This study was conducted to examine the effect of new inoculants on in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high moisture rye silage. Rye was harvested at heading stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives(CON); L. plantarum R48-27(NI1); L. buchneri R4-26(NI2); mixture of NI1 and NI2 at 1:1 ratio(MIX); and L. buchneri(LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. In vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were highest(p<0.05) in NI2 silage. The pH in NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than CON silage. Lactate concentration was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage. While concentrations of acetate and propionate were highest(p<0.05) in MIX silage. Lactates : acetate ratio was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage, but lowest in LB silage. Butyrate concentrations of NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than that in CON and NI1 silages. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in all inoculated silages was higher(p<0.05) than that in CON silage, while yeast count in LB silage was lower than in CON, NI1, and MIX silages. In conclusion, application of NI2 inoculant could improve potentially fermentation quality and digestibility of high moisture rye silage.

Soil is the main nitrogen (N) provider for plants but N in soil is not all available to advanced plants. Mineralization is a critical biological process for transferring organic N to inorganic N that can be used by plants directly. To investigate the effect of different levels of soil temperature and water content to soil mineralization, a field experiment was established on three different sites (A, B and C). We measured soil temperature, moisture and electrical conductivity once daily after swine slurry application. Average soil moisture and temperature in site A is the highest among three sites (40.9% and 9.7°C, respectively). Following is in site C (37.3% and 9.6°C) and the lowest is in site B (28.0% and 9.0°C). Ammonium N (NH4+-N) and nitrate N (NO3--N) were determined on the first and fifth day after treatment. Compared with site B and C, site A always had the highest soil total N content (1.54 g N kg-1 on day one; 1.22 g N kg-1 on day five) and highest NO3-- N content (93.18 mg N kg-1 on day one; 16.22 mg N kg-1 on day five) and a significant decrease on day five. Content of NH4+-N in site B and C reduced while in site A, it increased by 6.7%. Results revealed that net N mineralization positively correlated with soil temperature (P<0.5, r=0.675*) and moisture (P<0.01, r=0.770**), suggesting that to some extent, higher soil moisture and temperature contribute more to inorganic N that can be used by plants.

본 연구의 목적은 온도와 토양수분에 따른 마늘의 생육, 생리장해 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시 하였다. 실험은 온도가 6℃ 차이가 나는 온실에서 수행 되었는데, 정식부터 수확까지 외기(A)보다 3℃(A+3℃), 6℃(A+6℃) 고온조건, 토양수분은 적습(OI) 대비 수확기 무렵의 다습(EI) 처리를 하였다. 그 결과, 마늘 생육특성은 온도와 토양수분 조건(0.34m3/m3)에 따라 고도의 유의성을 보여 고온일수록 그리고 적습 처리구일수록 컸다. 초장은 외기보다 A+6℃-OI 처리구에서 47.4cm로 가장 컸으며, 엽장과 엽폭 역시 외기보다 A+6℃-OI 처리구가 각각 16.1cm, 2.4cm로 가장 컸다. 마늘재배 기간 중 외기보다 3℃, 6℃ 고온조건이 되면 스펀지마늘 발생율이 높아져 A+6℃-OI 처리구는 12.9% 발생하였고, A-EI 처리구에서는 전혀 발생하지 않았으며, 인편무게와 1쪽당 무게는 A+6℃ 고온구에서 크게 감소하여 수량이 외기 대비 A+6℃ 처리구는 평균 51%, A+3℃ 처리구는 평균 22% 감소하였다. 따라서, 마늘재배시 외기보다 6℃ 고온조건과 다습조건이 되면 상품수량 감소하고, 생리장해 발생이 많아지는 것으로 나타났다.

