously monitored by a multi-gas monitor equipped with a non-dispersive infrared system. PM10 concentrations did not exceed the indoor air quality standard(150㎍/㎥) for all the sampling places. However, quick and steep increases of aerosol concentration were observed during the Asian Dust storm period. In addition, the concentration of PM10(74.1㎍/㎥) in the main university office was the highest among the entire sampling places. Although there was no specific pollution source in the library, the levels of aerosol and CO2 increased quickly due to various outdoor sources and human activities. The average CO2 concentration measured in three reading rooms, where ventilation was not fully operated, exceeded the indoor air quality standard of 1,000 ppm. Based on these case studies, effective management and reduction plans for indoor aerosol and CO2 were suggested for the large scale public buildings including university libraries.

Young children health problem were reported in a Korean daycare centers and supposedly attributed to the presence of air pollutants. This study attempted to characteristics of carbonyl compounds exposure of young children at the indoor spaces. The characteristics associated with the major indoor pollutants exposure included seasonal variation, and room location inside a daycare centers. As the results of investigation for daycare centers, the mean concentrations of formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde in daycare centers were 38.3㎍/m3, 33.9㎍/m3, 13.6㎍/m3, respectively. The indoor space carbonyl compounds concentrations were both higher for the summer than for the other seasons. The temperature and relative humidity measured along with the volatile organics measurements temperature and relative humidity increase volatile organics levels. This last suggestion is further supported by the correlations of the carbonyl compounds measured for daycare centers. Significant correlations between carbonyl compounds were exhibited for both the temperature and humidity, with at least p<0.05. The concentrations of formaldehyde in classroom were higher than lobby or dining room. Therefore, controlling indoor air pollutants exposure in daycare center should be given a high priority so as to minimize the potential sources of air pollutants in indoor space.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of indoor air quality (IAQ) in elementary and middle schools in Gyeongbuk area from July to November 2006 . The measurements of indoor air pollutants were made to cover such components as PM-10, CO2, CO, NO2, O3, HCHO, TVOC, TBC, and Radon from school classrooms. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: all of them were less than IAQ standards of Korea. The mean concentration were measured by 43.0 ㎍/㎥ (PM-10), 745 ppm (CO2), 56.1 ㎍/㎥ (HCHO), 350 CFU/㎥ (TBC), 0.026 ppm (O3), 0.6 ppm (CO), and 59.2 ㎍/㎥ (TVOC). Radon was not detected in all surveyed classrooms. The I/O ratio of PM-10 was 0.8∼1.4, while that for HCHO was 5.7∼9.0. Therefore, it was concluded that the indoor pollution of formaldehyde was very serious in classroom.

This study was performed to investigate indoor air quality and to characterize the concentration of particulate matters followed by human activities in preschool classrooms. Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were measured every 5-minute intervals by means of a dust monitor adopting the principle of light scattering. Two mini-volume air samplers were used further to measure the I/O concentration ratio of PM10 and to calibrate the dust monitor since the photometric method often exaggerates the mass of fine particles. The calibration factor in the study environment was determined as 0.64. In the preschool classrooms, the ranges of average indoor PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations were 51.5~117.6, 21.5~98.4, and 16.2~84.5 ㎍/ ㎥, respectively, while that of I/O concentration ratio was 0.8~1.3. Based on correlation analysis among various environmental parameters, PM1 was slightly correlated with humidity (r=0.416, p<0.01). However, outdoor PM10 was strongly related with indoor PM2.5 (r=0.95, p<0.01), with PM1 (r=0.94, p<0.01), and with PM10 (r=0.84, p<0.01). The trend of PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations appeared to be very similar unlike the case of PM10. Since the elevated coarse particle concentration (2.5㎛<dp<10㎛) and the average PM2.5/PM10 ratio were highly dependent on classroom activities, the parameter of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was intensively studied with 7 different indoor activities in the preschool classrooms.

This research was performed with the subject of 111 offices in a chemical plant of Korea. Airborne concentration level of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and total suspended particulates in the office rooms were measured along with temperature and relative humidity. Simultaneously, general characteristics and subjective health symptoms of 500 office workers were investigated through a questionnaire consisting of the five point weighting method : 0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit and 4 = extremely. Results showed that the mean values for temperature and relative humidity in investigated office rooms were 22.2℃ and 34.3%, respectively. The concentrations of formaldehyde, PM10, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were 0.17 ppb, 28.8 ㎍/㎥, 0.95 ppm and 424 ppm, respectively. 56.4% of all the workers investigated replied with a sense of fatigue or weariness (mean=2.23), drowsiness or languidness (mean=2.22), sneezing (mean=2.11) and ophthalmia oreye fatigue (mean=2.07). Female workers, non-smokers, non-drinkers, workers who do shift more than nine hours a day, and workers in poor health experienced more subjective symptoms than other workers (p<0.05). Subjective symptoms of office workers were significantly associated with the following items of office characteristics: the purchase date of office equipment, the change of office furniture, the use of paint, smoking in the office, ventilation condition, the use of an individual air-conditioner, the use of a fax machine, the degree of office repair, the proportion of workers per office, the degree of satisfaction in office environment, and the operation hours of the air-conditioner. Also, subjective symptoms were positively correlated with indoor environmental factors such as relative humidity, carbon dioxide level, level of PM10, and formaldehyde (p<0.05). In conclusion, office characteristics and air quality in a chemical plant affected subjective health symptoms of office workers. Thus, in order to improve the health of workers, to enhance work efficiency, and to establish a better office environment, air quality control in office rooms by optimal ventilation, adequately occupied number of workers in one office, and maintenance of office equipment should be fulfilled thoroughly. keywords：Air quality, Subjective health symptom, Formaldehyde, PM10, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide

