이차전지용 분리막은 양극과 음극의 물리적 접촉을 방지하면서 전해질 내에서 리튬이온을 자유롭게 이동할 수 있게 하는 역할을 수행한다. 분리막은 절연 체이며, 이온전도도가 높은 특성을 가지고 있어야 한다. 다양한 분리막 중에서 도 일반적으로 사용되는 것은 다공성 구조의 폴리올레핀계 분리막이다. 그 중에 서도 폴리에틸렌 분리막은 가격이 저렵하고, 절연성, 화학적 안정성, 기계적 강 도 등이 우수한 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 컴파운드된 소재를 이용하여 3층 구조의 multi-layer 필름을 제조하였고 이축 연신기를 이용하여 속도와 연신비에 따라서 분리막을 제조하였다. 제조된 분리막 표면의 모폴로지를 확인 하기 위해서 FE-SEM을 이용하여 관찰하였고, porosity와 electrolyte up-take를 측정하였다. Porosity와 electrolyte up-take는 상용화된 제품인 celgard와 비교 한 결과 celgard 보다 우수한 성능을 가지는 것을 확인하였다.

Synthesis of Li+-selective 14-crown ether (CE) having rigid and bulky subunits was reported. CE-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) dope solutions were electrospun. CEs were immobilized on PVA matrix via acid-catalyzed acetalization using novel aerosol method. Structures of new compounds and their immobilization to PVA were confirmed and characterized. Adsorption experiments show superior lithium capacity and selectivity among previously reported solid-supported CEs. Dihydroxy-dibenzo-14-crown-4 ether-PVA nanofiber membrane showed superior performance. This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2015R1A2A1A15055407) and by the Ministry of Education (No. 2009-0093816).

10 wt.% and 20 wt.%Li-TiO2 composite powders are synthesized by a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and Li2CO3 as precursors. The as-received amorphous 10 wt.%Li-TiO2 composite powders crystallize into the anatase-type crystal structure upon calcination at 450oC, which then changes to the rutile phase at 750oC. The asreceived 20 wt%Li-TiO2 composite powders, on the other hand, crystallize into the anatase-type structure. As the calcination temperature increases, the anatase TiO2 phase gets transformed to the LiTiO2 phase. The peaks for the samples obtained after calcination at 900oC mainly exhibit the LiTiO2 and Li2TiO3 phases. For a comparison of the photocatalytic activity, 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% Li-TiO2 composite powders calcined at 450oC, 600oC, and 750oC are used. The 20 wt.%Li-TiO2 composite powders calcined at 600oC show excellent efficiency for the removal of methylorange

For the fabrication of the Si negative electrode in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) containing the cross-linking polymer binder, in this work, the urethane acrylate (UA) oligomer was synthesized via a simple synthetic process. The cross-linked poly(urethane acrylate) (CPUA)/carbone black (CB)/Si composite (CPUA/CB/Si composite) was fabricated through reactions between their reactive vinyl segments in the UA oligomer. Interestingly, the CPUA/CB/Si composite showed better cycle performance than the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)/CB/Si composite (PVdF/CB/Si composite) and the polyurethane (PU)/CB/Si composite (PU/CB/Si composite). The CPUA/CB/Si composite had the best lithiation of about 2586 mAh g-1. The UA oligomer showed a good compatibility with the electrode materials and current collector after and before a curing process.

사용후핵연료 파이로프로세싱에서 발생하는 방사성폐기물의 양을 최소화하기 위해서는 방사성 핵종 함유 염폐기물을 효과 적으로 처리할 수 있는 기술개발이 필요하다. 이를 위해 탄산화물(Li2CO3, K2CO3)을 이용한 반응증류공정에서 LiCl-KCl 공융 염 내 NdCl3의 분리특성을 관찰하였다. HSC-Chemistry 프로그램을 이용한 탄산화물과 NdCl3의 반응모델결과에서 NdCl3는 탄산화물의 주입조건 및 온도변화에 따라 산염화물(NdOCl) 또는 산화물(Nd2O3) 형태로 전환됨이 확인되었으며, 탄산화물 의 주입조건에 따른 LiCl-KCl-NdCl3계의 반응증류시험에서 반응모델결과와 유사한 경향을 확인하였다. 이 결과들을 이용하 여 LiCl-KCl 공융염 내 NdCl3를 고화가 용이한 산화물 형태로 분리하기 위한 공정조건을 도출하였다.