Hyaluronic acid is natural polysaccharide existing around skin or cartilage, and is known as a moisturizing factor. It is expected that hyaluronic acid cosmetics market will continue to grow in the future, as its use and demand increases, like medical supplies and health food besides cosmetics containing hyaluronic acid. However, There are few present studies on content in cosmetics containing hyaluronic acid. The purpose of this study was to evaluate satisfaction and examine what effect was produced on sebum and moisture in skin after applying to cosmetics the hyaluronic acid helpful in maintaining moisture in skin at 5%, 20% and 50% concentration. For 71 days, a clinical trial in a total 39 persons living in the national capital region was carried out. And sebum and moisture was measured through skin diagnosis system A-ONE TAB before trial and each day when clinical trial was conducted for hyaluronic acid content group. Besides, this study was to examine subjects' general characteristics, eating habits, and living habits, and satisfaction after the clinical trial. This study analyzed a difference according to the time to measure the skin condition among hyaluronic acid content groups by utilizing statistical package program SPSS v. 21.0 through data coding and data cleaning process. There was no statistically significant difference in hyaluronic acid content according to any of demographic characteristics, eating habits and living habits among groups (p>.05). With regard to hyaluronic acid content, there was no statistically significant difference in moisture and sebum prior to clinical trial in T zone and U zone among groups (p>.05). A change of moisture in T zone among groups according to hyaluronic acid content showed statistically significant difference in the 2nd week (F =3.636, p<.05). And the highest level was shown in 50%(44.15±2.672), being followed by 20%(43.15±2.340), and 5%(41.62±2.219). Accordingly, it was shown that, as hyaluronic acid content relatively increased, the moisture in T zone increased. In the results of analyzing the change of moisture in U zone, the change of sebum in T zone and U zone by group according to hyaluronic acid content, no statistically significant difference was shown in sebum level of T zone by group(p>.05). For analyzing the subjective satisfaction after clinical trial among groups according to hyaluronic acid content, satisfaction score was the highest in 'skin moistness' (4.38±0.650) for 5% group, 'skin moistness' (4.69±0.480) for 20% group and 'skin texture smoothness' (4.54±0.519) for 50% group. And no statistically significant difference was shown in each subjective satisfaction by group according to hyaluronic acid content(p>.05). It was thought that the results of skin condition and subjective satisfaction survey according to hyaluronic acid content would be baseline data for developing cosmetics containing the hyaluronic acid and marketing a skin moisturizer.

In this study, we conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture containing air-cooled slag. Generally, in Korea, hydrated lime is used up to 1.5% of the aggregate weight to improve the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture. The slag used in this study is a byproduct produced in the steel industry and can be produced through a specific process. And its chemical composition is similar to that of the hydrated lime stone and satisfies the filler quality standards of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Transport. In order to evaluate the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture containing air-cooled slag, we conducted the dynamic immersion test, which is a non-compaction mixture test. Also we conducted the indirect tensile strength ratio test and the Hamburg wheel tracking test for compaction asphalt mixture test. As a result of the dynamic immersion test, the effect of stripping prevention was similar to that of hydrated lime because it did not show much difference from the hydrated lime mixture. In the case of indirect tensile strength test, the specimens prepared in the laboratory and on the site satisfied the quality standards of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Logistics and the TSR value increased with increasing the content of air-cooled slag. However, when the content of air-cooled slag is more than 2%, the indirect tensile strength value is getting lower. So it is judged that the appropriate content should be determined to be 2% or less. In the case of the Hamburg wheel tracking test, when the steel wheel load passed 20,000 times on the asphalt mixture containing 2% of air-cooled slag, it showed 5.27mm deformation. And the stripping point was not observed. In this study, it was found that when the air-cooled slag is used as a substitute for hydrated lime, the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture can be improved. It is considered that the aircooled slag can be used for the asphalt pavement material through the characteristics analysis of mechanical and field application in the future