Recently, indoor air quality (IAQ) in workplace, residence, and schools has been one of the major concerns of people, scientists and the related public. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of indoor air quality(IAQ) in kindergartens, elementary school, middle schools, and high schools from June 2004 to May 2005 in Korea. We measured indoor air pollutants such as PM10, CO2, formaldehyde, total bacteria colony(TBC), CO, radon, total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs), asbestos, and O3 from school classrooms. The subjects were classified by building year based on the time span of 1, 1 - 3, 3 - 5, and 5 - 10 years. The levels of pollutants and physical factor in schools were compared with standards and guidelines of indoor air quality on the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Ministry of Education, and Human Resources Development of Korea. The major results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows. Asbestos and O3 were not detected in all surveyed classrooms. However, we were able to detect CO, TBC, TVOCs, and formaldehyde in kindergartens, TBC in elementary schools, TBC, TVOCs and formaldehyde in middle schools, and formaldehyde in high schools. This study was conducted to provide a basis for the management IAQ in school. Therefore, we suggest that a national plan for the management of IAQ in school should be established through a long-term, continuous investigation for the proper assessment of IAQ in school and for the health risk assessment for student.

Nowadays, cremation is becoming generalized and also the frequency of utilization of cremation is increasing in Korea. Futhermore, there is a possibility that indoor air pollution is caused by particles, gas pollutants or microbial pollutants from laying down and cremation of corpses, and also the bereaved family and grievers inside the crematory. Therefore, the major goals in this study were that first, we investigated and analyzed the air quality of particular indoor environments such as the crematory. Second, we assessed the health risk for workers. Finally, we collected and assessed the basic data in special indoor environments because this kind of study had not been performed. We sampled and analyzed PM10 (heavy metal), VOCS, HCHO, infectious microorganisms to grasp the characteristics of indoor air quality in the crematory through sampling four times from 7th July to 16th October in 2004. Besides, we did personal air sampling of PM10 (heavy metal) and VOCS to grasp personal exposure of workers from indoor hazardous air pollutants. We conjectured that main sources of pollutants in crematory are cremation, buried corpses, and moving of grievers, also increasing the seriousness of microbial pollutants gathering strength, especially. As we assessed infectious microorganisms of indoor air and executed research for indoor hazardous air pollutants, we want to offer the way of study and policy of management for particular indoor environments like a crematory.

This paper describes to evaluate the performance of ventilation as a change of CO2 concentration with ventilation rate under 35 occupants in a school classroom. Variations of the CO2 concentration as a function of time are measured at center point of classroom with air ventilation rates by the CO2 gas monitor. For 800 m3/h of ventilation rate in the classroom, the average CO2 concentration is 913 ppm. The ventilation rate is sufficient to meet acceptable indoor air quality (≤ 1,000 ppm of CO2, KS school standard) in the classroom of 35 students.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of indoor air quality (IAQ) in 30 public facilities from February to April, 2004 in Seoul. The collected samples are PM10, formaldehyde, and total suspended bacteria in indoor air and measured by the IAQ standard method of Ministry of Environment in Korea(M.E.K). As the results of the survey, the mean concentration of PM10 was 55.19 ㎍/m3 in indoor air and 51.15 ㎍/m3 in outdoor air. The mean concentration of PM10 in the Kindergarten was higher than the IAQ standards by established by M.E.K. The mean concentration of formaldehyde was 43.08 ㎍/m3 in indoor air and 5.05 ㎍/m3 in outdoor air, respectively. All of them were less than IAQ standards of Korea. The concentration of total suspended bacteria in the streamer room was higher than IAQ standards. The concentration of formaldehyde was different according to the year of construction of building. Total suspended bacteria in streamer room was necessary for control. Moreover, this study was for investigation a part of indoor air pollution condition in public facilities. It means that this study can't represent for all of public facilities. Therefore, we suggest that long and middle term country plan for management of IAQ should be established through long-term and continuous investigation of IAQ condition.