The present work reports a systematic study of using carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC) as water-bornebinder to produce Li4Ti5O12-based anodes for manufacture of high rate performance lithium ion batteries. When theLTO-to-CB-to-CMC mass ratio is carefully optimized to be 8:1:0.57, the special capacity of the resulting electrodes is144 mAh·g−1 at 10 C and their capacity retention was 97.7% after 1000 cycles at 1C and 98.5% after 500 cycles at5C, respectively. This rate performance is comparable or even better than that of the electrolytes produced using con-ventional, organic, polyvinylidene fluoride binder.

Impedancemetric NOx (NO and NO2) gas sensors were designed with a stacked-layer structure and fabricated using LaCrxCo1-xO3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1) as the receptor material and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 plates as the solid-electrolyte transducer material. The LaCrxCo1-xO3 layers were prepared with a polymeric precursor method that used ethylene glycol as the solvent, acetyl acetone as the chelating agent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the polymer additive. The effects of the Co concentration on the structural, morphological, and NOx sensing properties of the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders were investigated with powder Xray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and its response to 20~250 ppm of NOx at 400 oC (for 1 kHz and 0.5 V), respectively. When the as-prepared precursors were calcined at 700 oC, only a single phase was detected, which corresponded to a perovskite-type structure. The XRD results showed that as the Co concentration of the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders increased, the crystal structure was transformed from an orthorhombic phase to a rhombohedral phase. Moreover, the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders with 0 ≤ x < 0.8 had a rhombohedral symmetry. The size of the particles in the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders increased from 0.1 to 0.5 μm as the Co concentration increased. The sensing performance of the stack-structured LaCrxCo1-xO3/Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 sensors was found to divide the impedance component between the resistance and capacitance. The response of these sensors to NO gas was more sensitive than that to NO2 gas. Compared to other impedancemetric sensors, the LaCr0.8Co0.2O3/Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 sensor exhibited good reversibility and reliable sensingresponse properties for NOx gases.

말에서 주요 경제형질인 운동과 관련된 연구는 중요하지만, 현재까지의 연구는 물리학적, 생리학적 연구에 치중되어 있어 분자수준의 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 선행연구를 통하여 경주마에서 RNA-sequencing을 수행하여 운동 전·후 alternative transcript 이형에 따라 발현 양상이 상이한 유전자(DYNC1LI2, COBLL1, AXL, PLEKHG1)를 발굴하였다. 이 중, DYNC1LI2 유전자를 선택하여 분자생물학적 분석 및 운동성과의 관계에 대하여 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과, DYNC1LI2 유전자의 2가지 전사 이형은 긴 형태의 전사체(DYNC1LI2a)와 결손이 일어나 상대적으로 짧아진 전사체(DYNC1LI2b)의 형태로 존재하는 것을 확인하였고, 두 가지 전사 이형 모두가 말의 각 조직(갑상선, 결장, 골격근, 맹장, 심장, 신장, 척수, 폐)에 존재함을 확인하였다. 또한, 운동 전과 운동 후 발현량 분석을 통해 두 가지 전사 이형이 동일하게 운동에 따라 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 추가적으로 두 가지 전사 이형의 아미노산 비교 분석 결과, 엑손영역에 결손이 일어나는 부분은 단백질의 인산화 및 당질화와 관련이 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 DYNC1LI2a가 DYNC1LI2b에 비해 더욱 단백질의 안정화 작용을 하는 것을 의미하며, DYNC1LI2 유전자가 운동에 따라 발현이 달라짐에 따라 차후 말에서 운동관련 연구에 대한 기반 자료로써 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The effect of adding Ca on the microstructural and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-11Li-3Zn-1Sn(wt%) alloys were investigated. Mg-11Li-3Zn-1Sn-0.4Mn with different Ca additions (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 wt%) were cast under an SF6 and Co2 atmosphere at 720 oC. The cast billets were homogenized at 400 oC for 12h and extruded at 200 oC. The microstructural and mechanical properties were analyzed by OM, XRD, SEM, and tensile tests. The addition of Ca to the Mg-11Li-3Zn-1Sn-0.4Mn alloy resulted in the formation of Ca2Mg6Zn3, MgSnCa intermetallic compound. By increasing Ca addition, the volume fraction and size of Ca2Mg6Zn3 with needle shape were increased. This Ca2Mg6Zn3 intermetallic compound was elongated to the extrusion direction and refined to fine particles due to severe deformation during hot extrusion. The elongation of the 0.8 wt% Ca containing alloy improved remarkably without reduction strength due to the formation of fine grain and Ca2Mg6Zn3 intermetallic compounds by Ca addition. It is probable that fine and homogeneous Ca2Mg6Zn3 intermetallic compounds played a significant role in the increase of mechanical properties.