In this study, several approaches in evaluating moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures were investigated and compared. To evaluate the moisture damage resistance, twenty types of asphalt mixtures with and without anti stripping additives were tested in the laboratory. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and indirect tensile (IDT) testing were performed to determine the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) and Cohesion Strength Ratio (CSR). Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) mixtures were found to provide good moisture damage resistance compared to other mixtures. It also does not require anti stripping additives to improve its moisture resistance. Moreover, the correlation coefficient between the TSR test and CSR tests is 0.99 with an average error of 1.5%, which indicates that the TSR test following AASHTO T-283 is still the most reasonable criteria in evaluating the moisture damage of AC mixtures. Marshall Stability Ratio (MSR) and Marshall Stability to Flow Ratio (MSFR) were conducted and were compared to TSR test results. It was found that MSFR value may be used to evaluate the moisture damage resistance of AC mixtures instead of TSR test. Finally, Dynamic Immersion (DI) test was performed to evaluate moisture resistance for loose asphalt mixtures. The DI results showed good correlation also when evaluating moisture resistance compared to TSR. When using DI testing in evaluating moisture resistance, it is recommended to test after 48 hours since it showed higher correlation with the TSR values. Further study is recommended to improve current testing evaluating moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures to properly associate it with TSR values.

The understanding of water vapor sorption and equilibrium in food samples is crucial in the formulation of foods and in their storage stability. In this study, the moisture sorption isotherms of yacon powder was measured by using gravimetric method at 25℃, 35℃, and 45℃ under the relative humidity ranging from 11% to 75%, and nine different isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data and to analyze water vapor sorption on yacon powder. The experimental results showed that water vapor sorption for yacon powder followed a type III shape over the humidity range. The BET monolayer moisture contents values were slightly higher than the values predicted by the GAB model. The monolayer moisture content increased slightly as temperature increased. The surface areas for monolayer moisture sorption decreased with increasing temperature and blanching reduced these values. Through quantifying the relative percentage error (E), coefficient of determination (R2), standard error (SE), and root mean square (RMS) of the isotherm models relative to data, Halsey model was identified to be the best-fitting isotherm to describe the water sorption process in yacon powder.

The effects of temperature (150°C and 160°C) on physicochemical properties of extruded texturized vegetable protein with mealworm (0%, 15%) were studied. The extrusion process had a screw speed of 250 rpm, moisture content of 65%. The variation of formula was gluten content of 40% in 4 samples and none of gluten in 4 samples. As addition of mealworm increased and temperature increased, breaking strength and integrity index decreased, The nitrogen solubility index and protein digestibility increased as addition of mealworm increased and temperature decreased. DPPH radical scavenging activity significantly increased as addition of mealworm increased and temperature increased. On the contrary, the value of rancidity decreased as addition of mealworm increased even in 60 days. In conclusion, addition of mealworm became softer texture, and protein quality of the extruded texturized vegetable protein. The process promoting functionality such as improvement of antioxidant function was confirmed through this study. Also, adjusting temperature have an effect on protein content and antioxidation. The addition of gluten of 40% resulted in improving texture of TVP.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of moisture content and screw speed on the physical properties of high moisture meat analogue. Extrusion conditions were moisture content (65, 70%), screw speed (150, 200 rpm), a fixed barrel temperature (160℃), and feeder rate (100 g/min). Specific mechanical energy (SME) input decreased as moisture content increased from 65 to 70%. The high moisture meat analogue at 65% moisture content and 150 rpm had higher water absorption capacity, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewiness and cutting strength than those of high moisture meat analogue at 70% moisture content and 150 rpm. However, the high moisture meat analogue at 70% moisture content and screw speed 200 rpm had a lower integrity index, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewiness and cutting strength than those of high moisture meat analogue at 65% moisture content and 200 rpm. In conclusion, the tested physical properties of high moisture meat analogue were more affected by moisture content than screw speed.

The goal of this study was to determine moisture sorption isotherms of fermented sea tangle powder (FSTP) at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C by using the static gravimetric technique in a water activity (aw)rangeof0.11to0.93andtheyexhibittypeIII behavior, typical of food products. At constant aw, an equilibrium moisture content (EMC) decreased with increasing temperature. The EMC increased with increasing aw at constant temperature. These moisture sorption isotherms have been fitted using eight different mathematical models. The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model presents the best fit in describing equilibrium moisture content and water activity relationships for the FSTP over the entire range of temperatures. Isosteric heat of sorption (IHS) was determined from the equilibrium sorption data using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The IHS decreased from 61.68 to 48.70 kJ/mol with increasing the EMC from 0.14 to 3.22 g/g dry basis, approaching the latent heat of vaporization of pure water (, 45.71 kJ/mol). The obtained IHS indicating intermolecular attractive forces between the moisture vapor and sorption sites is an important factor to predict the drying and storage processes for the FSTP.