Hot rolling of Mg-6Zn-0.6Zr-0.4Ag-0.2Ca-(0, 8 wt%)Li powder was conducted at the temperature of 300 oC by putting the powder into the Cu pipe. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples were observed. Mg-6Zn- 0.6Zr-0.4Ag-0.2Ca without Li element was consisted of α phase and precipitates. The microstructure of the 8 wt%Li containing alloy consisted of two phases (α-Mg phase and β-Li phase). In addition, Mg2Zn3Li was formed in 8%Li added Mg-6Zn-0.6Zr- 0.4Ag-0.2Ca alloy. By addition of the Li element, the non-basal planes were expanded to the rolling direction, which was different from the based Mg alloy without Li. The tensile strength was gradually decreased from 357.1 MPa to 264 MPa with increasing Li addition from 0% to 8%Li. However, the elongation of the alloys was remarkably increased from 10 % to 21% by addition of the Li element to 8%. It is clearly considered that the non-basal texture and β phase contribute to the increase of elongation and formability.

The effects of particle size of Li-Si alloy and LiCl-KCl addition as a binder phase for raw material of anode were investigated on the formability of the thermal battery anode. The formability was evaluated with respect to filling density, tap density, compaction density, spring-back and compressive strength. With increasing particle size of Li-Si alloy powder, densities increased while spring-back and compressive strength decreased. Since the small spring-back is beneficial to avoiding breakage of pressed compacts, larger particles might be more suitable for anode forming. The increasing amount of LiCl-KCl binder phase contributed to reducing spring-back, improving the formability of anode powder too. The control of particle size also seems to be helpful to get double pressed pellets, which consisted of two layer of anode and electrolyte.

The electrochemical properties of cells assembled with the LiNiO2 (LNO) recycled from cathode materialsof waste lithium secondary batteries (Li[Ni,Co,Mn]O2), were evaluated in this study. The leaching, neutralization andsolvent extraction process were applied to produce high-purity NiSO4 solution from waste lithium secondary batteries.High-purity NiO powder was then fabricated by the heat-treatment and mixing of the NiSO4 solution and H2C2O4.Finally, LiNiO2 as a cathode material for lithium ion secondary batteries was synthesized by heat treatment and mixingof the NiO and Li2CO3 powders. We assembled the cells using the LiNiO2 powders and evaluated the electrochemicalproperties. Subsequently, we evaluated the recycling possibility of the cathode materials for waste lithium secondary bat-tery using the processes applied in this work.

FeS2 has been widely used for cathode materials in thermal battery because of its high stability and currentcapability at high operation temperature. Salts such as a LiCl-KCl were added as a binder for improving electrical per-formance and formability of FeS2 cathode powder. In this study, the effects of the addition of Li2O in LiCl-KCl binderon the formability of FeS2 powder compact were investigated. With the increasing amount of Li2O addition to LiCl-KClbinder salts, the strength of the pressed compacts increased considerably when the powder mixture were pre-heat-treatedabove 350oC. The heat-treatment resulted in promoting the coating coverage of FeS2 particles by the salts as Li2O wasadded. The observed coating as Li2O addition might be attributed to the enhanced wettability of the salt rather than itsreduced melting temperature. The high strength of compacts by the Li2O addition and pre-heat-treatment could improvethe formability of FeS2 raw materials.

이 논문은 이황과 이이의 철학을 사칠론과 리의 자발성이란 측면 에서 검토한 것이다. 이황과 이이의 사유를 비교하자면 이황은 실존 적이라면 이이는 일반적이다. 이황은 실존적 경험과 수양을 중시했 다. 그렇기 때문에 그는 사칠론에 관심을 가졌다. 사칠론은 삶 속에 서 드러날 수밖에 없는 우리의 마음이나 감정의 분류학이기 때문이 다. 또한 사칠론에 관심을 가졌기 때문에 그는 리발설을 주장하게 된 다. 도덕적 마음으로서의 사단은 인간의 육체적 경향성과 반하는 것 이기 때문에, 그것과는 다른 근거에서 유래해야 한다는 것이다. 그래 서 그는 사단이란 리에서 발한 것이라고 주장했던 것이다. 이 점에서 이황의 사유 과정은 구체적 실존, 사단과 칠정으로 분류되는 현상적 마음, 그리고 사단과 칠정의 존재론적 근거로 진행된다. 만약 사변적 인 관심만을 가졌다면 이황은 기대승과의 논쟁에서 그렇게 자신의 사칠론에 대해 이론적인 변경을 가하지 않았을 것이다. 이황은 자신 감을 가지고 있었던 것이다. 자신의 실존에 대한 정확한 반성과 인식 은 그로 하여금 그것을 설명할 수 있는 이론틀에 대해 열린 마음을 가지게끔 했던 것이다. 반면에 이이는 일반적인 관점에서 이황을 비 판하였다.

Cathode materials and their precursors are prepared with transition metal solutions recycled from the thewaste lithium-ion batteries containing NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) cathodes by a H2 and C-reduction process. Therecycled transition metal sulfate solutions are used in a co-precipitation process in a CSTR reactor to obtain the tran-sition metal hydroxide. The NCM cathode materials (Ni:Mn:Co=5:3:2) are prepared from the transition metal hydroxideby calcining with lithium carbonate. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses show that the cathodematerial has a layered structure and particle size of about 10 µm. The cathode materials also exhibited a capacity ofabout 160 mAh/g with a retention rate of 93~96% after 100 cycles.

A study on the corrosion behavior of Inconel alloys and Incoloy 800H in molten salt of LiCl-Li2O was investigated at 650˚C for 24-312 hours in an oxidation atmosphere. The order of the corrosion rate was Inconel 600< Inconel 601< Incoloy 800H< Inconel 690. Inconel 600 showed the best performance suggesting that the content of Fe, Cr and Ni are the important factor for corrosion resistance in hot molten salt oxidation conditions. The corrosion products of Inconel 600 and Inconel 601 were Cr2O3 and NiFe2O4, In case of Inconel 690, a single layer of Cr2O3 was formed in the early stage of corrosion and an outer layer of NiFe2O4 and inner layer of Cr2O3 were formed with an increase of corrosion time. In the case of Incoloy 800H, Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 were observed. Most of the outer scale of the alloys was observed to be spalled from the results of the SEM analysis and the unspalled scale which adhered to the substrate was composed of three layers. The outer layer, the middle one, and the inner one were Fe, Cr, and Ni-rich, respectively. Inconel 600 showed localized corrosion behavior and Inconel 601, 690 and Incoloy 800H showed uniform corrosion behavior. Ni improves the corrosion resistance and too much Cr and/or Fe content deteriorates the corrosion resistance.

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is one of the most important cathode materials used in both aqueous and non-aqueous batteries. The MnO2 polymorph that is used for lithium primary batteries is synthesized either by electrolytic (EMD-MnO2) or chemical methods (CMD-MnO2). Commonly, electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is used as a cathode mixture material for dry-cell batteries, such as a alkaline batteries, zinc-carbon batteries, rechargeable alkaline batteries, etc. The characteristics of lithium/manganese-dioxide primary cells fabricated with EMD-MnO2 powders as cathode were compared as a function of the parameters of a manufacturing process. The flexible primary cells were prepared with EMD-MnO2, active carbon, and poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder (10 wt.%) coated on an Al foil substrate. A cathode sheet with micro-porous showed a higher discharge capacity than a cathode sheet compacted by a press process. As the amount of EMD-MnO2 increased, the electrical conductivity decreased and the electrical capacity increased. The cell subjected to heat-treatment at 200˚C for 1 hr showed a high discharge capacity. The flexible primary cell made using the optimum conditions showed a capacity and an average voltage of 220 mAh/g and 2.8 V, respectively, at 437.5μA.

Li2O-LiCl 용융염을 이용한 전해환원기술은 사용후핵연료로부터 우라늄 금속을 회수하기 위해 연구되고 있다. 이 전해환원기술에서는 Li2O가 촉매로 이용되기 때문에 그 농도를 유지하는 것은 매우 중요한 운전인자이다. ZrO2는 피복관의 주성분이 Zr이기 때문에 사용후핵연료에 불가피하게 함유되며, 본 연구에서는 Li2O를 촉매로 이용하는 전해환원공정에서 ZrO2의 거동을 살펴보았다. Li2O와 ZrO2의 화학반응과 전해환원공정 중에서의 생성물을 분석한 결과, Li2ZrO3와 Li4ZrO4가 주요하게 관찰되었고, 이는 Li2O의 손실을 가져오는 원인이 된다. 즉, ZrO2는 Li2O를 소모하는 역할을 하며, 반응생성물은 전기화학적으로 안정하기 때문에 Li2O의 손실이 불가피하게 된다.