기후변화에 대비한 멸종위기식물인 죽절초에 대한 정책 마련과 증식 및 복원을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 CO2농도와 온도가 상승하였을 때 수분과 유기물 처리에 따른 죽절초의 생육반응을 알아보고 생태적 지위폭의 변화를 확인하였다. 대조구와 처리구(CO2농도 상승+온도 상승)로 나누었고 그 내에서 각각 수분 구배와 유기물 구배를 두어 실험을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 대조구에서 수분 구배와 유기물 구배에서 생태적 지위폭이 각각 0.899, 0.844이였고, 지구온난화가 진행되었을 때, 수분 구배와 유기물 구배에서 각각 6.60%(0.988), 2.09%(0.858)로 더 넓어졌다. 이러한 결과로 보아, 지구온난화가 진행된다면 죽절초의 생육에 수분과 유기물은 제한요인이 되지 않을 것이다. 하지만, 생육반응에 대한 연구결과에서 죽절초는 유기물이 함량이 낮은 조건(0~5%)보다는 약간 높은 조건(10%)을 선호하기 때문에, 외부환경에 영향을 받지 않는 온실에서 증식을 시킬 때는 유기물의 함량을 약 10%로 조성해주는 것이 죽절초의 개체 복원을 위해서 좋을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 상대적으로 유기물함량이 높은 죽절초의 자생지 상록활엽수림을 보호해야할 필요가 있다.

연구는 초분광 영상을 이용하여 오이 및 수박과 같은 박과 묘의 수분함량을 추정하기 위해 수행되었다. 오이와 수박 묘 샘플에 수분 스트레스를 가한 후 초분광 영상 취득 시스템을 이용하여 오이와 수박 묘 잎을 촬영하여 반사율을 계산하였고, 건조기를 이용하여 해당 모종의 수분함량을 측정하였다. 마지막으로 영상의 반사율과 수분함량을 이용하여 부분최소제곱회귀분석을 통해 수분함량 추정모델을 개발하였다. 오이 묘 수분함량 추 정모델은 R2 0.73, RMSE 1.45%, RE 1.58%의 성능을 보였으며, 수박 묘 수분함량 추정모델은 R2 0.66, RMSE 1.06%, RE 1.14%의 성능을 보였다. 유효범위를 넘어가는 극단치를 제거하여 모델의 성능을 다시 분석한 결과, 오이 모델의 경우 R2 0.79, RMSE 1.10%, RE 1.20으로 상승하였다. 오이와 수박 묘를 함께 분석하여 모델을 제작한 결과, R2 0.67, RMSE 1.26, RE 1.36으 로 분석되었다. 오이 모델이 수박 모델보다 비교적 높은 성능을 보였는데, 이러한 원인은 오이의 수분함량 변이가 넓게 분포되어 있었기 때문이라고 판단된다. 또한 데이터셋에서 유효범위를 넘어가는 극단치를 제거한 결과 오이 모델의 정확도 및 정밀도가 상승하였다. 결론적으로 오이 및 수박 묘 수분함량 추정모델들의 추정선의 기울기 차가 크지 않고, 서로 교차되기 때문에 두 모델 들은 모두 수분함량을 추정하는데 있어서 유의한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 샘플의 변수가 넓게 분포된 변이를 갖는다면 추정모델의 정확도와 정밀도는 분명 상승할 것이며, 개선된 모델을 이용하면 저가형 센서를 개발하는데 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, the appearance change and the heat․moisture transfer properties of knitted fabric by yarn shrinkage were examined to obtain useful data on the development of thermo-sensitive functional materials. Eleven types of knitted fabric were knitted using highly bulky acrylic-blended yarn. After shrinking the specimens using dry heat treatment, the appearance change and thickness were measured. An HEC simulator was adopted for measuring the heat․moisture transfer properties of specimens by yarn shrinkage. When holes were arranged vertically in the mesh structure, the specimens with 2,500 and 5,000 holes showed high percent change of hole area, appearance, and thickness. When holes were diagonally arranged in the mesh structure, the percent change of hole area in the specimen with 1,250 holes was larger than the one with 2,500 holes. However, the dimensional stability of the specimen with 2,500 holes was better because of its smaller appearance and thickness change. In the tuck structure, the percent change of hole area in the specimen with 625 and 416 holes was relatively large compared with the appearance and thickness change. Furthermore, the hole size in the tuck structure was smaller than that in the mesh structure but the percent change of hole area was larger. Therefore, it was proved that the tuck structure is more suitable than the mesh structure for developing thermo-sensitive functional materials. Heat․moisture transfer property test verified that the change of hole area by yarn shrinkage enabled obtaining the thermal effect due to the distinct temperature difference in the inner layer.

We investigated the quality characteristics and the antioxidant efficacy of roasted maize tea according to different moisture contents (9% to 14%) using the puffing system (PS) and the roasting system (RS). Compared with the RS, the PS caused higher turbidity (0.017 vs. 0.003 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), brown color intensity (0.170 vs. 0.059 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), a-values (0.20 vs. -0.44 in PS－14% vs. RS-14%), b-values (7.90 vs. 5.57 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), and a lower L-value (19.67 vs. 21.03 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of roasted maize tea were increased along with the moisture content and they were higher with the PS (polyphenol; 5.95 mg GAE/g, flavonoids; 1.27 CE/g in PS-14%) than with the RS (polyphenol; 5.39 mg GAE/g, flavonoids; 1.12 mg CE/g in RS-14%). The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects of roasted maize tea were also increased along with the moisture content, and the scavenging efficacy was significantly higher with the PS (DPPH; 160 mg TE/100g, ABTS; 507 mg TE/100g in PS-14%) compared with the RS (DPPH; 120 mg TE/100g, ABTS; 362 mg TE/100g in RS-14%). The polyphenol levels were significantly correlated with turbidity, brown color intensity, and L, a, and b-values of the roasted maize tea. In addition, an increase of the total polyphenol content in roasted maize tea induced antioxidant activities. As a result, an increase in polyphenols during the roasting process induced antioxidant activities which could prevent damage from free radicals.

12월부터 3월까지 갈색날개매미충 알이 붙어 있는 블루베리나무와 복숭아나무의 가지를 전정한 후 가지의 마름정도와 갈색날개매미충 알 의 부화율을 조사하였다. 갈색날개매미충 알의 부화율은 블루베리와 복숭아 모두 1% 미만으로 정상적인 가지(52.8~68.4%)에 비해 부화율이 매 우 낮은 수준이었다. 부화시기에 전정가지의 함수율은 블루베리와 복숭아 각각 9.8~20.9%, 7.5~13.8%로 매우 낮았다. 즉 갈색날개매미충의 알 이 붙어 있는 가지를 전정할 경우 가지가 심하게 마르기 때문에 가지 속의 알도 건조해져서 정상적으로 부화하지 못하게 되는 것으로 나타났다.

토양수분은 지구의 에너지수지와 지면-대기 상호작용에 관여하는 중요한 수문기상학적 인자이므로, 토양수분의 정확한 관측과 시공간적 변화양상의 파악은 지구환경 연구에 있어 매우 중요하다. 토양수분의 지상관측은 정확도가 높으나 점단위 관측이므로 공간적 연속성이 없다는 단점이 있고, 위성관측은 공간적 연속성을 가지지만, 정확도와 공간해상도가 낮은 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 토양수분 자료의 품질향상을 위하여, 위성자료와 기상자료를 이용한 딥러닝 모델을 수립함으로써 우리나라 500m 해상도의 일단위 토양수분함량을 산출하였다. 200회의 훈련-검증 반복실험을 통하여, 딥러닝 모델의 오차가 NASA의 목표치보다 더 양호한 결과를 산출하였으며, 지상관측치와의 일치도 역시 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 우리나라 농지에 대한 토양수분 분포도를 작성하여 농림, 수문, 재해 분야에 대한 활용가능성을 확인하였다.